【電動機】電動機的(de)工作(zuo)原理 電動機是如(ru)何工作(zuo)的(de)

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電(dian)動機(ji)是一(yi)種旋轉式機(ji)器，它將(jiang)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉變為機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，它主要(yao)包括一(yi)個用(yong)以產(chan)生磁場(chang)的(de)(de)電(dian)磁鐵繞組或分布(bu)的(de)(de)定子繞組和一(yi)個旋轉電(dian)樞或轉子，其導線中有(you)電(dian)流通(tong)過并(bing)受磁場(chang)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)而使轉動，這些機(ji)器中有(you)些類型可作(zuo)電(dian)動機(ji)用(yong)，也可作(zuo)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)用(yong)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)的設備(bei)，它是(shi)利用(yong)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)圈在磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)中受力(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的現(xian)象制(zhi)成，分布(bu)于各(ge)個用(yong)戶處，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)不同分為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)大部分是(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，可以是(shi)同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)或者是(shi)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)定子磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)不保持同步速(su)）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要由(you)定子與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子組成。通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導線(xian)在磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)中受力(li)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)的方向跟電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向和(he)磁(ci)(ci)感線(xian)（磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)方向）方向有關。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工作原理是(shi)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受力(li)的作用(yong)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫療電(dian)器(qi)設備等各方面廣泛應用。

各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中應(ying)用(yong)最(zui)廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)是交(jiao)流異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（又稱感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) ）。它使用(yong)方便 、運(yun)行(xing)(xing)可(ke)靠 、價格(ge)低廉 、結構牢(lao)固，但(dan)功(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數較(jiao)低，調速(su)(su)(su)(su)也較(jiao)困難。大(da)(da)容(rong)量(liang)低轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)常用(yong)同步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（見同步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）。同步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)但(dan)功(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數高(gao)，而且其轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)與負載大(da)(da)小無(wu)關，只決定于電(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻率(lv)。工作較(jiao)穩定。在(zai)要求寬范(fan)圍調速(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場合(he)多(duo)用(yong)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。但(dan)它有換(huan)向器，結構復(fu)雜(za)，價格(ge)昂貴，維護困難，不(bu)(bu)(bu)適于惡劣環(huan)境(jing)。20世紀70年代以(yi)后，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調速(su)(su)(su)(su)技術漸趨成熟，設備價格(ge)日益降低，已(yi)開始得到應(ying)用(yong) 。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)規定工作制(zhi)式（連續(xu)式、短時(shi)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)制(zhi)、斷續(xu)周期運(yun)行(xing)(xing)制(zhi)）下所能(neng)承擔(dan)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)至引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械功(gong)率(lv)稱為它的(de)(de)(de)(de)額定功(gong)率(lv)，使用(yong)時(shi)需(xu)注意銘(ming)牌上的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)時(shi)需(xu)注意使其負載的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性與電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性相匹配，避(bi)免(mian)出現(xian)飛車或停(ting)轉(zhuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調速(su)(su)(su)(su)方法很多(duo)，能(neng)適應(ying)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同生產機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械速(su)(su)(su)(su)度(du)變(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求。一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)調速(su)(su)(su)(su)時(shi)其輸(shu)出功(gong)率(lv)會隨轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)而變(bian)(bian)化。從能(neng)量(liang)消耗(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)看，調速(su)(su)(su)(su)大(da)(da)致可(ke)分兩種 ：① 保持輸(shu)入功(gong)率(lv)不(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian) 。通過改變(bian)(bian)調速(su)(su)(su)(su)裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)消耗(hao)(hao)，調節輸(shu)出功(gong)率(lv)以(yi)調節電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)。②控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)入功(gong)率(lv)以(yi)調節電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異步電機的工作(zuo)原理如下:當導體在磁(ci)場內切割磁(ci)力線時，在導體內產生感應(ying)(ying)電流(liu)，“感應(ying)(ying)電機”的名稱由此而來(lai)。

感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)流和磁(ci)場(chang)的聯合作(zuo)用向電(dian)機(ji)轉子施加(jia)驅動力。 三組繞(rao)組問彼此相差120度(du)，每一(yi)組繞(rao)組都由三相交流電(dian)源中的一(yi)相供(gong)電(dian)。

電動機(ji)使用了電流(liu)的磁效應原理，發明這一(yi)原理的的是丹麥物理學家奧斯(si)特。

電動機的發展

1831年，美(mei)國物理學家亨利(li)設計(ji)出最初的電(dian)子式電(dian)動機(ji)。受到亨利(li)的啟(qi)發，一位名叫威(wei)廉·里奇(qi)(qi)的人設計(ji)并造(zao)出了一臺可以轉(zhuan)動的電(dian)動機(ji)。里奇(qi)(qi)的這架(jia)電(dian)動機(ji)類似于我們(men)今天在實(shi)驗室里組裝(zhuang)的直(zhi)流電(dian)動機(ji)模型。

