一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

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（1）恒定電流充電法

在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)始終保持(chi)不(bu)(bu)變(bian)，叫(jiao)做恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，簡(jian)稱恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)或等(deng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)由于蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐(zhu)漸升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐(zhu)漸下降，為保持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)(bu)致(zhi)因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)而減小，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)必須逐(zhu)漸升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以(yi)維持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)始終不(bu)(bu)變(bian)，這對于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備的(de)自動化程(cheng)度要(yao)求(qiu)較高(gao)，一(yi)般簡(jian)陋的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備是不(bu)(bu)能滿足恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)。恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，在(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最大(da)允許的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)情況下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)越(yue)大(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間就可(ke)以(yi)縮(suo)短。若從時(shi)間上考慮(lv)，采(cai)用此法(fa)有(you)利的(de)。但在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期若充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)仍不(bu)(bu)變(bian)，這時(shi)由于大(da)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水(shui)上，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液出氣泡(pao)過多(duo)而顯沸騰狀，這不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，而且容(rong)易使極板上活性物質大(da)量(liang)脫落，溫升(sheng)(sheng)過高(gao)，造成(cheng)極板彎(wan)曲(qu)，容(rong)量(liang)迅速下降而提前報廢。所以(yi)，這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)很少采(cai)用。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)終(zhong)保持不變，叫做恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)，簡稱恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)或等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。由于恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始(shi)至后(hou)期(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)終(zhong)保持一(yi)定，所以在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始(shi)時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流相當大(da)，大(da)大(da)超過正(zheng)常充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流值。但隨著(zhu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)進行，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)逐漸升(sheng)高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐漸減小(xiao)。當蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)相等(deng)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流減至最小(xiao)甚至為零。由此可見，采用(yong)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)優點在于，可以避免充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過大(da)而(er)造(zao)成極(ji)板活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)脫(tuo)落(luo)(luo)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)。但其缺點是，在剛開始(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)體積變化收縮太快，影響活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)機械(xie)強度(du)，致使(shi)其脫(tuo)落(luo)(luo)。而(er)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又過小(xiao)，使(shi)極(ji)板深處的(de)(de)(de)活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)得不到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，形成長期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足，影響蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命。所以這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)一(yi)般只(zhi)適用(yong)于無配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)較簡陋的(de)(de)(de)特殊(shu)場合，如汽(qi)車上蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號至5號干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)式的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采用(yong)等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。采用(yong)等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)給蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)：酸性蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)每(mei)個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為2.4～2.8V左右，堿性蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)每(mei)個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為1.6～2.0V左右。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為(wei)補救恒定電(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的缺點而采用的一種方法。即在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源與電(dian)(dian)池之間(jian)串聯(lian)一電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，這(zhe)樣充(chong)電(dian)(dian)初期的電(dian)(dian)流可以調整。但有時(shi)(shi)最大充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流受到限制，因(yin)此隨充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)的進行，蓄電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓逐漸上升，電(dian)(dian)流卻幾(ji)乎(hu)成為(wei)直線衰減。有時(shi)(shi)使用兩個電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)，約(yue)在2.4V時(shi)(shi)，從(cong)低電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)轉換到高電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，以減少(shao)出氣。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜合(he)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)和恒(heng)(heng)壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期用較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，經過一段(duan)時間(jian)改(gai)(gai)用較(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，至充電(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改(gai)(gai)用更小的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，即(ji)不同階(jie)(jie)段(duan)內(nei)以不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進行恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)，叫(jiao)做階(jie)(jie)段(duan)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。階(jie)(jie)段(duan)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，一般可分為兩個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)進行，也可分為多個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)進行。

