一、什么是熱敏電阻
熱敏電阻器是敏感元(yuan)件的(de)一類,按照溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度系數(shu)不(bu)同分為正(zheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度系數(shu)熱(re)(re)敏電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(PTC)和負溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度系數(shu)熱(re)(re)敏電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(NTC)。熱(re)(re)敏電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)的(de)典(dian)型(xing)特(te)點是對溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度敏感,不(bu)同的(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度下表(biao)現出不(bu)同的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值。正(zheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度系數(shu)熱(re)(re)敏電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(PTC)在(zai)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度越(yue)高(gao)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值越(yue)大(da),負溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度系數(shu)熱(re)(re)敏電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(NTC)在(zai)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度越(yue)高(gao)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值越(yue)低,它們同屬于半導(dao)體器(qi)件。
二、熱敏電阻的工作原理
熱(re)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)傳感(gan)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu),熱(re)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi),隨著(zhu)(zhu)溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)而改變,與一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)不同。金(jin)屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)隨植度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)升高而增(zeng)大(da),但半(ban)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)則相反,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)隨溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)升高而急劇減(jian)小,并呈現(xian)非線性。在溫(wen)度(du)變化(hua)相同時,熱(re)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)變化(hua)約為(wei)鉛熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)10倍,因(yin)此可以說,熱(re)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)對溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)特(te)別(bie)敏感(gan)。半(ban)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這種(zhong)溫(wen)度(du)特(te)性.是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)半(ban)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式是(shi)載流(liu)子(zi)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)、空穴)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。由于半(ban)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)中載流(liu)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)目(mu)遠比(bi)金(jin)屬中的(de)(de)(de)(de)自由電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)少得多(duo),所以它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)率(lv)很大(da)。隨著(zhu)(zhu)溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)升高,半(ban)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)中參(can)加導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)載流(liu)子(zi)數(shu)目(mu)就會(hui)增(zeng)多(duo),故(gu)半(ban)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)就增(zeng)加,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)率(lv)也(ye)就降低了。
熱敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)正是利用半導體(ti)的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值隨溫度顯著變(bian)化這一特性制成的(de)熱敏(min)元件。它是由某(mou)些金屬氧化物按不同的(de)配方制成的(de)。在一定的(de)溫度范圍內,根據測量熱敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)阻(zu)值的(de)變(bian)化,便(bian)可(ke)知被測介(jie)質的(de)溫度變(bian)化。
