機械(xie)式精密播種機

目前使(shi)用(yong)的玉米精密(mi)播(bo)種(zhong)機械(xie)不論是(shi)(shi)機械(xie)式還(huan)是(shi)(shi)氣力式，主要(yao)結構(gou)是(shi)(shi)播(bo)種(zhong)單體，一個播(bo)種(zhong)單體由(you)施肥開(kai)溝(gou)器、播(bo)種(zhong)開(kai)溝(gou)器、排種(zhong)器、覆土器、鎮壓(ya)輪及傳動機構(gou)組成。

常用的覆土器有覆土圓盤和覆土板(ban)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單體(ti)的工作過程是(shi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機前(qian)進(jin)，施肥(fei)開溝器和播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開溝器開溝，同時地(di)輪(lun)轉動，通過傳動系統(tong)帶(dai)動排肥(fei)器排肥(fei)、排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，覆土器和鎮(zhen)壓器隨即覆土和鎮(zhen)壓。

排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)器是精(jing)密(mi)播種(zhong)(zhong)的關鍵(jian)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)，也是精(jing)密(mi)播種(zhong)(zhong)機的核心部(bu)(bu)件(jian)。機械式(shi)精(jing)密(mi)播種(zhong)(zhong)機主要采用勺輪式(shi)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)器和窩眼(yan)(yan)式(shi)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)器。窩眼(yan)(yan)式(shi)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)器由毛刷清種(zhong)(zhong)，靠鋼針挑落種(zhong)(zhong)子。

排種器內(nei)有4個(ge)(ge)排種輪(lun)，中間兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)分別為播大粒和(he)小粒玉米的，兩(liang)邊(bian)是播雙行大豆的。不用更(geng)換排種輪(lun)就可精量播種玉米和(he)大豆。缺點是清種毛刷容易(yi)磨損，要經常更(geng)換。

勺(shao)輪(lun)式播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)工作時排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)轉(zhuan)動帶動勺(shao)輪(lun)和導種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)轉(zhuan)動，勺(shao)輪(lun)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)實現了(le)充(chong)(chong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，繼(ji)續轉(zhuan)動到(dao)清種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)，這時在(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子自(zi)重下自(zi)行進行清種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，勺(shao)內(nei)(nei)只(zhi)剩一粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子。當(dang)轉(zhuan)到(dao)隔(ge)板的(de)(de)(de)缺口時，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子自(zi)動落(luo)入導種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)格內(nei)(nei)，進入護種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)。當(dang)轉(zhuan)到(dao)投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)時，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子靠自(zi)重落(luo)入種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)床。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)優點是播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)內(nei)(nei)沒有容易磨(mo)損的(de)(de)(de)部件，終身(shen)不用拆卸。

機(ji)械(xie)式(shi)精(jing)密播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)有為(wei)大型拖拉機(ji)配(pei)套(tao)的6行(xing)以上的播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)，有為(wei)小型拖拉機(ji)配(pei)套(tao)的兩行(xing)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)，也有為(wei)畜力(li)配(pei)套(tao)的牽引式(shi)單行(xing)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)。

1 單體精密播種機結構性能

機(ji)(ji)械式單體(ti)精(jing)密播種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)是由一個播種(zhong)單體(ti)組成(cheng)，主要由機(ji)(ji)架、升起(qi)機(ji)(ji)構、可調整深淺的撥草桿、施肥開溝(gou)器、底肥箱(xiang)，口肥和種(zhong)子箱(xiang)、排種(zhong)器、播種(zhong)開溝(gou)芯鏵(hua)、播種(zhong)深淺調節(jie)機(ji)(ji)構、行走輪(lun)、鏈傳動機(ji)(ji)構、地輪(lun)、覆土圓盤、鎮(zhen)壓輪(lun)等組成(cheng)。

這種(zhong)單體播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機采用窩眼毛刷式排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)，種(zhong)子(zi)和口肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)直(zhi)接(jie)進入排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)、排(pai)(pai)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)器(qi)(qi)內。這種(zhong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機可(ke)(ke)實現分層施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，就是可(ke)(ke)深施(shi)底肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，同時也可(ke)(ke)以施(shi)口肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。口肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)使(shi)用同一(yi)開溝(gou)器(qi)(qi)，底肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)在種(zhong)子(zi)下(xia)方5-8cm，由于施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)開溝(gou)器(qi)(qi)與播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)開溝(gou)器(qi)(qi)之間(jian)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)距離，口肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)下(xia)后有(you)回土，實現種(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)隔(ge)離，保證不燒苗。

這種(zhong)播種(zhong)機工(gong)作(zuo)時由畜力牽引作(zuo)業，靠行走輪(lun)帶動(dong)鏈輪(lun)驅動(dong)排種(zhong)、排肥機構(gou)進行工(gong)作(zuo)。適(shi)宜(yi)行距50-70cm，工(gong)作(zuo)速度每小時5-6km。適(shi)合壟上播種(zhong)，也可平播作(zuo)業。一次(ci)可完成清除雜物，開溝、施肥、播種(zhong)、覆(fu)土五項作(zuo)業。主要適(shi)用于北(bei)方壟作(zuo)地區(qu)小地塊使用。

2 單體精密播種機使用和調整方法

播種機(ji)在使用前要進行(xing)檢查調整(zheng)：要根據(ju)當地農(nong)藝要求調節施肥開(kai)溝(gou)深度。

根(gen)據(ju)施肥(fei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的要求(qiu)調(diao)整(zheng)底(di)肥(fei)施肥(fei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，可(ke)通過改變槽輪長(chang)度來實現(xian)排肥(fei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的大(da)小(xiao)，擰(ning)動調(diao)整(zheng)手柄，順(shun)時針轉動，槽輪長(chang)度縮短，施肥(fei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)減(jian)少，逆(ni)時針轉動，槽輪長(chang)度增長(chang)，施肥(fei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增加。采用同(tong)樣的方法根(gen)據(ju)要求(qiu)調(diao)整(zheng)口(kou)肥(fei)施肥(fei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的大(da)小(xiao)。