階段等流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)所需充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間短(duan)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效果(guo)也好。由于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后期(qi)改用較(jiao)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣減少了氣(qi)泡對極板活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)刷，減少了活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)脫落。這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)能延長蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用壽命(ming)，并節省電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)又徹底，所以(yi)是當前常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)。一(yi)般蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)第一(yi)階段以(yi)10h率電(dian)(dian)(dian)流進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，第二(er)階段以(yi)20h率電(dian)(dian)(dian)流進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。各階段充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間的(de)(de)(de)長短(duan)，各種蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)具體要求和(he)標(biao)準(zhun)不一(yi)樣。

3階段充電法是鉛酸(suan)電池理想充電法。

（5）浮充電法

間歇使用(yong)的(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或僅在交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)才使用(yong)的(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，其(qi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)為(wei)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)(shi)。一(yi)些特殊場合使用(yong)的(de)(de)固定型(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)般均(jun)(jun)采用(yong)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)(de)優點(dian)主(zhu)要在于(yu)(yu)(yu)能減(jian)少蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)析氣率，并可防(fang)止過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時(shi)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)同直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)并聯供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)瞬時(shi)輸出(chu)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，這有(you)助于(yu)(yu)(yu)鎮定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系統的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常。浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)(de)缺(que)點(dian)是(shi)個別(bie)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不均(jun)(jun)衡和充(chong)(chong)不足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以需(xu)要進行定期的(de)(de)均(jun)(jun)衡充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并不是(shi)所(suo)有(you)失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都能(neng)進行(xing)修復(fu)，如(ru)出現(xian)了(le)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)和斷路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、極板(ban)上活性物(wu)質嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)脫落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、極板(ban)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)損壞(huai)，嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)塑(su)料(liao)殼體(ti)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)和嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)破裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，以及電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)塑(su)料(liao)殼體(ti)底部(bu)出現(xian)大面積漏液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)不能(neng)進行(xing)修復(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所(suo)以可(ke)修復(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)因(yin)失(shi)水嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)而失(shi)效、電(dian)(dian)極上活性物(wu)質發生嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)而失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，以及因(yin)磕碰(peng)、摔打、跌(die)落(luo)等原(yuan)因(yin)使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)殼體(ti)上部(bu)出現(xian)微(wei)弱裂縫而漏液造成(cheng)失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，即結構輕微(wei)失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。所(suo)以鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修復(fu)可(ke)分為對電(dian)(dian)性能(neng)失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修復(fu)和對塑(su)料(liao)殼體(ti)結構件失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修復(fu)。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對電性能(neng)失效(xiao)的鉛酸蓄電池修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)可分為(wei)化學方(fang)法(fa)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)和(he)物理方(fang)法(fa)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化(hua)(hua)學方法對電(dian)(dian)性能失效的鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的修復(fu)通常是采用加入化(hua)(hua)學活化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)方法，如添加納米碳溶膠(jiao)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)活化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)，它是以納米石墨(mo)為溶質主要(yao)成份的水(shui)溶液。

A、對失水嚴(yan)重的鉛酸蓄電(dian)池在(zai)加(jia)入活化劑前要先加(jia)入濃(nong)度為5%~10%的稀硫酸電(dian)解液，補加(jia)的電(dian)解液量(liang)控制在上下液面(mian)線之間偏上線的位(wei)置。

B、按(an)活(huo)化劑(ji)的使(shi)用添加量要求通(tong)過氣塞孔均勻(yun)(yun)的從四周及(ji)中間加入(ru)到每個單(dan)體蓄電池內部并搖動均勻(yun)(yun)。納(na)米(mi)碳溶膠(jiao)活(huo)化劑(ji)加完后電解液(ye)的液(ye)面線(xian)接近液(ye)面標示線(xian)的上(shang)線(xian)。

