電動車電池壽命有多長

對于電動自行車電池的壽命，很多人都會很糾結。一組電動車電池（也就是電瓶）能用多長時間呢？為什么有些人的電瓶能用2-3年，而有些人的電瓶卻用不到一年就報廢了？到底電動車電池的壽命有多長呢？一般來說：電動自行車所用鉛蓄電池屬消耗品，其使用壽命只有1.5-2.5年(nian)，壽命長(chang)短與用戶(hu)的日常使(shi)用維護有很大(da)的關系(xi)。

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電動車電池壽命短的原因

1、鉛酸蓄電池工作原理方面的原因

鉛酸蓄電池充放電的過程是電化學反應的過程，充電時，硫酸鉛形成氧化鉛，放電時氧化鉛又還原為硫酸鉛。而硫酸鉛是一種非常容易結晶的物質，當電池中電解溶液的硫酸鉛濃度過高或靜態閑置時間過長時，就會“抱成”團，結成小晶體，這些小晶體再吸引周圍的硫酸鉛，就象滾雪球一樣形成大的惰性結晶，結晶后的硫酸鉛充電時不但不能再還原成氧化鉛，還會沉淀附著在電極板上，造成了電極板工作面積下降，這一現象叫硫化，也就是常說的老化。這時電池容量會逐漸下降，直至無法使用。

2、電動自行車特殊工作環境的原因

只要是鉛蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，在使用的(de)過程中都會硫化(hua)，但(dan)其(qi)它(ta)領域的(de)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)卻比電(dian)動自(zi)行車上(shang)使用的(de)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)有著更(geng)(geng)長的(de)壽命，這是因(yin)為電(dian)動自(zi)行車的(de)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)有著一(yi)個更(geng)(geng)容易硫化(hua)的(de)工作環境。

①深度放電

用(yong)在(zai)汽(qi)車上的鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)池只是(shi)在(zai)點(dian)火(huo)(huo)時(shi)單向放(fang)電(dian)，點(dian)火(huo)(huo)后發電(dian)機會(hui)對電(dian)池自動(dong)充(chong)電(dian)，不(bu)造成電(dian)池深(shen)(shen)度(du)放(fang)電(dian)。而電(dian)動(dong)自行車在(zai)騎行時(shi)不(bu)可能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)，經(jing)常(chang)會(hui)超過60%的深(shen)(shen)度(du)放(fang)電(dian)，深(shen)(shen)放(fang)電(dian)時(shi)，硫(liu)酸鉛濃度(du)增加，硫(liu)化(hua)就(jiu)會(hui)相當嚴重。

②大電流放電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)20公里巡航電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般是(shi)(shi)4A，這個(ge)值已經高于其它領域的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而超速(su)超載的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)就更大(da)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制造商都進(jin)行(xing)過(guo)1C充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)70%，2C放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)60%的(de)(de)循環(huan)壽(shou)命(ming)試(shi)驗(yan)。經過(guo)這樣的(de)(de)壽(shou)命(ming)試(shi)驗(yan)，可達到(dao)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環(huan)350次壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)很(hen)多，但是(shi)(shi)實(shi)際在用的(de)(de)效果就相差甚遠(yuan)了(le)(le)。這是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)工作(zuo)增加了(le)(le)50%的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會加速(su)硫化。所(suo)以，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動三輪(lun)摩托車(che)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)更短，因為(wei)三輪(lun)摩托車(che)的(de)(de)車(che)身太(tai)重，工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)達6A以上(shang)。

③充放電頻率高

用(yong)在后備供(gong)電(dian)領(ling)域的(de)電(dian)池，只有在停(ting)電(dian)時才會放電(dian)，如(ru)果一(yi)年停(ting)8次(ci)電(dian)，要達到(dao)10年的(de)壽(shou)命(ming)，只用(yong)做到(dao)80次(ci)循環充電(dian)壽(shou)命(ming)，而電(dian)動車一(yi)年充放電(dian)循環300次(ci)以上(shang)很常見(jian)。

