開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)般由脈沖寬度調制(zhi)(zhi)(PWM)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)IC和MOSFET構成,利(li)用(yong)現代電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術(shu),控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)關管開(kai)通和關斷的時(shi)間(jian)比率(lv),維持穩定輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)實質就是(shi)一(yi)個振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)路,主要(yao)的工作內容(rong)是(shi)升(sheng)壓和降壓,這種(zhong)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的方式(shi),不(bu)僅應用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路,在其它(ta)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)路應用(yong)也很普遍,如液晶(jing)顯示器的背光電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、日光燈(deng)等。
什么是開關電源
開(kai)(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是(shi)利用(yong)現代電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu),控制開(kai)(kai)關(guan)管開(kai)(kai)通(tong)和(he)關(guan)斷(duan)的時間(jian)比(bi)率,維(wei)持穩定輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan),開(kai)(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一(yi)般由脈(mo)沖寬度調制(PWM)控制IC和(he)MOSFET構成(cheng)。隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的發(fa)展和(he)創新,使(shi)得開(kai)(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)也在不斷(duan)地創新。目前,開(kai)(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)以小型、輕量(liang)和(he)高效率的特點被廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)幾乎(hu)所有的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備,是(shi)當今電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)信(xin)息產業飛速發(fa)展不可缺少的一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)方式(shi)。
開關電源用途
開關電(dian)源產品廣(guang)泛應用于工(gong)業自動化控制、軍工(gong)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)、科研設備(bei)(bei)(bei)、LED照明、工(gong)控設備(bei)(bei)(bei)、通(tong)訊(xun)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)、電(dian)力設備(bei)(bei)(bei)、儀(yi)器儀(yi)表、醫(yi)療設備(bei)(bei)(bei)、半導體(ti)制冷制熱、空氣(qi)凈化器,電(dian)子(zi)冰箱,液晶顯(xian)示器,LED燈(deng)具,通(tong)訊(xun)設備(bei)(bei)(bei),視(shi)聽產品,安防監控,LED燈(deng)袋,電(dian)腦機箱,數碼產品和儀(yi)器類等領域。
開關電源種類
開關電源可分為AC/DC和(he)DC/DC兩大類,DC/DC變換器現已實現模(mo)塊(kuai)化,且設(she)計技(ji)術及生產工藝(yi)在國內(nei)外(wai)均已成熟和(he)標準化;AC/DC的(de)模(mo)塊(kuai)化,因(yin)其自身的(de)特(te)性使(shi)得在模(mo)塊(kuai)化的(de)進程中,遇(yu)到較為復雜的(de)技(ji)術和(he)工藝(yi)制造問題。
(1)DC/DC變換
DC/DC變(bian)(bian)(bian)換是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)固(gu)定的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)(bian)(bian)換成可變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)壓(ya),也稱為直(zhi)流(liu)斬波(bo)(bo)。斬波(bo)(bo)器(qi)的(de)工(gong)作方式(shi)有兩種,一是(shi)(shi)脈寬調制方式(shi)Ts不(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian),改變(bian)(bian)(bian)ton(通用),二是(shi)(shi)頻率調制方式(shi),ton不(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian),改變(bian)(bian)(bian)Ts(易(yi)產生干擾)。其具體的(de)電(dian)路由以下(xia)幾類:
A、Buck電(dian)路——降壓斬波器,其(qi)輸出平均電(dian)壓U0小于輸入電(dian)壓Ui,極性相同(tong)。
B、Boost電(dian)路——升壓(ya)(ya)斬波器,其輸(shu)出平均電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)U0大于輸(shu)入電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)Ui,極性相同。
C、Buck-Boost電路——降壓或升(sheng)壓斬波器,其輸(shu)(shu)出平均電壓U0大于或小于輸(shu)(shu)入電壓Ui,極性相反,電感(gan)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)。
D、Cuk電(dian)(dian)路——降壓(ya)或升壓(ya)斬波器,其輸出平均電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)U0大(da)于或小于輸入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)Ui,極性(xing)相反,電(dian)(dian)容傳輸。