到了19世紀40年代(dai)，俄國科(ke)學家雅科(ke)比使電(dian)動(dong)機變得更為實用了。他(ta)用電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵替代(dai)永久磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵進(jin)行工作。這種新型電(dian)動(dong)機當時被裝在一艘游艇上，載著(zhu)幾名乘(cheng)客駛過了涅瓦河。此事引起了極大(da)的(de)轟動(dong)。此后，出(chu)生(sheng)于克羅(luo)地亞的(de)美國人特斯拉(la)于1888年，制造出(chu)了第一臺(tai)感應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)機，他(ta)在各種電(dian)動(dong)機中(zhong)，算是被應(ying)用最廣的(de)一種。感應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)機會將交流電(dian)快(kuai)速輸入(ru)一組(zu)稱(cheng)為“定子”的(de)外線(xian)(xian)圈，繼(ji)而產生(sheng)一個(ge)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸內的(de)一組(zu)線(xian)(xian)圈則稱(cheng)為“轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子”，它會被定子的(de)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場感應(ying)出(chu)電(dian)流，然后轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子會因(yin)電(dian)流變化而轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變成電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵。

美國物理(li)學家亨利于法(fa)拉第(di)(di)同(tong)時作出電磁(ci)感(gan)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)偉大發(fa)現(xian)(xian)，1830年8月，亨利在實(shi)驗中已經(jing)觀察(cha)到(dao)了(le)電磁(ci)感(gan)應(ying)現(xian)(xian)象，這比(bi)法(fa)拉第(di)(di)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)電磁(ci)感(gan)應(ying)現(xian)(xian)象早(zao)一(yi)年。但是當時亨利正(zheng)在集中精力制作更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)電磁(ci)鐵，沒(mei)有及時發(fa)表這一(yi)實(shi)驗成果，也沒(mei)有及時的(de)(de)(de)去(qu)申請專利，失去(qu)了(le)發(fa)明權(quan)。可是亨利從(cong)不計(ji)較個(ge)人名利，他認為知識應(ying)該為全世界人類所(suo)共享(xiang)，從(cong)未與法(fa)拉第(di)(di)爭過(guo)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)權(quan)，仍然專心(xin)致(zhi)志地獻身于科學事業。亨利的(de)(de)(de)高尚(shang)品德受到(dao)世人的(de)(de)(de)稱贊。所(suo)以最后，人們還是將電磁(ci)感(gan)應(ying)現(xian)(xian)象的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)歸于法(fa)拉第(di)(di)。特別值得(de)一(yi)提的(de)(de)(de)是，亨利實(shi)驗裝置(zhi)比(bi)法(fa)拉弟感(gan)應(ying)線圈更(geng)接近于現(xian)(xian)代通(tong)用的(de)(de)(de)變壓器。

單相交流電(dian)動(dong)機的旋轉原理單相交流電(dian)動(dong)機只(zhi)有一個繞組(zu)，轉子是(shi)鼠籠式的。

單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)不能產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場.要使單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機能自動(dong)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)起來，我們(men)可在(zai)(zai)定子中加(jia)上(shang)一(yi)個起動(dong)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)，起動(dong)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)與主繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)在(zai)(zai)空(kong)間上(shang)相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)(cha)90度，起動(dong)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)要串接一(yi)個合適的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容，使得與主繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流在(zai)(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)上(shang)近似(si)相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)(cha)90度，即所(suo)謂的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)相(xiang)(xiang)原理。這(zhe)樣兩(liang)個在(zai)(zai)時間上(shang)相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)(cha)90度的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流通入兩(liang)個在(zai)(zai)空(kong)間上(shang)相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)(cha)90度的(de)(de)(de)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)，將會在(zai)(zai)空(kong)間上(shang)產生(sheng)（兩(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)）旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場，在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場作用下，轉(zhuan)子就能自動(dong)起動(dong)。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在(zai)拆卸前(qian)，要用壓(ya)縮空(kong)氣吹凈電機表面(mian)灰塵，并(bing)將(jiang)表面(mian)污垢(gou)擦拭(shi)干凈。

（2）選擇電機解體的(de)工作地點(dian)，清理現(xian)場環境。

（3）熟悉(xi)電機(ji)結構特點和檢(jian)修(xiu)技術要求。

（4）準備好解體所需工(gong)具（包括(kuo)專用工(gong)具）和設備。

（5）為了進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步了解電(dian)機(ji)運(yun)行中的缺陷，有條件時(shi)可在(zai)拆(chai)卸前做一(yi)(yi)次檢查(cha)試驗。為此，將電(dian)機(ji)帶上負(fu)載(zai)(zai)試轉，詳細檢查(cha)電(dian)機(ji)各(ge)部分溫度、聲音(yin)、振(zhen)動等情況，并測試電(dian)壓、電(dian)流、轉速(su)等，然后再斷(duan)開(kai)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)，單(dan)獨做一(yi)(yi)次空(kong)載(zai)(zai)檢查(cha)試驗，測出空(kong)載(zai)(zai)電(dian)流和空(kong)載(zai)(zai)損耗，做好記錄。