C、立即對修復的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)，開始活化充電(dian)(dian)時充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)要(yao)大于正(zheng)常充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的50%左(zuo)右(you)，以便使(shi)納米(mi)石墨在(zai)電場的作用下盡快的吸附到(dao)電極里面，大約充進(jin)40%左右的(de)電量時再進行正常充電。首次活化(hua)的(de)充電量為理論(lun)容量的(de)120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周次后電池的(de)電性能(neng)就能(neng)得以恢復，其放電容量在額(e)定容量的(de)98%以上(shang)的(de)可認為修復(fu)完成。電(dian)(dian)池活化修復(fu)后(hou)對電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)液(ye)面偏高的(de)要抽(chou)出多余(yu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，應把電(dian)(dian)解液全部倒出(chu)(chu)（或吸出(chu)(chu)）并(bing)用電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)用純凈水清洗2次，然后再加入(ru)使用(yong)濃度的硫(liu)酸電(dian)解(jie)液，再按前述方(fang)法(fa)對電(dian)池進行活(huo)化(hua)修復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)的修復(fu)也(ye)有(you)一(yi)定效果；但(dan)對膠體電解質電池(chi)的修復(fu)效果不明(ming)顯(xian)。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用物理方(fang)法對電性(xing)能失效的鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電池(chi)修復是用充(chong)電設備提供的充(chong)電模式創新—充(chong)電電流的變(bian)化(hua)來實現的。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方法見（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小(xiao)電流預放(fang)電可(ke)以使(shi)電解(jie)液更容易(yi)浸潤到(dao)電極內(nei)部，使(shi)表(biao)面已生成(cheng)鈍化層的(de)活性物質（硫(liu)酸鉛）在(zai)小(xiao)電流放(fang)電時產(chan)生比較疏(shu)松(song)的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛分子，這有助(zhu)于鈍化的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛活化并(bing)再度參加電化學反(fan)應(ying)。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負脈沖電流一般≥0.1C，終止(zhi)時單(dan)體電池電壓(ya)控制(zhi)在2.63V~2.70V之(zhi)間。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流會隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升(sheng)高(gao)而(er)逐(zhu)步下降，這可(ke)以避免(mian)長時間大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)損壞和失水。一般(ban)修復充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量控制在額(e)定容量的(de)120%左右，時間控(kong)制在10h~12h之間。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小時(shi)，其后檢察電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，若一切正(zheng)常(chang)可按要求的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，放(fang)至(zhi)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)到1.75V，放出(chu)的容(rong)量應不少(shao)于額定容(rong)量的95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以上；需要對容量(liang)恢復到額定(ding)容量(liang)80%以上的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行第二(er)(er)次修復。第二(er)(er)次修復的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方法與第一次相同(tong)。一般只(zhi)是電(dian)(dian)性能失(shi)效的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)第二(er)(er)次修復后其(qi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量可以恢復到額定容量的98%以上；這(zhe)時可認為修復完(wan)成，電(dian)池再充電(dian)后就可以提(ti)交使用。如果第二(er)次修復放電(dian)容(rong)量低于額定容(rong)量的85%則認(ren)為該電池徹(che)底失效(xiao)不可修復。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描共振頻率技術(shu)（裝置）對落后(hou)或電(dian)性能失效電(dian)池的修復(fu)操作

A、對(dui)失水(shui)嚴重(zhong)的電池進行(xing)補充電解(jie)液，方(fang)法同3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將掃描共振頻率(lv)裝置(zhi)連接到電(dian)池（組）的正、負(fu)極上(shang)，按使用要求對落(luo)后或電(dian)性能失效(xiao)的電(dian)池進行修復。為防止電(dian)池工作(zuo)狀態(tai)對修復的干擾在線(xian)路中應串一個(ge)同步干擾抑制模塊。