(2)AC/DC變換
AC/DC變換是(shi)將(jiang)交流(liu)(liu)變換為(wei)直流(liu)(liu),其功(gong)率(lv)流(liu)(liu)向(xiang)(xiang)可(ke)以是(shi)雙(shuang)向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de),功(gong)率(lv)流(liu)(liu)由(you)(you)電源流(liu)(liu)向(xiang)(xiang)負(fu)載的(de)(de)稱(cheng)為(wei)“整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)”,功(gong)率(lv)流(liu)(liu)由(you)(you)負(fu)載返(fan)回(hui)電源的(de)(de)稱(cheng)為(wei)“有源逆變”。
AC/DC變換按(an)電(dian)路的接線方式可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為,半波(bo)電(dian)路、全波(bo)電(dian)路。按(an)電(dian)源(yuan)相數可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為,單相、三相、多(duo)相。按(an)電(dian)路工作象(xiang)限又可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為一(yi)象(xiang)限、二(er)象(xiang)限、三象(xiang)限、四象(xiang)限。
開關電源的組成
開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)源大致由主電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、檢測電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、輔助(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源四大部份組(zu)成(如(ru)圖)。
(1)主電路
沖擊電(dian)流限幅:限制接通(tong)電(dian)源瞬間輸入(ru)側的沖擊電(dian)流。
輸入濾(lv)波器:其作用是(shi)過(guo)濾(lv)電(dian)網(wang)存在(zai)的雜(za)波及阻(zu)礙(ai)本機產生的雜(za)波反饋回電(dian)網(wang)。
整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)與濾波:將電網(wang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電源直接整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)為較平(ping)滑的直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電。
逆變:將(jiang)整流后的直流電變為高(gao)頻交流電,這是(shi)高(gao)頻開關電源的核心部分。
輸出整流與濾波(bo):根據負載需(xu)要,提供穩(wen)定(ding)可(ke)靠(kao)的直流電(dian)源。
(2)控制電路
一(yi)方面(mian)從(cong)輸出(chu)(chu)端(duan)取樣(yang),與設定(ding)值(zhi)進行(xing)比較,然(ran)后去控(kong)制逆變器,改變其脈(mo)寬(kuan)或(huo)脈(mo)頻,使輸出(chu)(chu)穩(wen)定(ding),另一(yi)方面(mian),根(gen)據測(ce)試電路提供的數據,經保(bao)護(hu)電路鑒別,提供控(kong)制電路對電源進行(xing)各種保(bao)護(hu)措施。
(3)檢測電路
提供保(bao)護電路(lu)中(zhong)正在運行中(zhong)各(ge)種參數和各(ge)種儀表(biao)數據。
(4)輔助電源
實現電源的軟件(遠程)啟動,為保護電路和控制電路(PWM等芯片)工作供電。【詳細】
開關電源工作原理
開(kai)(kai)關(guan)電源就是采用功(gong)率半導體器件(jian)(jian)(jian)作(zuo)為開(kai)(kai)關(guan)元件(jian)(jian)(jian),通(tong)(tong)過周期性通(tong)(tong)斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)關(guan),控(kong)制開(kai)(kai)關(guan)元件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)占空(kong)比來調整輸出電壓。開(kai)(kai)關(guan)元件(jian)(jian)(jian)以一定的(de)時(shi)間(jian)間(jian)隔重(zhong)復地(di)接通(tong)(tong)和斷(duan)開(kai)(kai),在(zai)開(kai)(kai) 關(guan)無件(jian)(jian)(jian)接通(tong)(tong)時(shi)輸入(ru)電源Vi通(tong)(tong)過開(kai)(kai)關(guan)S和濾波電路(lu)向(xiang)負載RL提供能(neng)(neng)量(liang),當(dang)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)S斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)時(shi),電路(lu)中(zhong)的(de)儲能(neng)(neng)裝置(L1、C2、二(er)極管D組(zu)成的(de)電路(lu))向(xiang)負載RL釋放 在(zai)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)接通(tong)(tong)時(shi)所(suo)儲存的(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang),使負載得(de)到連續而穩定的(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)。
VO=TON/T*Vi;
VO 為負載兩端的(de)電壓平均值(zhi);TON 為開關每次接通的(de)時間(jian);T 為開關通斷的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)周(zhou)期;
由式可(ke)知,改(gai)變(bian)開關接通時間(jian)和(he)工作周(zhou)期的(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li),VO間(jian)電(dian)(dian)壓平均值也隨之改(gai)變(bian),因(yin)此,隨著負載及輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)變(bian)化(hua)自動調整TON和(he)T的(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)便使輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓VO 維持不變(bian)。改(gai)變(bian)接通時間(jian)TON和(he)工作周(zhou)期比(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)亦即改(gai)變(bian)脈沖的(de)占空比(bi)(bi)(bi),這種方法(fa)稱為“時間(jian)比(bi)(bi)(bi)率控制”(TimeRationControl,縮(suo)寫為 TRC)。
