【電動機】電動機的(de)工(gong)作原理 電動(dong)機是如何工(gong)作的

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電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種旋(xuan)轉式機(ji)(ji)(ji)器，它將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)能轉變為(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能，它主(zhu)要包括一個用(yong)以產生磁(ci)場的(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)繞組或分布的(de)定子(zi)繞組和一個旋(xuan)轉電(dian)(dian)樞或轉子(zi)，其導(dao)線中有電(dian)(dian)流通過并受磁(ci)場的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)而使(shi)轉動(dong)，這些(xie)機(ji)(ji)(ji)器中有些(xie)類型(xing)可(ke)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)用(yong)，也可(ke)作(zuo)(zuo)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)用(yong)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)是(shi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換成機(ji)械能的設備，它是(shi)利用通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線圈(quan)在(zai)磁場(chang)中受(shou)力(li)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的現象制成，分布于各個(ge)用戶處，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)按(an)使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不(bu)同(tong)分為直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)大(da)部分是(shi)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，可以是(shi)同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)或者(zhe)是(shi)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)定(ding)子(zi)磁場(chang)轉(zhuan)速(su)與(yu)(yu)轉(zhuan)子(zi)旋轉(zhuan)轉(zhuan)速(su)不(bu)保持(chi)同(tong)步速(su)）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)主要由定(ding)子(zi)與(yu)(yu)轉(zhuan)子(zi)組成。通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)線在(zai)磁場(chang)中受(shou)力(li)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的方(fang)向(xiang)跟電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方(fang)向(xiang)和磁感線（磁場(chang)方(fang)向(xiang)）方(fang)向(xiang)有關。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)工作(zuo)原(yuan)理是(shi)磁場(chang)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流受(shou)力(li)的作(zuo)用，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫療電器設備等各方(fang)面廣泛應用(yong)。

各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)最廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)是交流(liu)(liu)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（又稱(cheng)感應(ying)(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) ）。它(ta)使(shi)用(yong)方便 、運(yun)行(xing)可(ke)(ke)靠 、價(jia)格(ge)低(di)廉(lian) 、結(jie)(jie)構(gou)牢固(gu)，但(dan)(dan)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數較(jiao)低(di)，調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)也較(jiao)困難。大(da)(da)容(rong)量低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)常用(yong)同(tong)(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（見同(tong)(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）。同(tong)(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不但(dan)(dan)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數高，而(er)且其(qi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)與負載大(da)(da)小(xiao)無關，只決(jue)定(ding)(ding)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻率(lv)(lv)(lv)。工(gong)作較(jiao)穩定(ding)(ding)。在要(yao)求(qiu)寬(kuan)范圍調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場合多用(yong)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。但(dan)(dan)它(ta)有換(huan)向器，結(jie)(jie)構(gou)復雜，價(jia)格(ge)昂貴，維護困難，不適于(yu)(yu)惡劣環境。20世紀70年代以后，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)技(ji)術漸(jian)趨成熟，設備價(jia)格(ge)日(ri)益降低(di)，已開始得(de)到應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong) 。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在規定(ding)(ding)工(gong)作制(zhi)(zhi)式（連(lian)續式、短(duan)時運(yun)行(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)、斷續周期運(yun)行(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)）下(xia)所能承擔而(er)不至引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)輸(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)稱(cheng)為它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)(ding)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，使(shi)用(yong)時需注(zhu)意銘牌(pai)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運(yun)行(xing)時需注(zhu)意使(shi)其(qi)負載的(de)(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)相(xiang)匹配(pei)，避免出(chu)現飛車或停轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)方法(fa)很多，能適應(ying)(ying)(ying)不同(tong)(tong)生產機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械速(su)(su)度變(bian)(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)時其(qi)輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)會隨轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)而(er)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化。從能量消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度看(kan)，調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)大(da)(da)致可(ke)(ke)分兩種 ：① 保(bao)持輸(shu)入功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)不變(bian)(bian)(bian) 。通過改(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)能量消(xiao)耗，調(diao)(diao)節輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)以調(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)。②控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)入功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)以調(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異步電機的工(gong)作(zuo)原理如下:當導體在(zai)(zai)磁場內切割磁力線時，在(zai)(zai)導體內產生(sheng)感(gan)應電流，“感(gan)應電機”的名稱由此而(er)來。

