一、板鼓的主要種類

板鼓因適用的劇種不同，而在規格上有大鼓膛、中鼓膛和小鼓膛之分。小膛板鼓，中間的鼓膛直徑僅有5厘米，鼓中間高11.5厘米，鼓下口直徑23.5厘米，發音高亢脆亮，主要用于京劇和其他地方戲曲伴奏以及器樂合奏，適用范圍較廣。大膛板鼓，中間的鼓膛直徑10厘米，鼓中間高11厘米，鼓下口直徑24.5厘米，發音寬亮淳厚，適于南方的十番鼓使用，可獨奏出快鼓段。中膛板鼓，中間的鼓膛直徑8厘米，鼓中間高11.2厘米，鼓下口直徑24厘米，發音介于大、小膛板鼓之間，多用于越劇、陜北和山西的地方戲曲伴奏，并在器樂合奏中使用。

板(ban)(ban)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)分為幾(ji)種(zhong)，鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)大的(de)(de)(de)音(yin)低，小的(de)(de)(de)音(yin)高，它們各起著不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。例如(ru)南方(fang)十番鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)中所用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)板(ban)(ban)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)較大；京劇和(he)其它一些地(di)方(fang)戲中所用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)板(ban)(ban)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)較小。在板(ban)(ban)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)上，鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)心和(he)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)邊，發音(yin)高低不(bu)同(tong)。演奏時(shi)用(yong)(yong)點簽(qian)(用(yong)(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)簽(qian)點擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian))和(he)用(yong)(yong)滿(man)簽(qian)(用(yong)(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)簽(qian)平擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian))能發出不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)聲響(xiang)，結合著力度的(de)(de)(de)輕重(zhong)，鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)點的(de)(de)(de)疏(shu)密緩急，杰出的(de)(de)(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)手(shou)，常能作(zuo)出多樣的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化。演奏板(ban)(ban)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)時(shi)，將鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)吊于木架(jia)上，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)兩根藤或竹(zhu)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)箭(jian)(jian)敲擊，不(bu)僅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)心、鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)邊發音(yin)高低有別，而且因使(shi)用(yong)(yong)了(le)點箭(jian)(jian)（用(yong)(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)箭(jian)(jian)點擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)）或滿(man)箭(jian)(jian)（用(yong)(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)箭(jian)(jian)平擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)），發出的(de)(de)(de)音(yin)響(xiang)也不(bu)同(tong)。

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二、板鼓的演奏方法

靜(jing)式：坐姿端正(zheng)，頭(tou)，頸，胸，腰取直，放(fang)松(song)，呼吸(xi)自然，目視(shi)前方。右(you)腳蹬踏(ta)在坐椅前放(fang)置的(de)小木登上，右(you)膝(xi)頭(tou)對(dui)準板(ban)鼓(gu)中心方向，調(diao)節好板(ban)鼓(gu)高低，其高度無硬性規(gui)定，大致根(gen)據自己的(de)肢體高低長短而(er)定，只要右(you)膝(xi)墊(dian)擊部(bu)(bu)位(wei)與鼓(gu)面基本持(chi)平(ping)即可。肩(jian)，臂(bei)(bei)放(fang)松(song)，雙臂(bei)(bei)不夾腋窩，小臂(bei)(bei)平(ping)抬，雙手放(fang)在右(you)膝(xi)頭(tou)后部(bu)(bu)的(de)墊(dian)擊部(bu)(bu)位(wei)。雙手持(chi)箭(jian)并齊，各向內(nei)側微扣(kou)，呈扣(kou)范兒或圓范兒。

雙手(shou)持(chi)箭(jian)(jian)方(fang)法：以拇(mu)(mu)指(zhi)，食指(zhi)，中(zhong)指(zhi)捏住(zhu)鼓(gu)箭(jian)(jian)后(hou)端約一(yi)寸的尾(wei)部，拇(mu)(mu)指(zhi)在上按箭(jian)(jian)，食指(zhi)與中(zhong)在下(xia)托箭(jian)(jian)，五指(zhi)自然握攏(long)。拇(mu)(mu)指(zhi)與鼓(gu)箭(jian)(jian)基本形成一(yi)條線，拇(mu)(mu)指(zhi)，食指(zhi)，中(zhong)指(zhi)捏箭(jian)(jian)不宜(yi)過(guo)死，只要捏住(zhu)尚能靈活甩動(dong)，擊打時不易(yi)脫手(shou)即可(ke)。

