清原(yuan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中臣氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安倍氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、賀(he)茂氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中原(yuan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、物部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、蘇我氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、紀氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、小野氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、在原(yuan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鷹司氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、二(er)條(tiao)(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、一條(tiao)(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日(ri)下部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、惟宗氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、秦氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安倍氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、阿部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足(zu)利(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、伊達氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、福(fu)澤氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、華(hua)岡氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、三(san)條(tiao)(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、西園寺氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、花(hua)山(shan)院氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、四條(tiao)(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、勧修寺氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日(ri)野氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中御(yu)門氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、近(jin)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、遠藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、加藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齊藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足(zu)利(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐佐木氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、毛(mao)利(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武田氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、德川氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等...

注：明治維新之(zhi)后，日本天皇曾冊封了大批的(de)新貴族，稱為華族。一共509個姓氏，包括(kuo)伊藤、山縣、松方等等。不過1947年(nian)之(zhi)后，日本制定新憲法，廢(fei)除了日本的(de)華族制度。

日本五大政治家族（新貴族）

鳩山家(jia)族(zu)(zu)(zu)、小(xiao)泉家(jia)族(zu)(zu)(zu)、安倍家(jia)族(zu)(zu)(zu)、麻(ma)生家(jia)族(zu)(zu)(zu)和福田家(jia)族(zu)(zu)(zu)

古代日(ri)本(ben)人沒有(you)(you)姓(xing)，只有(you)(you)名。后來隨著(zhu)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)發展，特(te)別是(shi)(shi)進(jin)入階(jie)級(ji)(ji)社會(hui)以后，在(zai)(zai)統治(zhi)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)中(zhong)間(jian)首(shou)先出(chu)現(xian)了(le)氏(shi)(shi)和姓(xing)。氏(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)日(ri)本(ben)古代國家中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一種政(zheng)治(zhi)組織。每個氏(shi)(shi)都有(you)(you)自己的(de)(de)(de)名稱，叫(jiao)做(zuo)“氏(shi)(shi)名”。氏(shi)(shi)名是(shi)(shi)根據(ju)該(gai)氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)在(zai)(zai)朝廷(ting)中(zhong)擔(dan)任的(de)(de)(de)職務或該(gai)氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)居住、管轄(xia)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)命名的(de)(de)(de)。例(li)如，在(zai)(zai)朝廷(ting)中(zhong)主管祭把的(de)(de)(de)部門叫(jiao)忌(ji)部，管理忌(ji)部的(de)(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)便稱為忌(ji)部氏(shi)(shi)，而出(chu)云(yun)氏(shi)(shi)、近江(jiang)氏(shi)(shi)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)統治(zhi)出(chu)云(yun)、近江(jiang)地(di)(di)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)。日(ri)本(ben)古代的(de)(de)(de)“姓(xing)”是(shi)(shi)賜與氏(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)稱號，以表(biao)示(shi)該(gai)氏(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)政(zheng)治(zhi)地(di)(di)位。姓(xing)有(you)(you)幾十種，它類(lei)似爵位，是(shi)(shi)世襲的(de)(de)(de)。各姓(xing)之間(jian)等級(ji)(ji)分明(ming)。例(li)如：臣(chen)、連、君、直(zhi)等。

除氏(shi)、姓(xing)(xing)以外，公元(yuan)九(jiu)(jiu)、十世紀(ji)時還出(chu)現了一(yi)種新的(de)稱號叫苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)是苗(miao)(miao)(miao)裔、分(fen)支的(de)意(yi)思。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)即一(yi)個(ge)家族從(cong)氏(shi)族本(ben)家分(fen)離(li)出(chu)去后的(de)新姓(xing)(xing)。要(yao)言之，古(gu)代日本(ben)人(ren)的(de)姓(xing)(xing)有氏(shi)、姓(xing)(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)三個(ge)部分(fen)，分(fen)別(bie)表(biao)示一(yi)定(ding)的(de)意(yi)義。一(yi)個(ge)古(gu)代貴族的(de)姓(xing)(xing)名寫(xie)出(chu)來往往很長，如“藤(teng)原朝臣九(jiu)(jiu)條兼實(shi)”。其中(zhong)：藤(teng)原是氏(shi)名，朝臣是姓(xing)(xing)，九(jiu)(jiu)條是苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)，兼實(shi)是名。后來，新的(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)大量增加，氏(shi)、姓(xing)(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)逐(zhu)漸合(he)為一(yi)體(ti)，統稱為苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)：在現代的(de)日文中(zhong)，苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)就是我們通常所說(shuo)的(de)姓(xing)(xing)的(de)意(yi)思。

在既(ji)有(you)(you)氏、姓(xing)(xing)(xing)又(you)有(you)(you)苗(miao)字(zi)的(de)(de)貴(gui)族統治階級當中，天皇是一個例外。歷史上的(de)(de)日(ri)本天皇都沒有(you)(you)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)，只有(you)(you)名(ming)。在古代，天皇被(bei)認為是天神的(de)(de)后(hou)代，具有(you)(you)至高無上的(de)(de)權力(li)，因(yin)而也就沒必要有(you)(you)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)。不僅(jin)是天皇，就連皇后(hou)和(he)天皇的(de)(de)子女也都沒有(you)(you)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)（天皇的(de)(de)女兒長(chang)大出嫁(jia)以(yi)后(hou)，可以(yi)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)丈夫的(de)(de)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)）。