將(jiang)熱(re)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)安裝在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中使用(yong)時(shi),熱(re)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)在(zai)環境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)相(xiang)同(tong)時(shi),動(dong)作(zuo)時(shi)間隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)增(zeng)加而(er)急(ji)劇(ju)縮(suo)短;熱(re)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)在(zai)環境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)相(xiang)對較高時(shi)具有更(geng)短的(de)動(dong)作(zuo)時(shi)間和較小(xiao)的(de)維持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流及動(dong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)正常工作(zuo)時(shi),熱(re)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)與室(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)相(xiang)近、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)很小(xiao),串聯在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中不會(hui)阻(zu)礙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過(guo);而(er)當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)因故障而(er)出現過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流時(shi),熱(re)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)由于(yu)發熱(re)功率增(zeng)加導(dao)致溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)上升,當(dang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)超過(guo)開(kai)關(guan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)瞬間會(hui)劇(ju)增(zeng),回路(lu)中的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流迅速減小(xiao)到安全值。
三、熱敏電阻的作用
1、測溫。作為測量溫度的熱敏電阻(zu)傳感(gan)器(qi)一般結構較簡單,價格(ge)較低廉(lian);
2、溫度(du)補償。熱敏(min)電阻傳感器可(ke)在(zai)一(yi)定的溫度(du)范(fan)圍內對某(mou)些元器件(jian)濕度(du)進行(xing)補償;
3、過熱保護。當溫度(du)大(da)于(yu)突變(bian)點時,電(dian)路中的電(dian)流可以內十分之(zhi)幾毫安(an)(an)突變(bian)為幾十毫安(an)(an),因(yin)此繼電(dian)器動(dong)作,從而實現(xian)過熱保護;
4、液面測量。
四、熱敏電阻型號
熱敏電阻分別有三種型號:
1、PTC是(shi)指在某一溫(wen)度(du)下電阻(zu)急劇增加、具有正(zheng)溫(wen)度(du)系數的熱敏電阻(zu)現象或材料。
2、NTC是指(zhi)隨溫度上升電阻呈指(zhi)數關系減小(xiao)、具有負溫度系數的熱敏電阻現象(xiang)和材料。
3、CTR(臨界溫度(du)熱敏電阻)具(ju)有負(fu)電阻突變特性。
五、熱敏電阻參數
1、標稱(cheng)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)Rc:一(yi)般指環(huan)境溫度為25℃時熱敏電阻(zu)(zu)器的實(shi)際(ji)電阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)。
2、實際阻(zu)值RT:在一定的溫度(du)條件(jian)下(xia)所測得的電(dian)阻(zu)值。
3、材(cai)料(liao)常(chang)數(shu):它是一個描述熱敏電(dian)阻材(cai)料(liao)物(wu)理特性的(de)參數(shu),也是熱靈(ling)敏度(du)指標,B值越大,表(biao)示熱敏電(dian)阻器的(de)靈(ling)敏度(du)越高(gao)。應注意的(de)是,在實(shi)際工作時,B值并非一個常(chang)數(shu),而是隨溫度(du)的(de)升高(gao)略有增加。
4、電阻溫度系數αT:它表示溫度變化1℃時的阻值變化率,單位(wei)為%/℃。
5、時(shi)間常(chang)(chang)數τ:熱(re)(re)(re)敏電阻(zu)器(qi)是有熱(re)(re)(re)慣(guan)性的(de)(de),時(shi)間常(chang)(chang)數,就是一個描(miao)述熱(re)(re)(re)敏電阻(zu)器(qi)熱(re)(re)(re)慣(guan)性的(de)(de)參數。它的(de)(de)定義為,在無功(gong)耗的(de)(de)狀態下,當環境(jing)溫度(du)由一個特(te)定溫度(du)向另一個特(te)定溫度(du)突然改變時(shi),熱(re)(re)(re)敏電阻(zu)體的(de)(de)溫度(du)變化(hua)了兩個特(te)定溫度(du)之差(cha)的(de)(de)63.2%所(suo)需的(de)(de)時(shi)間。τ越小(xiao),表明熱(re)(re)(re)敏電阻(zu)器(qi)的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)慣(guan)性越小(xiao)。
6、額定(ding)(ding)功(gong)率PM:在規定(ding)(ding)的技術條件(jian)下,熱(re)敏電(dian)阻器長期連續(xu)負載所(suo)允許的耗散功(gong)率。在實(shi)際使(shi)用(yong)時不得超(chao)(chao)過額定(ding)(ding)功(gong)率。若熱(re)敏電(dian)阻器工作(zuo)的環境溫度(du)超(chao)(chao)過25℃,則必(bi)須(xu)相應降低其負載。
7、額定工作電(dian)流IM:熱(re)敏電(dian)阻器在工作狀(zhuang)態下規定的(de)名義(yi)電(dian)流值(zhi)。
8、測量功率Pc:在規(gui)定的環境(jing)溫度下,熱敏電阻體受測試(shi)電流(liu)加熱而引起的阻值(zhi)變化不超(chao)過0.1%時所消耗的電功率。
9、最大(da)電(dian)壓(ya):對于NTC熱(re)敏電(dian)阻(zu)器,是(shi)指在(zai)(zai)規(gui)定(ding)的環境溫度下,不使熱(re)敏電(dian)阻(zu)器引起熱(re)失控所允許(xu)連(lian)續(xu)施(shi)加的最大(da)直流電(dian)壓(ya);對于PTC熱(re)敏電(dian)阻(zu)器,是(shi)指在(zai)(zai)規(gui)定(ding)的環境溫度和靜止(zhi)空氣(qi)中,允許(xu)連(lian)續(xu)施(shi)加到(dao)熱(re)敏電(dian)阻(zu)器上并保證熱(re)敏電(dian)阻(zu)器正常(chang)工(gong)作在(zai)(zai)PTC特(te)性部分(fen)的最大(da)直流電(dian)壓(ya)。
10、最高工作溫度Tmax:在規定的(de)技術條件下,熱敏電阻器長(chang)期連續工作所允(yun)許(xu)的(de)最高溫度。
11、開(kai)關溫度(du)tb:PTC熱敏電阻器的(de)電阻值開(kai)始(shi)發生躍增時的(de)溫度(du)。
12、耗散系數H:溫度增加1℃時,熱敏電阻器所耗散的功率,單位為mW/℃。