操作(zuo)系統(tong)

操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)控制和(he)管理(li)計(ji)算機各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)資源、自動調度用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶作(zuo)(zuo)業程(cheng)序、處理(li)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)斷的(de)軟件。操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)控制和(he)管理(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)資源的(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶與計(ji)算機的(de)接口。目前比較流行的(de)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有DOS操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于PC系(xi)列微機）、UNIX操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（它是(shi)(shi)多用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶多任務(wu)通用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)交互(hu)式(shi)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，通用(yong)(yong)(yong)于各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)計(ji)算機中(zhong)）、Windows操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（是(shi)(shi)單用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶多任務(wu)圖(tu)形界(jie)面操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）。

語言處理程序

計算機(ji)能識(shi)別的(de)(de)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)與機(ji)器能直接執(zhi)行的(de)(de)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)并不一致。計算機(ji)能識(shi)別的(de)(de)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)很(hen)多，如匯編(bian)(bian)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)、Basic語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)、Fortran語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)、Pascal語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)與C語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)等，它們各自都規定了一套基(ji)本符號和語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)法規則。用(yong)這些語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)編(bian)(bian)制的(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)叫源(yuan)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)。用(yong)“0”或“1”的(de)(de)機(ji)器代碼(ma)按一定規則組成的(de)(de)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)，稱為機(ji)器語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)。用(yong)機(ji)器語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)編(bian)(bian)制的(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)，稱為目標(biao)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)。語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)處理(li)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)的(de)(de)任務(wu)就是將源(yuan)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)翻(fan)譯成目標(biao)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)。不同(tong)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)源(yuan)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)對應有不同(tong)的(de)(de)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)處理(li)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)。

語言處理程序(xu)有匯編(bian)(bian)程序(xu)、編(bian)(bian)譯程序(xu)、解釋程序(xu)等。

匯編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序也稱匯編(bian)(bian)器，其功(gong)能是(shi)把用匯編(bian)(bian)語言編(bian)(bian)寫的(de)源程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序翻(fan)(fan)譯成機器語言的(de)目標(biao)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序，其翻(fan)(fan)譯過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)稱為“匯編(bian)(bian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”，簡(jian)稱匯編(bian)(bian)。

高級(ji)語(yu)(yu)言的(de)處理程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)，按其翻(fan)譯(yi)的(de)方法不同，可分為解(jie)(jie)釋程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)與編譯(yi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)兩大類。解(jie)(jie)釋程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)對源(yuan)(yuan)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)的(de)翻(fan)譯(yi)采用邊解(jie)(jie)釋邊執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)的(de)方法，并不生成目(mu)標(biao)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)，稱(cheng)為解(jie)(jie)釋執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)，如(ru)Basic語(yu)(yu)言；編譯(yi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)則先將源(yuan)(yuan)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)翻(fan)譯(yi)成目(mu)標(biao)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)后才能開始(shi)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)，稱(cheng)為編譯(yi)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)，如(ru)Pascal、C語(yu)(yu)言等。

標準庫程序

為方便用戶(hu)編制程(cheng)(cheng)序，通常將一些常用的(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序段按照(zhao)標準的(de)格式預先編制好，組(zu)成(cheng)一個(ge)標準程(cheng)(cheng)序庫(ku)，存(cun)人(ren)計算機系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)，需要時，由(you)用戶(hu)選擇(ze)合適的(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序段嵌入自(zi)己的(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序中(zhong)，這樣，既省事(shi)，又可靠。

服務性程序

服(fu)務程(cheng)序(xu)（也稱(cheng)為(wei)工具軟件）擴(kuo)大(da)了機器(qi)的(de)功能，一般包(bao)括診斷(duan)程(cheng)序(xu)、調(diao)試程(cheng)序(xu)等。常用的(de)微機服(fu)務軟件程(cheng)序(xu)有QAPLUS、PCTOOLS等。

數據庫管理系統

隨(sui)著計(ji)算(suan)(suan)機在信息處理(li)(li)(li)、情報檢索及各種管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)系統的(de)(de)不斷發展，使用(yong)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)機時(shi)需要(yao)處理(li)(li)(li)大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)、建(jian)立和(he)檢索大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)表格，將(jiang)這些數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)和(he)表格按一(yi)定的(de)(de)規律組(zu)織起來，以便處理(li)(li)(li)更有效、檢索更迅速、用(yong)戶使用(yong)更方便，于是就(jiu)出(chu)現了數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)(ku)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)系統。所謂數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)(ku)，就(jiu)是能實現有組(zu)織地(di)、動(dong)態地(di)存儲大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)相關數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)，方便多(duo)用(yong)戶訪問的(de)(de)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)機軟，硬件(jian)資源組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)(de)系統。數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)(ku)和(he)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)(ku)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)軟件(jian)一(yi)起，組(zu)成(cheng)了數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)(ku)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)系統。

數據庫(ku)管(guan)理(li)系統(tong)有各種類(lei)型，目前許(xu)多計(ji)算機包括(kuo)微型機都配有數據庫(ku)管(guan)理(li)系統(tong)，如FoxPro、Oracle、Sabase等。

計算機網絡軟件

計(ji)算機網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)軟(ruan)件是為計(ji)算機網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)配(pei)置的系統(tong)軟(ruan)件。它負責對網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)資(zi)源(yuan)進行(xing)組織(zhi)和管(guan)理(li)，實(shi)現相(xiang)互之(zhi)間的通信。包括網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)操(cao)作系統(tong)和數據通信處(chu)理(li)程(cheng)序(xu)等。前者(zhe)用(yong)于協調網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)中各機器的操(cao)作系統(tong)及(ji)實(shi)現網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)資(zi)源(yuan)的管(guan)理(li)，后(hou)者(zhe)用(yong)于網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)內的通信，實(shi)現網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)操(cao)作。

總(zong)之，軟(ruan)件系(xi)統(tong)是在硬件系(xi)統(tong)的(de)基礎上。為(wei)有(you)(you)效(xiao)地使用計算機而配置的(de)。沒有(you)(you)系(xi)統(tong)軟(ruan)件，現代計算機系(xi)統(tong)就無法正常(chang)地、有(you)(you)效(xiao)地運(yun)行；沒有(you)(you)應用軟(ruan)件，計算機就不(bu)能(neng)發揮效(xiao)能(neng)。