④短時充電

由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車是交通工具，可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時(shi)間不多，要在8小(xiao)時(shi)內完成(cheng)36伏或(huo)48伏的(de)20安時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這就(jiu)必須提高充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（一(yi)般為單節(jie)2.7~2.9伏），當充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超過單節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)析氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（2.35伏）或(huo)析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（2.42伏）時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)會因過度析氧而開閥排氣，造成(cheng)失水，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃度增(zeng)加(jia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫化(hua)現象(xiang)加(jia)重。

⑤放電后不能及時充電

作為交通工具，電(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)充電(dian)(dian)及放電(dian)(dian)被完全分離(li)開來，放電(dian)(dian)后很難有條件及時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)，而(er)放電(dian)(dian)后形成的(de)大量硫酸鉛(qian)如果(guo)超過半小(xiao)時(shi)不充電(dian)(dian)還原為氧化(hua)鉛(qian)，就會(hui)硫化(hua)結成晶體。

3、鉛蓄電池生產方面的原因

針對電動(dong)自行車用鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電池(chi)的(de)特殊性，各(ge)個(ge)電池(chi)制(zhi)造商采取了多種方(fang)法。最典型的(de)方(fang)法如下：

①增加極板數量。

把原設計(ji)的(de)單格5片(pian)6片(pian)制(zhi)改為6片(pian)7片(pian)制(zhi)，7片(pian)8片(pian)制(zhi)，甚至8片(pian)9片(pian)制(zhi)。靠減薄極板(ban)(ban)厚(hou)度和隔板(ban)(ban)，增加(jia)極板(ban)(ban)數量來提(ti)高電池容量。

②提高電池的硫酸比重

原來(lai)浮充電池的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸比重一般都在(zai)1.21~1.28之間，而電動自行車的(de)(de)電池的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸比重一般都在(zai)1.36～1.38左(zuo)右，這樣可以提供較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)電流(liu)，提升電池的(de)(de)初期容量。

③增加正極板活性物質氧化鉛的用量和比例。

增(zeng)加(jia)氧化鉛(qian)就增(zeng)加(jia)了參與放電(dian)的電(dian)化學反應物質，也(ye)就增(zeng)加(jia)了放電(dian)時間，增(zeng)加(jia)了電(dian)池容(rong)量(liang)。

通過這(zhe)(zhe)些措施，電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)初(chu)期容量(liang)滿足了(le)(le)電動自行車的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)要求(qiu)，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)改善了(le)(le)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)大電流放電的(de)(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)。但是(shi)，極(ji)板(ban)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)，硫(liu)酸的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)就減少了(le)(le)，電池(chi)發熱(re)導致大量(liang)失(shi)水(shui)，同時，電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)短路和鉛枝(zhi)搭橋(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)概(gai)率(lv)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)。提高硫(liu)酸比重(zhong)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)初(chu)期容量(liang)，但是(shi)，硫(liu)化現象就更(geng)嚴重(zhong)。密(mi)封電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)最基本原理之一就是(shi)正極(ji)板(ban)析氧以后(hou)，氧氣直(zhi)接到負極(ji)板(ban)，被負極(ji)板(ban)吸收(shou)而還(huan)原為水(shui)，考(kao)核電池(chi)這(zhe)(zhe)個技術指(zhi)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)參數叫(jiao)做(zuo)“密(mi)封反應效率(lv)”，這(zhe)(zhe)種現象叫(jiao)做(zuo)“氧循環”。這(zhe)(zhe)樣，電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)水(shui)很(hen)少，實現了(le)(le)“免(mian)維護”，就是(shi)免(mian)加(jia)水(shui)。

為此，都(dou)要(yao)求負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)容量(liang)做的比正極(ji)板(ban)容量(liang)大一些，又稱為負(fu)極(ji)過渡(du)。增加正極(ji)板(ban)活性物質必然使得，負(fu)極(ji)過渡(du)減(jian)少了(le)，氧循環變差(cha)了(le)，失水增加了(le)，又會(hui)造成(cheng)硫(liu)化(hua)。這些措施(shi)雖然提升了(le)電(dian)池(chi)的初期容量(liang)，但是卻會(hui)造成(cheng)失水和硫(liu)化(hua)，而失水和硫(liu)化(hua)又會(hui)相互(hu)促成(cheng)，最終結果卻是犧牲電(dian)池(chi)的壽(shou)命。