根據墑情調整播(bo)種深度。搖動(dong)(dong)轉輪，轉輪帶動(dong)(dong)尺條上下運動(dong)(dong)，實現(xian)播(bo)種深度的調整。播(bo)種株(zhu)距要根據品種要求按照播(bo)種機的使(shi)用說(shuo)明書選擇鏈輪。

精密播種(zhong)玉米，對玉米粒的大(da)小有(you)嚴格的要求，所以每(mei)次換種(zhong)后，要進行(xing)調整。窩(wo)眼式排種(zhong)器上有(you)兩個(ge)玉米排種(zhong)輪，可(ke)根(gen)據玉米子(zi)粒的大(da)小進行(xing)選擇(ze)。

如果(guo)你購(gou)買的播種(zhong)機采(cai)用的是勺輪式排種(zhong)器當玉米種(zhong)子粒較大或較小時，也需要調整(zheng)。

這(zhe)種(zhong)排種(zhong)器在(zai)出廠時(shi)是(shi)按中(zhong)等籽粒(li)安裝的，調整時(shi)松開螺絲(si)，拆開殼(ke)體，串動隔板，使(shi)隔板上的小(xiao)缺口重新對正定位(wei)螺釘(ding)，順時(shi)針(zhen)轉(zhuan)動，適合(he)較小(xiao)粒(li)種(zhong)子，逆時(shi)針(zhen)轉(zhuan)動，適合(he)較大粒(li)種(zhong)子。

調整兩個覆(fu)土圓盤的寬(kuan)度(du)(du)，改(gai)變覆(fu)土寬(kuan)度(du)(du)和厚度(du)(du)。一切調整好后即可播種(zhong)作業。

在進行大面積播種前，一定(ding)要堅(jian)持(chi)試播20m，檢測確認符(fu)合當地的農藝要求后，再(zai)進行大面積播種。

作業中要經常檢查鏈條(tiao)的(de)(de)張緊程(cheng)度(du)，以保證播種施肥(fei)的(de)(de)精確性。每作業一個工作日要清理排種器，以免(mian)雜(za)物堵塞，影響播種精度(du)。

排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器是精密播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的關鍵部件，工(gong)作一段時間(jian)后要檢查狀態(tai)是否完(wan)好，排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器內的毛(mao)刷如發現(xian)磨(mo)損(sun)，要立即更(geng)換，否則會(hui)影響精密播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質量。方法是卸下鏈輪，卸下左(zuo)端護鏈盒、卸下右(you)端蓋，取(qu)出清種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毛(mao)刷輪組，更(geng)換毛(mao)刷，然后再依次(ci)裝好。

3 兩行精密播種機的結構與使用

兩行(xing)、六行(xing)等多行(xing)播種機主(zhu)要(yao)是為(wei)拖拉機配(pei)套的，是由兩個或多個播種單(dan)體組成(cheng)的。

這種兩行精密播種機是目前我(wo)國生產廠家最多(duo)，農(nong)民使用最廣的(de)一種機型(xing)，主要(yao)配(pei)套動力為小四輪(lun)拖拉機。工作速度每小時5-6km。

這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)與單(dan)行播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)不同的是(shi)增加了(le)液壓懸掛機(ji)構(gou)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子通過塑料(liao)管(guan)輸送到(dao)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)插到(dao)后邊為播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)玉米，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)插到(dao)前面(mian)為播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大豆雙行。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱和肥(fei)(fei)箱為一體。地輪(lun)傳(chuan)遞動力帶(dai)動施肥(fei)(fei)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)構(gou)。底肥(fei)(fei)和口(kou)肥(fei)(fei)靠(kao)一個開(kai)溝器(qi)完成(cheng)，中間有一定距(ju)離，靠(kao)回土把底肥(fei)(fei)和口(kou)肥(fei)(fei)分成(cheng)上下層。

兩(liang)行(xing)以上的(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)要(yao)(yao)調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)距(ju)，松(song)開固(gu)定(ding)卡子(zi)，根(gen)據當地行(xing)距(ju)要(yao)(yao)求左(zuo)右(you)串(chuan)動(dong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單體(ti)。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深淺(qian)是依靠上下串(chuan)動(dong)開溝器來實現(xian)。兩(liang)行(xing)以上的(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)要(yao)(yao)調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)拖拉(la)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)懸掛機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構，調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)上拉(la)桿，可(ke)使(shi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保持前后水(shui)平，調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)左(zuo)右(you)吊桿可(ke)使(shi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保持左(zuo)右(you)水(shui)平。調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)左(zuo)右(you)拉(la)鏈，可(ke)使(shi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組保持穩(wen)定(ding)，避免左(zuo)右(you)擺動(dong)。施肥(fei)深度、施肥(fei)量、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株距(ju)等要(yao)(yao)和單體(ti)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)進行(xing)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)。一(yi)(yi)切調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)好后也(ye)要(yao)(yao)進行(xing)試播(bo)。

兩行(xing)以上的播(bo)種機是由(you)拖拉機懸掛(gua)作業，所以在(zai)地頭(tou)轉(zhuan)彎掉頭(tou)時，要先(xian)升(sheng)起機具再轉(zhuan)彎，拖拉機擺正后(hou)，要先(xian)倒車，落下機具再工(gong)作，避免地頭(tou)漏(lou)播(bo)。

在(zai)路面(mian)行走時，須將播種機提升(sheng)到離地(di)面(mian)一定高度，防止工作部件與地(di)面(mian)碰撞。