感應電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和磁場的(de)聯(lian)合作(zuo)用向電(dian)(dian)機轉子(zi)施加驅(qu)動(dong)力。 三(san)組(zu)繞(rao)組(zu)問(wen)彼(bi)此相(xiang)差(cha)120度(du)，每一組(zu)繞(rao)組(zu)都由(you)三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)中的(de)一相(xiang)供電(dian)(dian)。

電動機使用了電流(liu)的磁效應原(yuan)理，發明這一原(yuan)理的的是丹麥物理學家奧斯特。

電動機的發展

1831年，美國(guo)物理學家亨(heng)利設計出(chu)最(zui)初的電子(zi)式(shi)電動(dong)機。受到亨(heng)利的啟發，一位名(ming)叫(jiao)威廉·里(li)奇的人(ren)設計并(bing)造出(chu)了一臺(tai)可(ke)以轉動(dong)的電動(dong)機。里(li)奇的這架(jia)電動(dong)機類似于我(wo)們今天在實驗(yan)室里(li)組裝(zhuang)的直流電動(dong)機模型。

到了(le)(le)19世紀40年代，俄(e)國科(ke)(ke)學家雅科(ke)(ke)比使電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)變得(de)更為實(shi)用(yong)了(le)(le)。他(ta)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)替代永久磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)進行(xing)工作。這種(zhong)新型電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)當(dang)時被(bei)裝在(zai)一(yi)(yi)艘游艇(ting)上(shang)，載著幾(ji)名乘(cheng)客駛過(guo)了(le)(le)涅瓦河。此事引起(qi)了(le)(le)極(ji)大的(de)轟動(dong)。此后，出生于克羅地亞(ya)的(de)美(mei)國人特(te)斯拉于1888年，制造出了(le)(le)第一(yi)(yi)臺感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)，他(ta)在(zai)各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)中，算是被(bei)應(ying)用(yong)最廣的(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)。感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)會(hui)將交流電(dian)(dian)快速(su)輸入一(yi)(yi)組(zu)稱(cheng)為“定子(zi)”的(de)外線圈，繼而(er)產生一(yi)(yi)個旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場。轉(zhuan)軸內(nei)的(de)一(yi)(yi)組(zu)線圈則稱(cheng)為“轉(zhuan)子(zi)”，它會(hui)被(bei)定子(zi)的(de)旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場感(gan)應(ying)出電(dian)(dian)流，然后轉(zhuan)子(zi)會(hui)因電(dian)(dian)流變化而(er)轉(zhuan)變成電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)。

美(mei)國(guo)物(wu)理學家亨(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)于法拉第(di)同時(shi)作出電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應的(de)(de)(de)偉大(da)發現(xian)(xian)，1830年8月，亨(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)在(zai)實驗中已經觀(guan)察到(dao)了電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應現(xian)(xian)象，這比法拉第(di)發現(xian)(xian)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應現(xian)(xian)象早一年。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)當時(shi)亨(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)正在(zai)集中精力制(zhi)作更(geng)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)，沒有(you)及時(shi)發表這一實驗成果(guo)，也沒有(you)及時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)去申請專利(li)(li)，失去了發明權。可(ke)是(shi)(shi)亨(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)從不計(ji)較個人(ren)名利(li)(li)，他認為知(zhi)識(shi)應該為全(quan)世界人(ren)類所(suo)共享，從未與(yu)法拉第(di)爭過(guo)發現(xian)(xian)權，仍然專心致志(zhi)地獻(xian)身于科學事(shi)業。亨(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)尚品德受到(dao)世人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)稱贊。所(suo)以最后，人(ren)們還是(shi)(shi)將電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應現(xian)(xian)象的(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)(xian)歸于法拉第(di)。特別(bie)值得(de)一提的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)，亨(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)實驗裝置比法拉弟感(gan)應線(xian)圈更(geng)接近于現(xian)(xian)代(dai)通用的(de)(de)(de)變壓器(qi)。