還有就(jiu)是(shi)極群組裝虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)問題(ti)。容(rong)易(yi)產(chan)生虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)的(de)地方是(shi)極板。而(er)(er)(er)每個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)單格(ge)有15片(pian)極板，就(jiu)是(shi)15個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有6個(ge)(ge)單格(ge)，就(jiu)有90個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)(yi)組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)由3個(ge)(ge)12V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組成(cheng)，就(jiu)有270個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)。如果一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)存(cun)在(zai)虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)，該單格(ge)容(rong)量(liang)就(jiu)下降，進而(er)(er)(er)該單格(ge)形(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)落后，造成(cheng)整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)都(dou)落后，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)會形(xing)成(cheng)嚴重的(de)不均衡(heng)，使這組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)提前失(shi)效。就(jiu)算(suan)虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)控制(zhi)在(zai)萬分之一(yi)(yi)，平(ping)均每37組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)會有一(yi)(yi)組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)存(cun)在(zai)虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)，這是(shi)絕對不能夠允許的(de)。而(er)(er)(er)鉛鈣合(he)金板柵的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，在(zai)焊(han)(han)接的(de)時候會析出鈣而(er)(er)(er)掩(yan)蓋虛(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)問題(ti)，這樣(yang)，很多(duo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)造商寧(ning)愿采用低銻合(he)金的(de)板柵而(er)(er)(er)沒(mei)有采用鉛鈣合(he)金。而(er)(er)(er)低銻合(he)金的(de)板柵析氧(yang)析氫電(dian)(dian)壓更低，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)出氣量(liang)大(da)，失(shi)水相(xiang)對嚴重，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)更容(rong)易(yi)硫化。

4、電動自行車生產方面的原因

大多(duo)數車的(de)控制器都(dou)留了一個線損(sun)插頭，很多(duo)經銷(xiao)商以去(qu)掉限速(su)來(lai)招攬顧(gu)客(ke)(ke)。一些車廠干脆就(jiu)去(qu)掉限速(su)器出廠，既(ji)可以吸(xi)引看重車速(su)的(de)客(ke)(ke)戶，也能降低(di)成本，這(zhe)樣的(de)車在高速(su)行駛時電流非常大，會嚴(yan)重縮短電池壽命。

12V鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的最低保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為10.5V，如果是(shi)36V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組，最低保(bao)留電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就是(shi)31.5V，目前大多數(shu)車廠(chang)采用(yong)的控制器(qi)欠壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也都是(shi)31.5V。表面上(shang)看(kan)這是(shi)正(zheng)確的，但是(shi)，實際當(dang)36V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組只剩下31.5V電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)存在容量(liang)差，肯(ken)定(ding)就會有一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低于(yu)10.5V，該電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就處于(yu)過放電(dian)(dian)狀態。

這時(shi)候，過放電(dian)的電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)急劇下降，這時(shi)對電(dian)池(chi)的損傷影響不僅僅是該單(dan)只電(dian)池(chi)，而(er)是影響整組電(dian)池(chi)的壽(shou)命。其(qi)實，在電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓低于32V以(yi)后一直到(dao)27V，所增加的續行能(neng)力不到(dao)2公(gong)里(li)，而(er)對電(dian)池(chi)的損傷卻(que)非常大(da)。只要出現這樣的情況10次，電(dian)池(chi)的容(rong)量(liang)就會(hui)低于標稱容(rong)量(liang)的70%。

