一、什么是分布式儲能系統
分布式(shi)儲能系(xi)統是針(zhen)對分布式(shi)的儲能電站進(jin)行(xing)監控管理的一套軟件系(xi)統。通俗來說,同(tong)一項目的儲能電站可能分布在不同(tong)的地方(fang),要進(jin)行(xing)監控和(he)管理的難(nan)度很大,但是依托軟件系(xi)統進(jin)行(xing),就會(hui)大大提高效(xiao)率。具體功能有:
1、管理(li)跨(kua)區域的就地儲(chu)能系統。
2、針對各(ge)就地(di)儲能系統施不同目的(de)的(de)策(ce)略模式(shi)(例如:峰谷(gu)模式(shi)、需(xu)量(liang)模式(shi)、平滑模式(shi)等)。
3、具有(you)相關性的獨立儲能站可(ke)實(shi)現集中(zhong)虛擬儲能站,統一管理、集中(zhong)調(diao)配。
4、用戶間(jian)相互隔離,用戶在(zai)自己的(de)權限范圍內監控自己的(de)儲(chu)能站(zhan)。
5、支持web瀏覽及手(shou)機客戶端。
6、支持本地存儲、云端(duan)存儲。
二、分布式儲能在電力系統的應用場景
1、削峰填谷
近年來,電網(wang)負(fu)荷峰(feng)谷差日(ri)益(yi)增大,可(ke)再生能源發(fa)電在電網(wang)滲透(tou)率的(de)不(bu)斷(duan)提高(gao)(gao)又(you)進一步導致電網(wang)調峰(feng)壓力(li)增大。利用儲能裝置在負(fu)荷高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)時(shi)期(qi)放電,負(fu)荷低谷時(shi)期(qi)從電網(wang)充電,減少高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)負(fu)荷需(xu)求,節省(sheng)用電費用,從而達到改善負(fu)荷特性(xing)、參與系統調峰(feng)的(de)目的(de)。通過(guo)實(shi)施(shi)削(xue)峰(feng)填谷,可(ke)以提高(gao)(gao)電力(li)系統設備(bei)的(de)利用率并且延緩或減少發(fa)-輸-配電環節設備(bei)的(de)擴容與升級。
根據(ju)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)主(zhu)體(ti)的(de)(de)不同,儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)進行削峰(feng)填(tian)(tian)谷的(de)(de)目(mu)標也有(you)差異:①當儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)主(zhu)體(ti)為(wei)電網時,從電網調峰(feng)角(jiao)度(du)考慮,為(wei)減少(shao)常規發電機(ji)組的(de)(de)開停(ting)機(ji)次(ci)數(shu)以(yi)及旋轉備(bei)用的(de)(de)容量,儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)削峰(feng)填(tian)(tian)谷的(de)(de)目(mu)標應為(wei)負荷波動小、峰(feng)谷差小。②當儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)主(zhu)體(ti)為(wei)用戶或者第三方(fang)投資(zi)方(fang)時,儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)削峰(feng)填(tian)(tian)谷的(de)(de)目(mu)標則變為(wei)節(jie)省電費、最大限(xian)度(du)套利。目(mu)前的(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)削峰(feng)填(tian)(tian)谷控制策略多以(yi)負荷波動最小為(wei)目(mu)標函數(shu),并輔助經濟性分(fen)析,從而實(shi)(shi)(shi)現儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)充放(fang)電的(de)(de)優化管理。
2、提高供電可靠性和電能質量
為防止(zhi)電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)重要用戶在電(dian)網(wang)故障或(huo)停電(dian)時的(de)經濟損失(shi),通過(guo)配置一定容量(liang)的(de)儲能系統(tong)(tong)(tong)作為應急電(dian)源或(huo)不間斷(duan)電(dian)源,可(ke)有效提高(gao)供(gong)電(dian)可(ke)靠性。另外,儲能系統(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)實現(xian)高(gao)效快(kuai)速地有功(gong)和無(wu)功(gong)控制,快(kuai)速響應系統(tong)(tong)(tong)擾動(dong),調整頻率與(yu)電(dian)壓,補償負(fu)荷波動(dong),提高(gao)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)運行(xing)穩定性,改善電(dian)能質量(liang)。
3、調頻
儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)尤其是電(dian)池儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術具備響應(ying)速(su)度(du)快(kuai)、雙向調(diao)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)力等(deng)優點,比傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)頻(pin)手段(duan)更(geng)加高效。但(dan)由于儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)經濟性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)制約,電(dian)池儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)容量比傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)調(diao)頻(pin)電(dian)源(yuan)小,因此儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)參(can)(can)與(yu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)調(diao)頻(pin)一般是與(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)頻(pin)電(dian)源(yuan)進行(xing)組合使用(yong)。在儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)參(can)(can)與(yu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一次(ci)調(diao)頻(pin)方(fang)(fang)面(mian),有(you)文獻對儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)輔(fu)助(zhu)常規(gui)機(ji)組進行(xing)一次(ci)調(diao)頻(pin)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制策略進行(xing)了研究,主(zhu)要使用(yong)了改進下(xia)(xia)垂控(kong)制方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也可與(yu)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)聯合提(ti)高風(feng)(feng)電(dian)機(ji)組的(de)(de)(de)一次(ci)調(diao)頻(pin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力,此種模(mo)式下(xia)(xia),也會相應(ying)減小風(feng)(feng)電(dian)場棄風(feng)(feng)量。在儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)參(can)(can)與(yu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)二次(ci)調(diao)頻(pin)方(fang)(fang)面(mian),針對傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)調(diao)頻(pin)中,火(huo)電(dian)機(ji)組響應(ying)速(su)度(du)慢、機(ji)組爬(pa)坡速(su)率低(di)等(deng)問題,主(zhu)要從(cong)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)輔(fu)助(zhu)調(diao)頻(pin)的(de)(de)(de)角度(du),提(ti)出了基于模(mo)糊控(kong)制、遺傳(chuan)算法(fa)、靈敏度(du)分(fen)析的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)參(can)(can)與(yu)調(diao)頻(pin)控(kong)制方(fang)(fang)法(fa),從(cong)而改善電(dian)網(wang)調(diao)頻(pin)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。
4、分布式可再生能源消納
分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)、光伏(fu)等可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)的隨機性、波動(dong)性特點(dian)將會(hui)對(dui)其(qi)接入(ru)的配電(dian)(dian)網運行控制(zhi)產生(sheng)沖擊。儲能(neng)(neng)系統可(ke)平(ping)滑分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光發電(dian)(dian)的有功功率波動(dong)、改善電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)質量、提高跟蹤計劃(hua)出(chu)力(li)的能(neng)(neng)力(li),從而減小(xiao)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)光發電(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)網的沖擊,促(cu)進電(dian)(dian)網接納高滲透率分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)的能(neng)(neng)力(li)。目前,儲能(neng)(neng)系統提高集中式(shi)大規模(mo)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian),主要開展了平(ping)滑風(feng)(feng)(feng)光出(chu)力(li)波動(dong)、跟蹤計劃(hua)等方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的控制(zhi)技術研究(jiu)(jiu),成果(guo)較多。分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)由(you)于(yu)接入(ru)位置(zhi)、利用方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)與集中式(shi)發電(dian)(dian)不同,因(yin)此控制(zhi)需求(qiu)也(ye)有差異,這方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的研究(jiu)(jiu)目前剛處于(yu)起步(bu)階(jie)段(duan)。
三、分布式儲能系統的前景及關鍵技術
隨著儲能(neng)系(xi)(xi)統尤其是(shi)電池儲能(neng)技術經濟性的(de)不(bu)斷提高,必將推(tui)動分布式(shi)儲能(neng)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)推(tui)廣應用(yong)。目前的(de)技術儲備尚(shang)不(bu)能(neng)支撐大(da)(da)量的(de)分布式(shi)儲能(neng)系(xi)(xi)統接入電網的(de)應用(yong),分布式(shi)儲能(neng)系(xi)(xi)統在(zai)電網的(de)應用(yong)還有很大(da)(da)的(de)研究(jiu)需求。
1、分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式儲能(neng)(neng)提(ti)高(gao)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式風光(guang)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)并網消(xiao)納技術研究。從分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式風光(guang)發電(dian)引起的配電(dian)網電(dian)能(neng)(neng)質量改善、調峰等需求(qiu)為(wei)切入點,開展分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式儲能(neng)(neng)容量配置(zhi)、經濟性分(fen)析以(yi)及(ji)控制技術的研究,通過(guo)兩者聯合,提(ti)高(gao)配電(dian)網的運行水平(ping)。
2、分(fen)布(bu)式儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)在電網(wang)的(de)統(tong)(tong)一調(diao)度管理(li)技術研(yan)究。電網(wang)中接入的(de)分(fen)布(bu)式儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)數量(liang)達(da)到一定規模時,對分(fen)布(bu)式儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)進行(xing)有序的(de)調(diao)度管理(li),使其不僅(jin)滿(man)足就地(di)的(de)功能,同時還能通過(guo)統(tong)(tong)一的(de)協調(diao)控制滿(man)足電網(wang)級的(de)應用,最大限度發(fa)揮分(fen)布(bu)式儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)作(zuo)用。
3、儲能系統(tong)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式應用的(de)(de)優(you)化(hua)配(pei)置(zhi)及經濟(ji)性分(fen)析技術研究。目前的(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式儲能優(you)化(hua)配(pei)置(zhi)多(duo)(duo)是針對(dui)特(te)定的(de)(de)接入點進行功(gong)率與(yu)(yu)容(rong)量的(de)(de)優(you)化(hua)配(pei)置(zhi)。未來,以電(dian)網(wang)角度進行統(tong)一布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)時(shi),應開展對(dui)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式儲能系統(tong)有(you)序規劃與(yu)(yu)配(pei)置(zhi)技術研究,充分(fen)發揮多(duo)(duo)點分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式儲能聚(ju)合(he)效(xiao)(xiao)應,實現對(dui)電(dian)網(wang)多(duo)(duo)種需求的(de)(de)支撐能力(li),并產生(sheng)一定的(de)(de)經濟(ji)、社會效(xiao)(xiao)益。