單相(xiang)交(jiao)流電動機的(de)(de)旋轉原理(li)單相(xiang)交(jiao)流電動機只有(you)一(yi)個(ge)繞組，轉子是鼠籠(long)式的(de)(de)。

單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電不能產生旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang).要使(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電動機能自動旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)起(qi)(qi)來，我們(men)可在(zai)(zai)(zai)定子中加上一個(ge)起(qi)(qi)動繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)，起(qi)(qi)動繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)與主繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)上相(xiang)(xiang)差90度，起(qi)(qi)動繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)要串接(jie)一個(ge)合(he)適的電容，使(shi)(shi)得與主繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)的電流在(zai)(zai)(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)位上近似相(xiang)(xiang)差90度，即(ji)所謂的分(fen)相(xiang)(xiang)原理。這(zhe)樣兩個(ge)在(zai)(zai)(zai)時間(jian)上相(xiang)(xiang)差90度的電流通入(ru)兩個(ge)在(zai)(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)上相(xiang)(xiang)差90度的繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)，將會在(zai)(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)上產生（兩相(xiang)(xiang)）旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)作用下，轉(zhuan)子就(jiu)能自動起(qi)(qi)動。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在(zai)拆(chai)卸前(qian)，要用(yong)壓縮空氣吹凈電機表面(mian)灰塵，并將表面(mian)污垢擦拭干凈。

（2）選擇電機解(jie)體(ti)的工(gong)作地點(dian)，清理(li)現場環(huan)境(jing)。

（3）熟(shu)悉電機結構(gou)特點和檢(jian)修(xiu)技術要求。

（4）準(zhun)備(bei)好(hao)解(jie)體所(suo)需工(gong)具(ju)（包括專用工(gong)具(ju)）和(he)設備(bei)。

（5）為(wei)了(le)(le)進一步了(le)(le)解電(dian)(dian)機運行中的缺陷，有條件時可在拆(chai)卸前(qian)做一次(ci)檢查(cha)試驗。為(wei)此，將電(dian)(dian)機帶上負載(zai)試轉(zhuan)，詳細檢查(cha)電(dian)(dian)機各部分溫(wen)度、聲音、振動等情況，并(bing)測(ce)試電(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)流、轉(zhuan)速等，然后再斷開負載(zai)，單獨做一次(ci)空載(zai)檢查(cha)試驗，測(ce)出(chu)空載(zai)電(dian)(dian)流和空載(zai)損(sun)耗，做好記(ji)錄。

（6）切斷(duan)電(dian)源，拆除電(dian)機外部接線，做(zuo)好記(ji)錄。

（7）選用合(he)適電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)兆歐表測試電(dian)(dian)機絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。為了(le)跟上(shang)次(ci)檢修(xiu)時所測的(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)相比較以判斷電(dian)(dian)機絕緣(yuan)變化(hua)趨勢和絕緣(yuan)狀態，應(ying)將不同溫(wen)度(du)下測出的(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)換(huan)算(suan)到同一(yi)(yi)溫(wen)度(du)，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)換(huan)算(suan)至(zhi)75℃。

（8）測試吸(xi)收(shou)比(bi)K。當吸(xi)收(shou)比(bi)大于1.33時(shi)，表明電機(ji)絕緣不(bu)曾受潮或受潮程度不(bu)嚴重。為了跟以前數據進行比(bi)較，同樣(yang)要將任意溫(wen)度下(xia)測得的(de)吸(xi)收(shou)比(bi)換算到同一溫(wen)度。

電動機的種類

1.按工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)源分類：根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的不(bu)同，可分為(wei)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機和(he)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機。其中交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機還分為(wei)單相電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機和(he)三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機。