另外(wai)，一(yi)些(xie)用戶發現電(dian)池在欠(qian)(qian)壓以后(hou)，過10分鐘，電(dian)池又不(bu)欠(qian)(qian)壓了(le)，就又采取給電(dian)行駛，這對電(dian)池破壞更大，而(er)大多數車的說明書(shu)沒(mei)有(you)(you)給用戶以警(jing)示。目前多數控制器(qi)內部都有(you)(you)可調的電(dian)位器(qi)，而(er)這個可調的電(dian)位器(qi)的振動(dong)漂移是比較(jiao)嚴重的。在價(jia)格競爭中，面對更注重車外(wai)表的用戶群(qun)，很少有(you)(you)產品采用抗振動(dong)的精密多圈(quan)電(dian)位器(qi)，這樣的控制器(qi)發生振動(dong)后(hou)漂移也不(bu)奇(qi)怪(guai)。

5、充電設備的原因

業界廣為流傳的(de)(de)(de)一句話就(jiu)是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)是用壞的(de)(de)(de)，是充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壞的(de)(de)(de)。為了(le)滿(man)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)短時(shi)高容(rong)量充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)三段(duan)(duan)式恒壓(ya)限流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中，不(bu)得(de)(de)不(bu)通過(guo)提高恒壓(ya)值到2.47V～2.49V。這(zhe)樣(yang)，大(da)大(da)超過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正極板(ban)析(xi)氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和負(fu)極板(ban)析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。一些充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器制(zhi)造商的(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)為了(le)降低充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)指示(shi)，提高了(le)恒壓(ya)轉浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，而使得(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指示(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)后，還沒有充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)靠提高浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)來(lai)彌(mi)補。這(zhe)樣(yang)，很多(duo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超過(guo)單格(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.35V，這(zhe)樣(yang)在(zai)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)還在(zai)大(da)量析(xi)氧。

而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)氧循環(huan)又不好，這樣在(zai)(zai)浮充(chong)(chong)階段也(ye)在(zai)(zai)不斷的(de)(de)排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)。恒(heng)壓值高了(le)，保證(zheng)了(le)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間，但是犧(xi)牲的(de)(de)是失水和硫化。恒(heng)壓值低(di)了(le)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間和充(chong)(chong)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量又難以(yi)(yi)保證(zheng)。在(zai)(zai)改(gai)善(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板柵(zha)合金、提高析(xi)氣(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位、改(gai)善(shan)(shan)氧循環(huan)性能(neng)(neng)，提高密封(feng)反應效率的(de)(de)基礎上，控(kong)制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在(zai)(zai)2.42V以(yi)(yi)下(xia)，也(ye)就(jiu)是在(zai)(zai)析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位以(yi)(yi)下(xia)。這樣做必(bi)然會導(dao)致(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間的(de)(de)延長，這就(jiu)必(bi)須在(zai)(zai)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（限流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)(de)狀態(tai)下(xia)，加入(ru)(ru)去極化的(de)(de)負(fu)脈沖，改(gai)善(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能(neng)(neng)力，在(zai)(zai)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)多(duo)充(chong)(chong)入(ru)(ru)一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，縮(suo)短充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間。70%的(de)(de)2C電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能(neng)(neng)力比較(jiao)大的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)采用大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損傷比較(jiao)小(xiao)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)基本上沒有高于嚴重析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

一(yi)旦高于析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也會(hui)快(kuai)速的(de)(de)(de)(de)失水。使用這類充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，必(bi)須(xu)采(cai)用連(lian)續充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如(ru)果(guo)中(zhong)途停止幾天充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就(jiu)會(hui)產生比較嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)而提前失效(xiao)(xiao)。而用戶使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，是(shi)無法保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)每次使用以(yi)后，都(dou)能(neng)(neng)夠及(ji)時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，一(yi)年以(yi)內發生數次沒有及(ji)時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)就(jiu)會(hui)積累(lei)。多(duo)數充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制造(zao)商(shang)(shang)都(dou)說車廠因為價(jia)格因素不(bu)(bu)接受可以(yi)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。應該(gai)承認，這是(shi)大多(duo)數小企業是(shi)如(ru)此，但是(shi)，有發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)、規模性大企業確實(shi)(shi)出(chu)高價(jia)也買不(bu)(bu)到好的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。一(yi)些充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制造(zao)商(shang)(shang)把某(mou)些功(gong)能(neng)(neng)夸大，成品的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)沒有其宣(xuan)傳(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)那樣(yang)好。還有不(bu)(bu)少(shao)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)屬于賣概念的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，實(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)有限。