C、測量被修復電(dian)路中(zhong)電(dian)池的電(dian)壓(ya)和內阻，失效的或落后的電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya)和內阻與其它電(dian)池基(ji)本(ben)一(yi)致時可以認為修復完成。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系統(tong)(tong)、衛星地面站等設施(shi)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)機(ji)房。該技術（裝置）的最大特點(dian)是落(luo)后或失(shi)效的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)可以(yi)在(zai)線修(xiu)復(fu)，不必把有問題的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)從供配電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)取下(xia)，是屬于在(zai)線智能修(xiu)復(fu)，可無需人員值(zhi)班，修(xiu)復(fu)激活電(dian)(dian)池(chi)時也不會給電(dian)(dian)池(chi)帶(dai)來損壞。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在使(shi)用(yong)過(guo)程中(zhong)有時會(hui)出現(xian)碰(peng)撞、跌(die)落、摔打(da)的現(xian)象(xiang)，這(zhe)就(jiu)會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的塑料(liao)殼體被損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)。對于只有輕微損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)（如外殼有輕微縫隙(xi)、漏電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液并(bing)不嚴重、內部電(dian)(dian)極并(bing)未(wei)損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)）的可以進行修復，但修復后不應影響電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在設(she)備上的裝配。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或SAN）塑(su)料料粒(li)的配比配制膠液(ye)，不(bu)斷(duan)搖動，使(shi)固體(ti)料粒(li)完(wan)全(quan)溶解并(bing)成均勻液(ye)，待(dai)用(yong)（膠液(ye)用(yong)后密(mi)封好，可(ke)以長(chang)期(qi)使(shi)用(yong)）。把鉛酸蓄電(dian)池外殼損傷(shang)處擦拭潔凈，粘接面上不(bu)能有粉塵(chen)，粉狀(zhuang)顆粒(li)，油(you)污(wu)及電(dian)解液(ye)并(bing)應(ying)平整(zheng)。取潔凈的尺寸(cun)適度的ABS（或SAN）塑料板塊（板塊的尺寸(cun)各(ge)方向上要大(da)于裂縫5mm以上，厚度和(he)電池(chi)外(wai)殼壁相當，待用(yong)。取適量的膠液涂抹于鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電池(chi)外(wai)殼的損(sun)傷處及周邊5mm以上的地帶，再把(ba)裁剪好的塑料板(ban)塊緊壓(ya)在涂好膠的電池外殼(ke)損傷(shang)處并平(ping)壓(ya)緊，12小時(shi)以后(hou)(hou)待(dai)膠液(ye)(ye)完全干涸后(hou)(hou)檢(jian)查(cha)不漏(lou)，可以認為修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)完成，可提交使(shi)用(yong)。應注(zhu)意的(de)(de)是粘接面必(bi)需平整，粘接處(chu)必(bi)需平壓緊。被(bei)修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)電池(chi)在修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)前若漏(lou)電解液(ye)(ye)較多(duo)時(shi)應補加(jia)使(shi)用(yong)濃度的(de)(de)硫酸(suan)電解液(ye)(ye)在充電活(huo)化后(hou)(hou)方可提交使(shi)用(yong)。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙烯晴、苯乙烯、丁二烯共聚物(wu)），改性ABS工程塑料，SAN工程塑料（苯(ben)乙烯、丙烯晴共聚物）等(deng)。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以上，損傷縫隙粘合膠面(mian)(mian)的厚(hou)度(du)不小(xiao)于(yu)電池外(wai)殼(ke)的壁厚(hou)，熱熔膠合面(mian)(mian)可(ke)以適當加壓有利于(yu)粘合牢固，自然冷卻12小時后檢查不漏，可以認(ren)為修復完成，可提交(jiao)使用。

熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)膠粘合修(xiu)復可以用熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)膠棒，也可以用與電(dian)池殼體相同材料的(de)(de)棒（板）材料，作為熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)膠合材料，后(hou)者效果會更好。對熔(rong)(rong)膠粘合修(xiu)復前失液過多的(de)(de)電(dian)池修(xiu)復后(hou)應(ying)補加使用濃度的(de)(de)電(dian)解液到液面線的(de)(de)中間部(bu)位并充電(dian)后(hou)再提交使用。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙烯），改性增強PP（滑石粉強化(hua)的(de)聚丙烯）等。

對于極(ji)拄處，或蓋(gai)子上(shang)出現(xian)的輕微縫(feng)隙也可(ke)以(yi)用上(shang)述熱熔粘合(he)方法進行修復。