按TRC控制原理,有三種方式:
(1)脈沖寬度調制(PulseWithModulation,縮寫為(wei)PWM):開關周期恒定,通(tong)過改變脈(mo)沖(chong)寬(kuan)度來改變占空比的方(fang)式(shi)。
(2)脈沖頻率調制(PulseFrequencyModulation,縮寫為PFM):導通(tong)脈沖(chong)寬度(du)恒定,通(tong)過改變開關工(gong)作頻率來改變占(zhan)空比的方式(shi)。
(3)混合調制:導通脈沖寬度和開關工作頻率均不固定,彼此都能改變的方式,它是以上二種方式的混合。【詳細】
1、選用(yong)(yong)合適(shi)的(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)壓(ya)范圍。以交流輸(shu)(shu)入為(wei)例,常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)壓(ya)規(gui)格(ge)有110V,220V,所以相應就(jiu)有了110V、220V交流切換,以及通(tong)用(yong)(yong)輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)壓(ya)(AC:85V-264V)三(san)種規(gui)格(ge)。應根據使(shi)用(yong)(yong)地區(qu)選定(ding)輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)壓(ya)規(gui)格(ge)。
2、選(xuan)擇(ze)合(he)適(shi)的(de)(de)功率。開關電源(yuan)在工作時會(hui)消耗(hao)一部分功率,并(bing)以熱量的(de)(de)形式(shi)釋放出(chu)來。為了使電源(yuan)的(de)(de)壽命增(zeng)長(chang),建(jian)議選(xuan)用多30%輸出(chu)功率額定的(de)(de)機種。
3、考慮(lv)負載特性。為(wei)(wei)(wei)了提高(gao)系統(tong)的(de)可靠(kao)性,建議開關電(dian)(dian)源工作在(zai)50%-80%負載為(wei)(wei)(wei)佳,即(ji)假(jia)設(she)所(suo)用(yong)功率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)20W,應選(xuan)用(yong)輸出功率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)25W-40W的(de)開關電(dian)(dian)源。
4、如果負(fu)載(zai)(zai)是馬達(da)、燈泡或電容性負(fu)載(zai)(zai),當開(kai)機瞬間時(shi)電流較大,應選(xuan)用(yong)合適(shi)電源以免過載(zai)(zai)。如果負(fu)載(zai)(zai)是馬達(da)時(shi)應考(kao)慮停機時(shi)電壓倒灌。
5、此(ci)外尚需(xu)考慮電(dian)源的(de)工作環境溫度(du),及有(you)無(wu)額外的(de)輔助散熱設備,在過高a的(de)環溫電(dian)源需(xu)減額輸出。需(xu)參考環溫對(dui)輸出功(gong)率的(de)減額曲線。
6、根據應(ying)用所需選擇(ze)各項功(gong)能:
保(bao)護功能:過電壓保(bao)護(OVP)、過溫度保(bao)護(OTP)、過負載(zai)保(bao)護(OLP)等。
應用(yong)功(gong)能(neng):信(xin)號功(gong)能(neng)(供電正(zheng)常、供電失(shi)效)、遙(yao)控功(gong)能(neng)、遙(yao)測功(gong)能(neng)、并聯功(gong)能(neng)等(deng)。
特殊功能(neng):功因(yin)矯正(PFC)、不斷電(UPS)
7、選擇所需符合的安(an)規及電(dian)磁兼(jian)容(EMC)認證。
根據使用情(qing)況,定(ding)出(chu)(chu)需要的(de)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流;電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)尺寸、安(an)裝(zhuang)方(fang)式(shi)和(he)安(an)裝(zhuang)孔位;有幾(ji)路輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu),各路輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)是否需要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣隔離;輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓范圍;根據環(huan)境溫度(du),決定(ding)開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)降額程度(du),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源功率(lv);是否需要認證及安(an)規(gui)標準;電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)冷卻(que)(que)方(fang)式(shi):自然(ran)冷卻(que)(que)或強(qiang)制(zhi)風(feng)冷;電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁兼容標準。
8、盡量(liang)選用(yong)廠家的標(biao)準(zhun)電(dian)源,包括標(biao)準(zhun)尺寸(cun)和(he)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)壓。這(zhe)樣貨期比較快(kuai);相反,特殊的尺寸(cun)和(he)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)壓,則會延長貨期、增加(jia)成本。
9、選擇品牌。開關電源作為電子設備的心臟,對電子設備的安全可靠運行有著至關重要的作用。所以選擇品牌的開關電源也很重要。【詳細】
1、使用電源(yuan)前,先確定輸(shu)入輸(shu)出電壓規格(ge)與所用電源(yuan)的標(biao)稱(cheng)值是否相符。
2、通電之前,檢(jian)查輸(shu)入輸(shu)出的(de)引線是否(fou)連接正確,以免損壞用戶設(she)備。
3、檢查安裝(zhuang)是否牢(lao)固,安裝(zhuang)螺絲與(yu)電源板器(qi)件有(you)無接觸,測量外殼與(yu)輸入、輸出的絕緣電阻,以免觸電。
4、為保證使用的安全性和(he)減少干擾,請確保接地(di)(di)端可靠接地(di)(di)。
