顯微鏡常見故障及維修

一、粗調失靈

故障現象(xiang)是當(dang)轉動(dong)粗(cu)(cu)準焦螺(luo)旋(xuan)時，鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)不(bu)能隨(sui)之升(sheng)(sheng)降(jiang)(jiang)。顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)鏡(jing)(jing)簡的(de)(de)升(sheng)(sheng)降(jiang)(jiang)是靠齒(chi)(chi)輪帶(dai)動(dong)因條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)來實現的(de)(de)，而齒(chi)(chi)輪固(gu)定(ding)在粗(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)鈕(niu)的(de)(de)轉軸(zhou)上，齒(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固(gu)定(ding)在鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)上。當(dang)轉動(dong)粗(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)鈕(niu)時，齒(chi)(chi)輪帶(dai)動(dong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)使鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)升(sheng)(sheng)降(jiang)(jiang)。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)不(bu)能隨(sui)之升(sheng)(sheng)降(jiang)(jiang)，說明(ming)(ming)齒(chi)(chi)輪與(yu)齒(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)沒(mei)有吻(wen)合。常見的(de)(de)故障原(yuan)因是齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)隨(sui)粗(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)紐一起轉動(dong)，即齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)上的(de)(de)二個止(zhi)動(dong)螺(luo)釘沒(mei)有把齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)固(gu)定(ding)在燕尾(wei)導軌(gui)上。修(xiu)理方(fang)法是把齒(chi)(chi)輪移到(dao)齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)缺口中間，并讓齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)的(de)(de)缺口面向齒(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)，再用小螺(luo)絲刀將尾(wei)導軌(gui)端面上的(de)(de)二個止(zhi)動(dong)螺(luo)釘旋(xuan)緊。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)無(wu)效(xiao)，說明(ming)(ming)齒(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨損嚴重，則(ze)需取下(xia)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)，旋(xuan)出(chu)齒(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上、下(xia)的(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)螺(luo)釘，將齒(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)倒(dao)過來使用，因為(wei)齒(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨損主要發生在齒(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)(de)上部(bu)。或者(zhe)根據齒(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)寬度剪一條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)金屬薄(bo)(bo)片，讓金屬薄(bo)(bo)片鑲嵌(qian)在齒(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上，并用固(gu)定(ding)螺(luo)釘把薄(bo)(bo)片和齒(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固(gu)定(ding)在鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)上，插上鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)調試。如(ru)(ru)感到(dao)有松緊情況，則(ze)可(ke)更換(huan)金屬薄(bo)(bo)片的(de)(de)厚(hou)度，直(zhi)至合適為(wei)止(zhi)。或者(zhe)按原(yuan)型號規格向生產(chan)廠家購買新齒(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。