6、其它原因

不少電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)單體測試中(zhong)，可以獲(huo)得比較好(hao)的結果(guo)，但是(shi)，對于(yu)串連(lian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組來說，由(you)于(yu)容(rong)量、開路電(dian)(dian)壓、荷電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)、硫化程度各不相同，這個差(cha)異會在(zai)串連(lian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組被(bei)擴大(da)，狀(zhuang)態(tai)差(cha)的單體會影響整組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其壽命明(ming)顯下降。

從電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)生產(chan)線上充電(dian)(dian)，到(dao)用戶(hu)購車后配車使用這(zhe)(zhe)段時(shi)間要經(jing)過很多環節，間隔時(shi)間甚至(zhi)(zhi)會長達(da)數(shu)月，在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)期間，由于沒對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進行(xing)補充電(dian)(dian)，自放電(dian)(dian)產(chan)生的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛大量堆積結晶，用戶(hu)剛買到(dao)的(de)新(xin)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可能是已(yi)經(jing)老化甚至(zhi)(zhi)報費的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)廠(chang)家(jia)(jia)在(zai)(zai)執(zhi)行質(zhi)保(bao)時，對回收電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)并不是完(wan)全的(de)(de)淘(tao)汰。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)返退(tui)(tui)以(yi)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)重新進行充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢驗，在(zai)(zai)檢驗中往(wang)往(wang)會發現(xian)有(you)60%以(yi)上的(de)(de)單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是不符合(he)返退(tui)(tui)條件的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。其原因也(ye)就是在(zai)(zai)串連電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組中，個(ge)別的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)落后形成(cheng)整(zheng)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)功(gong)能下降而(er)引起整(zheng)組返退(tui)(tui)。不少(shao)(shao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)對返退(tui)(tui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)采(cai)取(qu)配組、補水、除硫、包裝后，又重新提(ti)供(gong)給用戶，以(yi)提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)有(you)效使用壽(shou)命，降低(di)報廢率，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)部分(fen)理索賠的(de)(de)損(sun)失，所以(yi)，很多經銷商(shang)(shang)(shang)已經感覺到廠(chang)家(jia)(jia)提(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)明顯“一(yi)代不如一(yi)代”。

電(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)池(chi)如果使(shi)用得(de)當，普通電(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用3年(nian)左右問題不大(da)(da)，反之，使(shi)用壽命大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減短(duan)。因(yin)此，消費者(zhe)日常對電(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)保養是決定電(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)池(chi)壽命的(de)關鍵所在(zai)。

如何延長電動車電池壽命

對于電池和(he)充電的(de)注意事(shi)項，我們分成兩(liang)類(lei)：絕對不允許（禁(jin)止）和(he)最好(hao)不要(yao)（建議）：

禁止：

1、嚴禁將電(dian)池的正負(fu)極短路

2、禁(jin)止經常使用到欠壓保護(hu)電路(lu)起作用的時候才充電

3、禁止經(jing)常在未充(chong)滿電(dian)的情(qing)況下拔下充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)的電(dian)源來使用電(dian)動車

4、禁(jin)止(zhi)閑置(zhi)時(shi)間過(guo)長（不得超(chao)過(guo)三(san)天，且所(suo)剩電量應大(da)于(yu)40%），禁(jin)止(zhi)虧電存(cun)放

5、如果發現連(lian)續充(chong)電(dian)10小時后(hou)還(huan)沒(mei)有轉燈，應馬(ma)上停止充(chong)電(dian)，檢查電(dian)池的溫(wen)度是否發燙(tang)。會的話應該(gai)盡早送修，無法立即送修者，應控制(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)總(zong)時間(jian)不超(chao)過8小時，否則(ze)電(dian)池將(jiang)會因膨脹變(bian)形而損(sun)壞。

