開(kai)關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)源就(jiu)是采用(yong)功率(lv)半(ban)導(dao)體器件作為開(kai)關(guan)(guan)元(yuan)件,通(tong)過周期性通(tong)斷(duan)開(kai)關(guan)(guan),控制開(kai)關(guan)(guan)元(yuan)件的(de)占空(kong)比來(lai)調整輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓。開(kai)關(guan)(guan)元(yuan)件以一定的(de)時(shi)間間隔重(zhong)復地接通(tong)和斷(duan)開(kai),在開(kai)關(guan)(guan)元(yuan)件接通(tong)時(shi)輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)源Vi通(tong)過開(kai)關(guan)(guan)S和濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)路向負(fu)載(zai)RL提供能(neng)量,當開(kai)關(guan)(guan)S斷(duan)開(kai)時(shi),電(dian)(dian)路中的(de)儲能(neng)裝置(L1、C2、二極管D組成的(de)電(dian)(dian)路)向負(fu)載(zai)RL釋放在開(kai)關(guan)(guan)接通(tong)時(shi)所儲存(cun)的(de)能(neng)量,使負(fu)載(zai)得到連續而穩定的(de)能(neng)量。
VO=TON/T*Vi;
VO 為(wei)(wei)負載兩端的電(dian)壓平均(jun)值;TON 為(wei)(wei)開關(guan)每(mei)次接通(tong)的時(shi)間;T 為(wei)(wei)開關(guan)通(tong)斷的工(gong)作周期(qi);
由式(shi)可知,改變(bian)(bian)(bian)開關接(jie)通(tong)時間(jian)和工作(zuo)周期(qi)(qi)的比例(li),VO間(jian)電壓(ya)平均(jun)值也隨(sui)之改變(bian)(bian)(bian),因此(ci),隨(sui)著負載(zai)及輸入電源電壓(ya)的變(bian)(bian)(bian)化自動調(diao)整TON和T的比例(li)便使輸出電壓(ya)VO維持不變(bian)(bian)(bian)。改變(bian)(bian)(bian)接(jie)通(tong)時間(jian)TON和工作(zuo)周期(qi)(qi)比例(li)亦即改變(bian)(bian)(bian)脈沖的占空比,這種方法稱為“時間(jian)比率控制”(TimeRationControl,縮寫(xie)為TRC)。
按TRC控制原(yuan)理,有(you)三種方式:
(1)脈(mo)沖寬度調制(zhi)(PulseWithModulation,縮寫(xie)為(wei)PWM):開(kai)關周(zhou)期恒定,通過(guo)改(gai)(gai)變脈(mo)沖寬度來改(gai)(gai)變占空比(bi)的(de)方式。
(2)脈(mo)沖(chong)頻率(lv)調(diao)制(PulseFrequencyModulation,縮寫為PFM):導通(tong)脈(mo)沖(chong)寬度恒定,通(tong)過改(gai)變開關(guan)工作頻率(lv)來改(gai)變占(zhan)空比的方式。
(3)混合調制:導通(tong)脈(mo)沖寬(kuan)度和開關(guan)工作(zuo)頻(pin)率均不(bu)固定,彼此都能改變的方式,它是以(yi)上二(er)種(zhong)方式的混合。