二、鏡筒自行下滑

故障(zhang)現象是(shi)當(dang)焦距(ju)對準后，手松開準焦螺(luo)旋(xuan)(xuan)，鏡(jing)(jing)簡會自(zi)行(xing)下(xia)滑(hua)，導(dao)致(zhi)焦距(ju)不準。顯微鏡(jing)(jing)粗(cu)(cu)調構造中，齒輪(lun)軸(zhou)的(de)(de)松緊(jin)一般是(shi)用(yong)(yong)齒桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)與(yu)粗(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)間(jian)的(de)(de)摩擦(ca)(ca)力(li)的(de)(de)大小來控制的(de)(de)，而(er)齒輪(lun)軸(zhou)與(yu)齒桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)摩擦(ca)(ca)力(li)是(shi)由(you)與(yu)齒輪(lun)軸(zhou)連接(jie)的(de)(de)兩(liang)個粗(cu)(cu)調旅鈕(niu)(niu)通過(guo)兩(liang)個塑(su)料(liao)墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)緊(jin)壓在齒桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)端(duan)面(mian)上而(er)取得的(de)(de)。糧調旋(xuan)(xuan)或與(yu)齒桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)端(duan)面(mian)壓得越(yue)緊(jin)，得到的(de)(de)摩擦(ca)(ca)力(li)就越(yue)大。鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)自(zi)行(xing)下(xia)滑(hua)的(de)(de)原因是(shi)由(you)于(yu)墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)使用(yong)(yong)日久，磨損(sun)變形，導(dao)致(zhi)齒輪(lun)軸(zhou)與(yu)齒桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)摩擦(ca)(ca)力(li)減少，齒輪(lun)軸(zhou)與(yu)齒桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)摩擦(ca)(ca)力(li)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)力(li)矩克(ke)服不了(le)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)自(zi)身(shen)重(zhong)力(li)而(er)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)力(li)矩而(er)引起的(de)(de)。修理方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)，雙手各(ge)握一側粗(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)，相(xiang)對按照(zhao)順時針方(fang)向(xiang)擰緊(jin)粗(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)。如果無效，則需加厚墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)。用(yong)(yong)尖嘴鉗插入(ru)任一粗(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)端(duan)面(mian)的(de)(de)雙眼螺(luo)母內，將其旋(xuan)(xuan)出(chu)，取下(xia)粗(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)，取出(chu)塑(su)料(liao)墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)，用(yong)(yong)青殼紙或薄(bo)塑(su)料(liao)片剪一個直徑相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)，夾在原墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)與(yu)粗(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)，重(zhong)新裝好，如果轉動(dong)粗(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)很(hen)費力(li)，說(shuo)明(ming)墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)加得太(tai)厚了(le)，應換個薄(bo)些的(de)(de)墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)，總之(zhi)(zhi)以轉動(dong)粗(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)(xuan)或有一定的(de)(de)阻力(li)又要鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)不易自(zi)行(xing)下(xia)滑(hua)為準。

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三、集光器不能定位或卡死

常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)集光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器有(you)二(er)種(zhong)：一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)圓(yuan)盤或光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄，在圓(yuan)盤卜有(you)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)不等的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)孔。這種(zhong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄是(shi)依(yi)靠(kao)載物臺下面的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位彈(dan)簧和(he)(he)滾珠(zhu)(zhu)卡(ka)在圓(yuan)盤的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位孔中來(lai)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)。當滾珠(zhu)(zhu)遺失或彈(dan)簧失效時都可能(neng)造(zao)成(cheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柱(zhu)不能(neng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位。修(xiu)理(li)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)是(shi)更(geng)(geng)換(huan)滾珠(zhu)(zhu)或彈(dan)簧。現在有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家已(yi)經把(ba)(ba)這種(zhong)依(yi)靠(kao)彈(dan)簧和(he)(he)滾珠(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位方(fang)(fang)法(fa)改為(wei)依(yi)靠(kao)彈(dan)來(lai)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位，這種(zhong)結(jie)構更(geng)(geng)牢固(gu)，更(geng)(geng)不容(rong)易損(sun)壞(huai)。另(ling)一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)彩(cai)虹式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柱(zhu)，它是(shi)由十二(er)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)圓(yuan)弧形薄鋼片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)（即遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)）組成(cheng)。只要(yao)(yao)撥動(dong)(dong)滑動(dong)(dong)權(quan)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手柄，就可以(yi)任意改變(bian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)圈的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。其常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)故障是(shi)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鋼柱(zhu)脫(tuo)落，造(zao)成(cheng)手柄卡(ka)死，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)圈無法(fa)改變(bian)。修(xiu)理(li)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)是(shi)，用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)螺(luo)(luo)絲刀把(ba)(ba)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)個(ge)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)螺(luo)(luo)釘松開，取(qu)(qu)出(chu)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，把(ba)(ba)脫(tuo)落的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)重新裝在遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)，并(bing)用(yong)(yong)502膠水(shui)把(ba)(ba)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)膠牢，防止其再脫(tuo)落。安裝時要(yao)(yao)注意，每片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)方(fang)(fang)向要(yao)(yao)相反。或者找一(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)段粗細和(he)(he)這光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)孔徑配(pei)合緊密的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)導線制作成(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)裝上(shang)(shang)，然后把(ba)(ba)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄的(de)(de)(de)(de)底板(ban)（帶有(you)十二(er)個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)板(ban)叫底板(ban)）朝上(shang)(shang)，把(ba)(ba)每片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)～端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)插在底板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)孔內，并(bing)按逆(ni)時外方(fang)(fang)向逐(zhu)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)排列(lie)整齊。再讓滑動(dong)(dong)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滑動(dong)(dong)槽依(yi)次套在上(shang)(shang)述遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)另(ling)一(yi)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)上(shang)(shang)，蓋上(shang)(shang)蓋板(ban)，把(ba)(ba)三個(ge)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)螺(luo)(luo)釘擰(ning)緊即可，如果(guo)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)斷(duan)裂一(yi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，只要(yao)(yao)把(ba)(ba)斷(duan)裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)取(qu)(qu)出(chu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄仍可以(yi)正常使用(yong)(yong)，斷(duan)裂兩片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)應向生產廠家購買更(geng)(geng)換(huan)。