左(zuo)手(shou)挎板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)方法：坐(zuo)姿與右手(shou)持單(dan)箭方法同前(qian)。右手(shou)放在右膝墊擊部位。左(zuo)手(shou)輕握底(di)(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，食，中，無名，小指同握在底(di)(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)外(wai)緣，拇指大關(guan)(guan)節里側靠住底(di)(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)內緣，拇指豎起挑起板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)繩(sheng)，拇指大關(guan)(guan)節向外(wai)抻開，使蓋(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)背面緊靠在拇指大關(guan)(guan)節外(wai)側，底(di)(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和蓋(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的上端(duan)呈現交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)口。底(di)(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)下端(duan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)橋尖突撞(zhuang)擊蓋(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)下方中間(jian)點(dian)是交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)點(dian)。交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)點(dian)撞(zhuang)擊處是否(fou)準(zhun)確(que)(que)，對(dui)于響板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的發(fa)音非常重要(yao)。為了確(que)(que)保交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)點(dian)準(zhun)確(que)(que)，手(shou)握底(di)(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的上端(duan)必(bi)須高于蓋(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上端(duan)，下端(duan)的交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)點(dian)才能(neng)準(zhun)確(que)(que)。總之，左(zuo)手(shou)挎板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)時(shi)要(yao)松肩(jian)，小臂自然(ran)向前(qian)抬平，不(bu)(bu)要(yao)夾腋窩(wo)，不(bu)(bu)要(yao)墜肘，整(zheng)體保持松弛，端(duan)正。

動(dong)(dong)式(shi)：在(zai)進(jin)入動(dong)(dong)式(shi)的(de)(de)擊(ji)打訓(xun)練時，要在(zai)靜(jing)(jing)式(shi)的(de)(de)要求基礎上(shang)(shang)，保持(chi)靜(jing)(jing)式(shi)的(de)(de)姿式(shi)與方(fang)(fang)法(fa)進(jin)行(xing)嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)擊(ji)打訓(xun)練。掌握(wo)靜(jing)(jing)式(shi)的(de)(de)規范(fan)要求，才能更(geng)好的(de)(de)保證(zheng)動(dong)(dong)式(shi)訓(xun)練，進(jin)一(yi)步掌握(wo)動(dong)(dong)式(shi)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)和要領；通過動(dong)(dong)式(shi)的(de)(de)嚴(yan)格訓(xun)練叉可以(yi)使(shi)靜(jing)(jing)式(shi)不斷熟練，鞏固和深化，兩(liang)者是辯證(zheng)關系。靜(jing)(jing)，動(dong)(dong)為(wei)一(yi)體，最終達到掌握(wo)板鼓演奏的(de)(de)正確(que)姿式(shi)與手(shou)(shou)法(fa)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。雙手(shou)(shou)持(chi)箭(jian)擊(ji)打方(fang)(fang)法(fa)與要領：雙手(shou)(shou)持(chi)箭(jian)扣范(fan)兒在(zai)右膝上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)墊擊(ji)部位。揚(yang)腕(wan)，立手(shou)(shou)，抬箭(jian)，雙箭(jian)交替甩動(dong)(dong)直下擊(ji)打鼓門(men)，使(shi)其發(fa)出均勻，清脆的(de)(de)音響。

1、在擊打當中要注意掌握如下方法和要領：

(1)雙箭擊鼓(gu)要始終保持扣(kou)范兒(er)姿(zi)(zi)式(shi)和手(shou)(shou)法(fa)，時刻防止擊打(da)(da)時變形走樣。為什么如此強(qiang)調(diao)扣(kou)范兒(er)呢(ni)，扣(kou)范兒(er)是(shi)經(jing)過前輩鼓(gu)師們長(chang)期演奏實踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)摸(mo)索，經(jing)受(shou)考驗，不(bu)斷(duan)總結得出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最科學，最有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳姿(zi)(zi)式(shi)和手(shou)(shou)法(fa)。扣(kou)范兒(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大特(te)點是(shi)能充分調(diao)動(dong)(dong)手(shou)(shou)腕關(guan)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)(dong)幅度，減少小臂或肘關(guan)節(jie)不(bu)必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)(dong)，使手(shou)(shou)腕發(fa)力集中(zhong)，手(shou)(shou)腕的(de)(de)(de)(de)靈活性強(qiang)，便于控制力度的(de)(de)(de)(de)輕重及(ji)速度的(de)(de)(de)(de)快慢變化。只要能堅持扣(kou)范兒(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴格訓練，就會習慣掌握(wo)擊打(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)確姿(zi)(zi)態式(shi)與手(shou)(shou)法(fa)。

