顯微鏡常見故障及維修

一、粗調失靈

故(gu)障現象是(shi)當(dang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)粗(cu)準焦螺(luo)旋(xuan)時，鏡(jing)筒(tong)不(bu)能隨之(zhi)升(sheng)降(jiang)。顯微(wei)鏡(jing)鏡(jing)簡的(de)(de)(de)(de)升(sheng)降(jiang)是(shi)靠齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)帶動(dong)(dong)因條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)來實現的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)固定(ding)在(zai)(zai)粗(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)鈕的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸上(shang)，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固定(ding)在(zai)(zai)鏡(jing)筒(tong)上(shang)。當(dang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)粗(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)鈕時，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)帶動(dong)(dong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)使(shi)鏡(jing)筒(tong)升(sheng)降(jiang)。如(ru)果鏡(jing)筒(tong)不(bu)能隨之(zhi)升(sheng)降(jiang)，說明齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)與(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)沒有(you)吻(wen)合。常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障原因是(shi)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)隨粗(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)紐一起轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)，即齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二個止動(dong)(dong)螺(luo)釘沒有(you)把齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)固定(ding)在(zai)(zai)燕尾導軌上(shang)。修理方法是(shi)把齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)移到齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)缺口(kou)中(zhong)間(jian)，并讓(rang)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺口(kou)面向齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)，再(zai)用(yong)小(xiao)螺(luo)絲刀將(jiang)尾導軌端面上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二個止動(dong)(dong)螺(luo)釘旋(xuan)緊(jin)。如(ru)果無效，說明齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨損嚴(yan)重，則需取下(xia)鏡(jing)筒(tong)，旋(xuan)出齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)、下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)螺(luo)釘，將(jiang)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)倒過來使(shi)用(yong)，因為齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨損主要發生在(zai)(zai)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)部。或(huo)者(zhe)根據(ju)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)寬度剪一條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)薄片，讓(rang)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)薄片鑲嵌在(zai)(zai)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)，并用(yong)固定(ding)螺(luo)釘把薄片和齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固定(ding)在(zai)(zai)鏡(jing)筒(tong)上(shang)，插上(shang)鏡(jing)筒(tong)調(diao)試。如(ru)感到有(you)松緊(jin)情況，則可更換(huan)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)薄片的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度，直至合適(shi)為止。或(huo)者(zhe)按(an)原型(xing)號規格(ge)向生產廠家購買新(xin)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。

二、鏡筒自行下滑

故障(zhang)現象是(shi)當焦距對(dui)準(zhun)后，手松開準(zhun)焦螺旋(xuan)，鏡簡會自(zi)行下滑，導致(zhi)焦距不準(zhun)。顯微(wei)鏡粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)構(gou)造中，齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)軸(zhou)的松緊(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)般是(shi)用(yong)齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)(tao)(tao)與粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)間(jian)的摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)力(li)的大小來(lai)控制的，而(er)(er)齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)軸(zhou)與齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)(tao)(tao)之(zhi)間(jian)的摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)力(li)是(shi)由(you)與齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)軸(zhou)連接(jie)的兩個粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)旅鈕(niu)(niu)通過兩個塑(su)料(liao)墊圈(quan)緊(jin)(jin)(jin)壓在(zai)齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)(tao)(tao)端面上而(er)(er)取(qu)(qu)得(de)(de)(de)的。糧調(diao)旋(xuan)或(huo)(huo)與齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)(tao)(tao)端面壓得(de)(de)(de)越緊(jin)(jin)(jin)，得(de)(de)(de)到的摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)力(li)就越大。鏡筒(tong)自(zi)行下滑的原因是(shi)由(you)于墊圈(quan)使用(yong)日久，磨(mo)損變形，導致(zhi)齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)軸(zhou)與齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)(tao)(tao)之(zhi)間(jian)的摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)力(li)減少，齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)軸(zhou)與齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)(tao)(tao)之(zhi)間(jian)的摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)力(li)產(chan)生的力(li)矩克服不了鏡筒(tong)自(zi)身重(zhong)(zhong)力(li)而(er)(er)產(chan)生的力(li)矩而(er)(er)引起(qi)的。修(xiu)理方法是(shi)，雙(shuang)手各握一(yi)側粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)，相對(dui)按照順時針(zhen)方向擰緊(jin)(jin)(jin)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)。如果無效，則(ze)需加(jia)厚墊圈(quan)。用(yong)尖嘴鉗插入任一(yi)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)端面的雙(shuang)眼(yan)螺母內，將(jiang)其旋(xuan)出(chu)(chu)，取(qu)(qu)下粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)，取(qu)(qu)出(chu)(chu)塑(su)料(liao)墊圈(quan)，用(yong)青殼紙(zhi)或(huo)(huo)薄塑(su)料(liao)片(pian)剪一(yi)個直徑(jing)相同的墊圈(quan)，夾在(zai)原墊圈(quan)與粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)之(zhi)間(jian)，重(zhong)(zhong)新裝好，如果轉(zhuan)動粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)很費力(li)，說明墊圈(quan)加(jia)得(de)(de)(de)太厚了，應換(huan)個薄些的墊圈(quan)，總之(zhi)以轉(zhuan)動粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)或(huo)(huo)有一(yi)定的阻力(li)又要鏡筒(tong)不易自(zi)行下滑為(wei)準(zhun)。