四、傾斜關節過松

傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)(xie)關節(jie)是指鏡(jing)臂(bei)與鏡(jing)柱連接處的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)關節(jie)，使用(yong)顯微鏡(jing)時，常將(jiang)鏡(jing)臂(bei)向后傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)(xie)成便于(yu)觀察的(de)(de)(de)角度，期使用(yong)后，傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)(xie)關節(jie)就可(ke)(ke)能松動(dong)，造成鏡(jing)臂(bei)不能隨(sui)意(yi)傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)(xie)。修理辦法是，是尖嘴鉗分(fen)別插(cha)入傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)(xie)關節(jie)端面的(de)(de)(de)二個雙眼(yan)螺(luo)母內，順時針旋轉，直(zhi)至鏡(jing)臂(bei)傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)(xie)時松緊適度。如果無效(xiao)，則可(ke)(ke)能是鏡(jing)臂(bei)與鏡(jing)柱兩端面的(de)(de)(de)摩擦墊圈(quan)磨損，需加(jia)厚墊圈(quan)，用(yong)尖嘴銷將(jiang)雙眼(yan)螺(luo)母旋下，取(qu)出轉動(dong)軸，用(yong)青殼紙或薄塑料(liao)片剪(jian)一個直(zhi)徑相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)奎圖將(jiang)原墊圈(quan)加(jia)厚，重新組裝好(hao)。

五、反光鏡的插腳在插座內過松或過緊

反光鏡插腳結構常見有二種：一種是在插腳上開條槽，依靠槽的寬窄來調節插腳在插座中的松緊一輸腳在插座中過松時，可用一字螺絲刀插(cha)(cha)(cha)入插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳的(de)(de)槽(cao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)，使(shi)(shi)槽(cao)的(de)(de)開(kai)口(kou)增大，從而使(shi)(shi)插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳在(zai)(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)座(zuo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)松(song)緊(jin)合(he)適(shi)。反之，當插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳過緊(jin)，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)鋼絲鉗把插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳上(shang)槽(cao)的(de)(de)開(kai)口(kou)收小(xiao)。另一(yi)種是依靠止(zhi)緊(jin)螺(luo)(luo)釘來調節插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳在(zai)(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)座(zuo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)牙將緊(jin)，當插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳在(zai)(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)座(zuo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)過松(song)時，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)螺(luo)(luo)絲刀擰緊(jin)止(zhi)緊(jin)螺(luo)(luo)釘。如(ru)果(guo)插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳在(zai)(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)座(zuo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)過緊(jin)，當轉動反光鏡(jing)時、易(yi)把插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳扭斷，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)螺(luo)(luo)絲刀把止(zhi)緊(jin)螺(luo)(luo)釘擰松(song)即可(ke)。