（6）切斷(duan)電(dian)源，拆(chai)除電(dian)機外(wai)部(bu)接線(xian)，做好記(ji)錄。

（7）選用合適電壓的(de)兆歐表測試電機絕(jue)(jue)緣電阻(zu)。為了(le)跟上次檢(jian)修時所測的(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣電阻(zu)值(zhi)相比較(jiao)以判斷電機絕(jue)(jue)緣變化趨(qu)勢和絕(jue)(jue)緣狀(zhuang)態(tai)，應將(jiang)不(bu)同(tong)溫度下測出(chu)的(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣電阻(zu)值(zhi)換算(suan)到同(tong)一(yi)溫度，一(yi)般(ban)換算(suan)至75℃。

（8）測試吸(xi)收(shou)比(bi)K。當吸(xi)收(shou)比(bi)大于1.33時，表(biao)明電機(ji)絕緣(yuan)不(bu)(bu)曾受潮或(huo)受潮程(cheng)度(du)不(bu)(bu)嚴重(zhong)。為了跟以前數(shu)據進行比(bi)較(jiao)，同樣要(yao)將任意(yi)溫(wen)度(du)下測得(de)的吸(xi)收(shou)比(bi)換(huan)算(suan)到同一溫(wen)度(du)。

電動機的種類

1.按(an)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)源分類：根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的不同，可分為直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。其中(zhong)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)還分為單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

2.按結構及(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)原理分(fen)類：電動機按結構及(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)原理可分(fen)為直流(liu)電動機，異步電動機和同步電動機。

同(tong)(tong)步(bu)電(dian)動機(ji)還可分為永磁同(tong)(tong)步(bu)電(dian)動機(ji)、磁阻同(tong)(tong)步(bu)電(dian)動機(ji)和(he)磁滯同(tong)(tong)步(bu)電(dian)動機(ji)。

異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)可分為感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)和交(jiao)流換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)又分為三相(xiang)異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、單相(xiang)異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)和罩極異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)等(deng)。交(jiao)流換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)又分為單相(xiang)串勵電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、交(jiao)直流兩(liang)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)和推斥電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。

直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)按(an)結(jie)構(gou)及工作(zuo)原理(li)可分(fen)為(wei)無(wu)刷直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)(he)有刷直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。有刷直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)可分(fen)為(wei)永磁(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)(he)電(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。電(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)串(chuan)勵直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、并勵直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、他勵直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)(he)復勵直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。永磁(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)稀(xi)土永磁(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、鐵氧體永磁(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)(he)鋁鎳(nie)鈷永磁(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。

3.按起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)與(yu)運行方式(shi)(shi)分類：電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機按起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)與(yu)運行方式(shi)(shi)可(ke)分為電(dian)(dian)容(rong)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、電(dian)(dian)容(rong)運轉式(shi)(shi)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、電(dian)(dian)容(rong)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)運轉式(shi)(shi)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機和(he)分相(xiang)(xiang)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機。

4.按用(yong)(yong)途分類：電動機按用(yong)(yong)途可(ke)分為驅動用(yong)(yong)電動機和控制(zhi)用(yong)(yong)電動機。

驅(qu)動(dong)用電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又分為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具(ju)（包(bao)(bao)括鉆孔(kong)、拋光、磨光、開(kai)槽、切(qie)割、擴(kuo)孔(kong)等(deng)工具(ju)）用電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、家(jia)電(dian)(dian)（包(bao)(bao)括洗衣機(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)風扇、電(dian)(dian)冰箱(xiang)、空調器、錄(lu)(lu)音機(ji)(ji)(ji)、錄(lu)(lu)像機(ji)(ji)(ji)、影(ying)碟機(ji)(ji)(ji)、吸塵器、照相機(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)吹風、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)剃須刀(dao)等(deng)）用電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)及其它通用小(xiao)型機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備（包(bao)(bao)括各種小(xiao)型機(ji)(ji)(ji)床、小(xiao)型機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)、醫療器械(xie)、電(dian)(dian)子儀器等(deng)）用電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。 控制用電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又分為(wei)(wei)步進電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。

5.按轉(zhuan)子(zi)的結構分類：電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)按轉(zhuan)子(zi)的結構可(ke)分為籠(long)型(xing)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)（舊(jiu)(jiu)標準稱(cheng)為鼠籠(long)型(xing)異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)）和繞(rao)線轉(zhuan)子(zi)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)（舊(jiu)(jiu)標準稱(cheng)為繞(rao)線型(xing)異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)）。