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三、集光器不能定位或卡死

常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)集光(guang)(guang)(guang)器有二(er)種(zhong)：一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)圓(yuan)盤或光(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)，在(zai)(zai)圓(yuan)盤卜有大小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)不等的(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)孔(kong)。這種(zhong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)是(shi)依(yi)靠載物臺下面的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)彈簧和(he)滾珠(zhu)(zhu)卡(ka)在(zai)(zai)圓(yuan)盤的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)孔(kong)中來(lai)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)。當滾珠(zhu)(zhu)遺失或彈簧失效時都可能造成(cheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)柱不能定(ding)(ding)位(wei)。修(xiu)理方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)更換滾珠(zhu)(zhu)或彈簧。現在(zai)(zai)有的(de)(de)(de)廠家(jia)已(yi)經把(ba)這種(zhong)依(yi)靠彈簧和(he)滾珠(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)方(fang)法(fa)改為依(yi)靠彈來(lai)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)，這種(zhong)結構更牢(lao)固(gu)，更不容易損壞。另一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)彩(cai)虹(hong)式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)柱，它是(shi)由十二(er)片(pian)(pian)(pian)圓(yuan)弧形薄鋼(gang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)（即(ji)遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)）組成(cheng)。只(zhi)要(yao)撥動(dong)滑(hua)動(dong)權上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)手柄，就可以任(ren)意改變光(guang)(guang)(guang)圈的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。其常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)故障(zhang)是(shi)遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鋼(gang)柱脫落(luo)，造成(cheng)手柄卡(ka)死(si)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)圈無法(fa)改變。修(xiu)理方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)，用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)螺(luo)絲刀把(ba)光(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)二(er)個(ge)(ge)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)螺(luo)釘松開(kai)，取出遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)，把(ba)脫落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)柱重(zhong)新裝在(zai)(zai)遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，并用(yong)502膠(jiao)水把(ba)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)柱膠(jiao)牢(lao)，防止其再脫落(luo)。安裝時要(yao)注意，每片(pian)(pian)(pian)遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)柱方(fang)向(xiang)要(yao)相反。或者找一(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)段粗(cu)細(xi)和(he)這光(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)徑配合緊(jin)密(mi)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)導線制作(zuo)成(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)柱裝上(shang)(shang)(shang)，然(ran)后把(ba)光(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)底(di)(di)板(ban)（帶有十二(er)個(ge)(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)板(ban)叫(jiao)底(di)(di)板(ban)）朝上(shang)(shang)(shang)，把(ba)每片(pian)(pian)(pian)遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)～端的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)柱插在(zai)(zai)底(di)(di)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)孔(kong)內，并按(an)逆(ni)時外方(fang)向(xiang)逐(zhu)片(pian)(pian)(pian)排列整齊。再讓滑(hua)動(dong)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)滑(hua)動(dong)槽依(yi)次套在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)述遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)另一(yi)端的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)柱上(shang)(shang)(shang)，蓋上(shang)(shang)(shang)蓋板(ban)，把(ba)三個(ge)(ge)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)螺(luo)釘擰緊(jin)即(ji)可，如果遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)斷裂一(yi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)，只(zhi)要(yao)把(ba)斷裂的(de)(de)(de)遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)取出光(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)仍(reng)可以正常使(shi)用(yong)，斷裂兩片(pian)(pian)(pian)以上(shang)(shang)(shang)應向(xiang)生產廠家(jia)購買(mai)更換。

四、傾斜關節過松

傾(qing)斜關(guan)節(jie)是指鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)臂與(yu)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)柱連(lian)接處的(de)(de)活動關(guan)節(jie)，使用(yong)顯微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)時，常將鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)臂向(xiang)后(hou)傾(qing)斜成便(bian)于觀察的(de)(de)角(jiao)度，期(qi)使用(yong)后(hou)，傾(qing)斜關(guan)節(jie)就可(ke)能松動，造成鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)臂不能隨意傾(qing)斜。修(xiu)理辦法(fa)是，是尖嘴鉗分別(bie)插入傾(qing)斜關(guan)節(jie)端面的(de)(de)二個(ge)雙(shuang)眼(yan)螺(luo)母內，順時針旋轉，直(zhi)至鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)臂傾(qing)斜時松緊適度。如果(guo)無效，則可(ke)能是鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)臂與(yu)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)柱兩(liang)端面的(de)(de)摩擦墊(dian)(dian)圈(quan)磨損，需加(jia)厚墊(dian)(dian)圈(quan)，用(yong)尖嘴銷將雙(shuang)眼(yan)螺(luo)母旋下，取出轉動軸，用(yong)青殼(ke)紙或薄塑料片剪一個(ge)直(zhi)徑相同的(de)(de)奎圖將原墊(dian)(dian)圈(quan)加(jia)厚，重新組裝好。

五、反光鏡的插腳在插座內過松或過緊

反光鏡插腳結構常見有二種：一種是在插腳上開條槽，依靠槽的寬窄來調節插腳在插座中的松緊一輸腳在插座中過松時，可用一字螺絲刀插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)入(ru)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)槽(cao)內(nei)，使槽(cao)的(de)開口增大，從而使插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)在插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)的(de)松緊(jin)合適。反之(zhi)，當(dang)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)過(guo)緊(jin)，可(ke)用鋼絲(si)鉗把插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)上(shang)槽(cao)的(de)開口收小。另一種是依靠止緊(jin)螺(luo)釘來調節插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)在插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)牙(ya)將緊(jin)，當(dang)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)在插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)過(guo)松時，可(ke)用螺(luo)絲(si)刀(dao)擰(ning)(ning)緊(jin)止緊(jin)螺(luo)釘。如果插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)在插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)過(guo)緊(jin)，當(dang)轉動反光鏡(jing)時、易把插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)扭(niu)斷(duan)，可(ke)用螺(luo)絲(si)刀(dao)把止緊(jin)螺(luo)釘擰(ning)(ning)松即可(ke)。