不轉燈原因有三(san)：

一：充電器參數不匹配，產(chan)生漂移；

二：線路問題；

三：是電(dian)池因素：失水，電(dian)池內部(bu)有單格短路，硫(liu)化較為(wei)嚴重。

排查方法：

1、檢查充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)是否(fou)損壞，充(chong)電(dian)參數是否(fou)符合(he)要求（有(you)的人用(yong)48V的充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)來(lai)充(chong)36V的電(dian)池(chi)組），看是否(fou)電(dian)壓偏高（14.8V/個以上的）或(huo)涓流轉換電(dian)流偏低

2、檢(jian)查充(chong)電回路保險絲(si)(si)是否接觸(chu)良好，保險絲(si)(si)座(zuo)有(you)無燒焦痕跡，檢(jian)查連線插(cha)接頭(tou)接觸(chu)是否良好，包(bao)含充(chong)電器的插(cha)頭(tou)的車上的插(cha)座(zuo)。

3、查看電(dian)池內部是否有(you)干涸現象，即(ji)電(dian)池是否缺液嚴(yan)重。干涸的(de)電(dian)池應補加純水或1.05g/cm3的(de)稀硫酸，進行(xing)維護充放(fang)電(dian)進行(xing)修復，同時(shi)測量單格電(dian)壓，看是否有(you)單格短路的(de)存在。

4、還(huan)應檢(jian)查極板(ban)是否存(cun)在不可(ke)逆硫酸鹽(yan)化(hua)。硫化(hua)嚴重的(de)話，內阻增大，充電就(jiu)會引起嚴重發熱。

5、極板的不(bu)(bu)可(ke)逆(ni)硫酸鹽化(hua)，可(ke)通(tong)過充(chong)放電(dian)測量其(qi)端電(dian)壓的變(bian)化(hua)來判(pan)定。在充(chong)電(dian)時，電(dian)池的電(dian)壓上升特(te)(te)別快，某些單格電(dian)壓特(te)(te)別高，放電(dian)時電(dian)壓下降(jiang)特(te)(te)別快。出(chu)現上述情況(kuang)，可(ke)判(pan)斷(duan)電(dian)池出(chu)現不(bu)(bu)可(ke)逆(ni)硫酸鹽化(hua)。如(ru)果發現有不(bu)(bu)可(ke)逆(ni)硫酸鹽化(hua)，應(ying)進(jin)行均衡充(chong)電(dian)法(fa)進(jin)行修(xiu)復。

6、禁止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)超過額定容量(liang)150%，也(ye)就(jiu)是如(ru)果(guo)是6-DZM-10（常說的(de)(de)(de)那種12AH的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池）的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，它的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)10×150%＝15A，如(ru)果(guo)是6-DZM-17的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池它的(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)為(wei)17×150%約為(wei)25A,如(ru)果(guo)是20AH的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最(zui)大(da)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)30A。這樣也(ye)同樣的(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)了控制(zhi)器限流(liu)值的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小

建議：

1、最好(hao)不要在未充滿電的情況(kuang)下拔(ba)下充電器的電源來使(shi)用電動(dong)車。還有應注意的是：

轉燈并不表示此時的電池已經(jing)充滿(man)電，差不多(duo)只有95%－99%，需(xu)要(yao)繼續(xu)浮充2－3個(ge)小時來把它充滿(man)。

2、做到(dao)及時(shi)(shi)充電，閑置時(shi)(shi)間最好(hao)不超(chao)過12個小時(shi)(shi)，同時(shi)(shi)應增加(jia)相應浮充的時(shi)(shi)間。

3、使用量較少者(zhe)，最好使用到50%－80%后再充電(dian)，有利于(yu)延長電(dian)池(chi)使用壽命(ming)。

4、在(zai)電(dian)池使用(yong)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)后，每(mei)間(jian)隔2個(ge)月(yue)，最好恒(heng)流充電(dian)一(yi)(yi)次，電(dian)流大小(xiao)為C／15，時間(jian)20小(xiao)時。

5、少拉(la)重物，速(su)度不要(yao)開得太快(kuai)，減小電(dian)(dian)池的放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流。

6、緩慢加速，減小大電(dian)流對電(dian)池，控制器及電(dian)機(ji)的沖擊。