2.按結構及(ji)工(gong)作原(yuan)理(li)分(fen)類(lei)：電動(dong)機按結構及(ji)工(gong)作原(yuan)理(li)可分(fen)為直(zhi)流電動(dong)機，異(yi)步電動(dong)機和同步電動(dong)機。

同(tong)步電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機還可分(fen)為永磁(ci)同(tong)步電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機、磁(ci)阻同(tong)步電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機和磁(ci)滯同(tong)步電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機。

異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機可分為感應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機和交(jiao)流(liu)換向器電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機。感應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機又(you)分為三相(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、單(dan)相(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機和罩極異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機等(deng)。交(jiao)流(liu)換向器電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機又(you)分為單(dan)相(xiang)串勵電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、交(jiao)直(zhi)流(liu)兩(liang)用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機和推斥電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機。

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按(an)結構(gou)及(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)原理可(ke)分為無(wu)刷(shua)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和有(you)刷(shua)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。有(you)刷(shua)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又(you)分為串勵(li)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、并勵(li)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、他勵(li)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和復勵(li)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又(you)分為稀土永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、鐵氧體永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和鋁(lv)鎳鈷(gu)永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

3.按(an)起動(dong)與(yu)運行(xing)方式(shi)分(fen)類：電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)按(an)起動(dong)與(yu)運行(xing)方式(shi)可分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容起動(dong)式(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容運轉式(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容起動(dong)運轉式(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和分(fen)相(xiang)(xiang)式(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

4.按用(yong)途分類：電動(dong)機按用(yong)途可分為(wei)驅動(dong)用(yong)電動(dong)機和控制用(yong)電動(dong)機。

驅動(dong)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工(gong)具（包(bao)括鉆孔(kong)、拋光(guang)、磨光(guang)、開槽、切割、擴孔(kong)等(deng)(deng)工(gong)具）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（包(bao)括洗衣機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)風(feng)扇、電(dian)(dian)(dian)冰箱、空調(diao)器(qi)、錄音機(ji)(ji)、錄像機(ji)(ji)、影碟機(ji)(ji)、吸塵器(qi)、照相機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)吹風(feng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)剃須(xu)刀(dao)等(deng)(deng)）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)及(ji)其它通用(yong)小(xiao)型(xing)機(ji)(ji)械設備（包(bao)括各種小(xiao)型(xing)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)、小(xiao)型(xing)機(ji)(ji)械、醫療器(qi)械、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子儀器(qi)等(deng)(deng)）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。 控制用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)步進電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)。

5.按轉子的結構分類：電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)按轉子的結構可分為(wei)(wei)籠(long)型(xing)(xing)感應(ying)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)（舊(jiu)(jiu)標準稱為(wei)(wei)鼠籠(long)型(xing)(xing)異步(bu)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)）和繞(rao)線(xian)轉子感應(ying)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)（舊(jiu)(jiu)標準稱為(wei)(wei)繞(rao)線(xian)型(xing)(xing)異步(bu)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)）。

6.按(an)運轉(zhuan)速(su)度分(fen)類：電(dian)動(dong)機按(an)運轉(zhuan)速(su)度可分(fen)為高(gao)速(su)電(dian)動(dong)機、低速(su)電(dian)動(dong)機、恒速(su)電(dian)動(dong)機、調速(su)電(dian)動(dong)機。

ａ.低速(su)電(dian)動機(ji)又(you)分為(wei)齒輪減速(su)電(dian)動機(ji)、電(dian)磁(ci)減速(su)電(dian)動機(ji)、力矩電(dian)動機(ji)和爪極同步電(dian)動機(ji)等。

ｂ.調速電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)除可分(fen)為(wei)有(you)級(ji)恒(heng)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、無(wu)級(ji)恒(heng)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、有(you)級(ji)變速電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和無(wu)極變速電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)外，還可分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁調速電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、直流調速電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、PWM變頻調速電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和開關磁阻調速電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。