5、多(duo)路(lu)輸出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)電(dian)源一般(ban)(ban)分(fen)主(zhu)、輔輸出(chu)(chu),主(zhu)輸出(chu)(chu)特(te)性(xing)優于輔輸出(chu)(chu),一般(ban)(ban)情(qing)況下輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)流大的(de)(de)為主(zhu)輸出(chu)(chu)。為保證輸出(chu)(chu)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)調整(zheng)率和輸出(chu)(chu)動態等指(zhi)標,一般(ban)(ban)要求每路(lu)至少帶10%的(de)(de)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)。若用輔路(lu)不(bu)用主(zhu)路(lu),主(zhu)路(lu)一定(ding)加(jia)適當的(de)(de)假負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)。具(ju)體參見(jian)相(xiang)應型號的(de)(de)規格書。
6、請注意:電源頻繁開關將會影響其壽命。工作環境及帶載程度也會影響其壽命。【詳細】
1、斷電情況下,“看、聞、問、量”
看:打開(kai)電源(yuan)的(de)(de)外殼(ke),檢查保(bao)險絲是(shi)否熔斷(duan),再(zai)觀察電源(yuan)的(de)(de)內部(bu)情(qing)況,如果發現電源(yuan)的(de)(de)PCB板上有燒焦處或元件破裂,則應重點(dian)檢查此處元件及相關電路元件。
聞(wen):聞(wen)一下電源(yuan)內部是否(fou)有糊味,檢查是否(fou)有燒(shao)焦的元器(qi)件(jian)。
問(wen):問(wen)一下電源損(sun)壞的經過,是否對(dui)電源進行違規操(cao)作。
量:沒(mei)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前,用(yong)萬用(yong)表量一下(xia)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)先。如(ru)果是開(kai)(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不起振或(huo)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)管(guan)開(kai)(kai)路引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)故障(zhang),則大多(duo)數情況(kuang)下(xia),高壓(ya)(ya)濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)未(wei)泄(xie)放(fang)悼,用(yong)萬用(yong)表測量AC電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源線(xian)兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)正反向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況(kuang),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻值不應過低,否(fou)則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源內部可(ke)能(neng)存在短路。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器應能(neng)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。脫開(kai)(kai)負載,分別(bie)測量各組(zu)輸(shu)出端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻,正常(chang)時(shi),表針應有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擺動,最后指(zhi)示的(de)(de)(de)應為該路的(de)(de)(de)泄(xie)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)阻值。
2、加電檢測
通電后觀察電源是否有燒保險(xian)及個別元件冒煙等現象,若有要及時切斷供電進行檢修(xiu)。
測量高壓濾波(bo)電容(rong)兩端有無300伏(fu)輸出,若無應重點查整(zheng)流(liu)二極管、濾波(bo)電容(rong)等(deng)。
測量高頻變(bian)壓器(qi)次級線圈(quan)有無(wu)輸出,若無(wu)應(ying)重點查(cha)開關管是(shi)否損壞,是(shi)否起振,保護電(dian)路是(shi)否動作等,若有則(ze)應(ying)重點檢查(cha)各輸出側的整流二極管、濾波電(dian)容(rong)、三(san)通穩壓管等。
如果(guo)電源(yuan)啟動一(yi)下(xia)就停(ting)止,則(ze)該電源(yuan)處(chu)于保護狀(zhuang)態下(xia),可直接測量PWM芯片保護輸入腳的電壓(ya),如果(guo)電壓(ya)超出規定值,則(ze)說(shuo)明(ming)電源(yuan)處(chu)于保護狀(zhuang)態下(xia),應重點檢查(cha)產(chan)生保護的原因。
1、開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉變(bian)為高頻脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能儲存到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容元件中,利(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容的特性(xing)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能按預(yu)定(ding)的要求釋放出(chu)來(lai)來(lai)改變(bian)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的;線性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)沒有高頻脈沖和儲存元件,它利(li)用元器件線性(xing)特性(xing)在負載變(bian)化時(shi)瞬間(jian)反饋控(kong)制(zhi)輸入達(da)到穩定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的。
2、開關電源(yuan)可以(yi)降壓(ya)(ya),也(ye)可以(yi)升壓(ya)(ya);線性電源(yuan)只能(neng)降壓(ya)(ya)。
3、開關(guan)電源效(xiao)率高;線(xian)性電源效(xiao)率低。
4、線性電源控制速(su)度快,波(bo)(bo)紋小;開(kai)關電源波(bo)(bo)紋大。