6.按(an)運(yun)轉速(su)度分(fen)類(lei)：電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)按(an)運(yun)轉速(su)度可(ke)分(fen)為高速(su)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、低(di)速(su)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、恒(heng)速(su)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、調速(su)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

ａ.低速(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)又分為齒輪減速(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、電(dian)磁減速(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、力(li)矩電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和爪極同步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)等(deng)。

ｂ.調(diao)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)除可(ke)分為(wei)有級(ji)恒速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無(wu)級(ji)恒速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、有級(ji)變(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和無(wu)極變(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)外，還可(ke)分為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)調(diao)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、直流調(diao)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、PWM變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)調(diao)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和開關(guan)磁(ci)阻調(diao)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

伺服電動機

用作自(zi)動控制裝(zhuang)置(zhi)中執行(xing)元件的(de)微特(te)電機。又稱執行(xing)電動機。其(qi)功能是將電信(xin)號轉換成轉軸的(de)角(jiao)位(wei)移或角(jiao)速度。

伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)分交、直(zhi)流(liu)兩類。交流(liu)伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的工作(zuo)原理與(yu)交流(liu)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)同(tong)。在定子上有(you)兩個相(xiang)空(kong)間位移(yi)90°電(dian)(dian)(dian)角(jiao)度(du)的勵磁繞組Wf和控(kong)制繞組WcoWf接一恒定交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，利用施加(jia)到Wc上的交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或(huo)相(xiang)位的變(bian)化，達到控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)運(yun)行的目的。交流(liu)伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)具(ju)有(you)運(yun)行穩定、可控(kong)性(xing)(xing)好、響應快(kuai)速、靈敏度(du)高(gao)以及機(ji)(ji)械特(te)性(xing)(xing)和調節特(te)性(xing)(xing)的非線性(xing)(xing)度(du)指標嚴格（要求分別小(xiao)于10％～15％和小(xiao)于15％～25％）等特(te)點。直(zhi)流(liu)伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的工作(zuo)原理與(yu)一般直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)同(tong)。

電(dian)動(dong)機轉(zhuan)速n為(wei)n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式中(zhong)E為(wei)電(dian)樞反電(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)；K為(wei)常數；j為(wei)每極磁(ci)通；Ua，Ia為(wei)電(dian)樞電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和電(dian)樞電(dian)流(liu)(liu)；Ra為(wei)電(dian)樞電(dian)阻(zu)。改變Ua或(huo)改變φ，均可控制(zhi)直流(liu)(liu)伺服(fu)電(dian)動(dong)機的轉(zhuan)速，但一般采用控制(zhi)電(dian)樞電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的方法。在(zai)永磁(ci)式直流(liu)(liu)伺服(fu)電(dian)動(dong)機中(zhong)，勵磁(ci)繞組被永久磁(ci)鐵所取代，磁(ci)通φ恒(heng)定。

直流伺服電動機具有良好的線性調節(jie)特性及快速的時間響應(ying)。

伺(si)服電動機(ji)一般分(fen)為直流伺(si)服和交(jiao)流伺(si)服，對于(yu)直流伺(si)服馬達優點是：

優點：精(jing)確(que)的速(su)度控制，轉矩速(su)度特(te)性很硬(ying)，原理簡單、使用方(fang)便，價格優勢；

缺點：電刷換向，速度限(xian)制，附加(jia)阻力(li)，產生磨損微粒（對于無塵室）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優點：良好的(de)速(su)度(du)控制特性，在整個(ge)速(su)度(du)區內可(ke)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)平(ping)滑控制，幾乎無振蕩(dang)；高(gao)(gao)效率，90%以上，不發熱；高(gao)(gao)速(su)控制；高(gao)(gao)精確位置控制（取決于何種編碼器）；額(e)定運行(xing)區域內，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)恒力(li)矩；低噪音；沒有電刷的(de)磨損，免維(wei)護；不產生磨損顆粒(li)、沒有火花，適(shi)用于無塵間、易暴環(huan)境(jing)慣量低；

缺點：控(kong)制(zhi)較復雜，驅動(dong)器參(can)數需要現場調(diao)整PID參(can)數整定，需要更多的連線

直流伺服電動機的應用

直流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)電機的特性較(jiao)交流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)電機硬。通常應(ying)用于(yu)功率稍(shao)大的系統中，如隨動系統中的位(wei)置控制等。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交(jiao)流伺服電(dian)機的輸出(chu)功率一般為0.1-100W，電(dian)源頻率分(fen)50Hz、400Hz等(deng)多種。它的應用很廣(guang)泛，如用在各(ge)種自(zi)(zi)動控制、自(zi)(zi)動記錄等(deng)系(xi)統中。