伺服電動機

用作自動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)裝置中執(zhi)行(xing)元(yuan)件的微特電(dian)機。又(you)稱執(zhi)行(xing)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機。其功能是將電(dian)信號轉(zhuan)換成轉(zhuan)軸的角位(wei)移(yi)或(huo)角速度。

伺服電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)分交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、直流(liu)(liu)兩類。交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)工作原理(li)(li)與(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)感應電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)相同。在定子上有兩個相空間位移90°電(dian)角度(du)的(de)勵磁(ci)繞(rao)組Wf和(he)(he)控(kong)(kong)制繞(rao)組WcoWf接一恒定交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓，利用(yong)施加(jia)到Wc上的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓或相位的(de)變化，達到控(kong)(kong)制電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)運行(xing)的(de)目的(de)。交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)具有運行(xing)穩定、可(ke)控(kong)(kong)性(xing)(xing)好、響(xiang)應快(kuai)速、靈敏度(du)高(gao)以及機(ji)械(xie)特(te)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)調節特(te)性(xing)(xing)的(de)非線性(xing)(xing)度(du)指標嚴格（要求分別小于(yu)10％～15％和(he)(he)小于(yu)15％～25％）等特(te)點。直流(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)工作原理(li)(li)與(yu)一般直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)相同。

電(dian)動(dong)機轉速n為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式中(zhong)E為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)樞(shu)反電(dian)動(dong)勢；K為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)常數(shu)；j為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)每(mei)極磁(ci)通；Ua，Ia為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)壓和電(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)；Ra為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)阻。改變Ua或改變φ，均可控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)直流(liu)(liu)伺(si)服電(dian)動(dong)機的轉速，但(dan)一(yi)般采用控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)壓的方法。在永(yong)磁(ci)式直流(liu)(liu)伺(si)服電(dian)動(dong)機中(zhong)，勵磁(ci)繞組被永(yong)久磁(ci)鐵所取代，磁(ci)通φ恒定(ding)。

直流伺服(fu)電動機具有良(liang)好的(de)線性調節特性及快(kuai)速(su)的(de)時間響(xiang)應(ying)。

伺(si)服(fu)(fu)電動機(ji)一般分為直(zhi)流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)(fu)和交流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)(fu)，對(dui)于(yu)直(zhi)流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)(fu)馬達優點是：

優(you)點：精確的速度控制，轉(zhuan)矩速度特性很硬，原(yuan)理簡單、使(shi)用方便，價格優(you)勢；

缺(que)點：電刷換(huan)向，速度限制(zhi)，附加阻力，產(chan)生磨損微粒（對于無塵室）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優點：良(liang)好的速(su)(su)度(du)控制(zhi)特性，在(zai)整個速(su)(su)度(du)區(qu)內(nei)(nei)可實(shi)現平滑控制(zhi)，幾乎無(wu)振蕩；高效(xiao)率，90%以上，不發熱；高速(su)(su)控制(zhi)；高精(jing)確位置控制(zhi)（取決于(yu)何種編碼器）；額定運行(xing)區(qu)域內(nei)(nei)，實(shi)現恒力矩；低噪音；沒(mei)有電刷的磨損，免維(wei)護(hu)；不產(chan)生磨損顆(ke)粒、沒(mei)有火花，適用(yong)于(yu)無(wu)塵間、易暴環境慣量低；

缺點：控制較復雜(za)，驅(qu)動器參(can)數(shu)需要現場調整PID參(can)數(shu)整定，需要更多的連線(xian)

直流伺服電動機的應用

直流伺服電(dian)機(ji)的(de)特(te)性(xing)較交流伺服電(dian)機(ji)硬(ying)。通常應用于(yu)功率(lv)稍大的(de)系統中(zhong)，如隨動系統中(zhong)的(de)位置控制等。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交流伺服電(dian)機的輸出功率一般為0.1-100W，電(dian)源頻率分50Hz、400Hz等(deng)多種(zhong)。它的應用(yong)很廣泛(fan)，如用(yong)在各(ge)種(zhong)自動控制、自動記錄等(deng)系統中。