(2)雙手(shou)持(chi)箭擊鼓，以小臂作支(zhi)撐，主要(yao)依靠手(shou)腕(wan)關節活動，使小臂肌肉(rou)拉緊支(zhi)撐(忌僵)傳感(gan)活動于手(shou)腕(wan)，甩動雙手(shou)發(fa)力擊打。感(gan)覺上應發(fa)力在(zai)手(shou)上，力量要(yao)貫通在(zai)箭頭上。

(3)揚腕立(li)手，雙(shuang)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)向(xiang)兩眼(yan)方向(xiang)抬起(qi)落箭(jian)(jian)(jian)擊鼓(gu)。起(qi)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)時避免(mian)過于向(xiang)兩側分箭(jian)(jian)(jian)或向(xiang)內并(bing)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。始終要保持端正，自然，直線擊打(da)，落箭(jian)(jian)(jian)有力(li)。落箭(jian)(jian)(jian)擊鼓(gu)后的(de)瞬間仍要保持扣范(fan)兒。

(4)準確有效擊打鼓心(鼓門)。行箭起落，手觸右膝上的墊擊部位，是落箭的自然托墊，順勢而就的。墊擊是為起到校準擊箭保持準確擊打鼓心平面水準的作用，是保證有效擊打鼓心的手法之一。如果托墊擊箭校準偏高，落箭后就打不出嗒的最佳音響，而是(shi)哆的(de)音(yin)響，倘若擊(ji)箭(jian)校準偏低就會打(da)到鼓(gu)(gu)心的(de)緣木上，發不出(chu)鼓(gu)(gu)音(yin)，發出(chu)的(de)是(shi)膛木聲音(yin)。因此墊擊(ji)部位的(de)高低要(yao)(yao)(yao)調整的(de)適度(du)。墊擊(ji)不是(shi)故意加力砸腿，否(fou)則(ze)就會出(chu)現嘭嘭的(de)砸臺板噪聲效果！擊(ji)打(da)力量最(zui)終要(yao)(yao)(yao)放(fang)在(zai)箭(jian)頭(tou)上，不要(yao)(yao)(yao)放(fang)在(zai)砸腿上。擊(ji)箭(jian)前端要(yao)(yao)(yao)準確(que)平(ping)擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)心平(ping)面，擊(ji)實，吃滿鼓(gu)(gu)心直(zhi)徑，才能(neng)擊(ji)奏(zou)出(chu)沉實有力，清脆(cui)響堂的(de)鼓(gu)(gu)音(yin)。否(fou)則(ze)發出(chu)聲音(yin)偏薄。

(5)拇指(zhi)(zhi)，食指(zhi)(zhi)，中指(zhi)(zhi)三指(zhi)(zhi)捏(nie)箭不(bu)要捏(nie)死，即能(neng)靈(ling)活甩(shuai)動(dong)又不(bu)至(zhi)于脫手(shou)(shou)(shou)而(er)出。擊(ji)鼓時手(shou)(shou)(shou)法要富于彈性(xing)感(gan)覺，而(er)不(bu)是(shi)死打硬按的(de)感(gan)覺。雙箭的(de)基(ji)本功(gong)是(shi)板鼓專(zhuan)業必須(xu)熟練掌握(wo)的(de)重要的(de)基(ji)本功(gong)，其中包括有(you)長時間的(de)雙手(shou)(shou)(shou)輪奏(亦稱(cheng)撕邊)，快速短輪(亦稱(cheng)捻搓兒)及左右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)相互變換，協同的(de)擊(ji)奏技巧與(yu)動(dong)力，通過訓練進一(yi)步消化和鞏固(gu)靜式與(yu)動(dong)式的(de)要求要領(ling)，增強(qiang)擊(ji)奏力度，速度，音(yin)準，節奏感(gan)和持久(jiu)的(de)耐(nai)力。

2、左手挎板擊打方法與要領：

挎板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)擊打(da)(da)手法(fa)從表面(mian)上(shang)看比(bi)(bi)較簡單，實(shi)際上(shang)要(yao)掌(zhang)握好(hao)(hao)是比(bi)(bi)較復雜的(de)(de)。在擊打(da)(da)同(tong)時要(yao)解(jie)(jie)決好(hao)(hao)多方面(mian)的(de)(de)協同(tong)問題，也(ye)就是在擊打(da)(da)中要(yao)解(jie)(jie)決好(hao)(hao)左手搖動(dong)，握板(ban)(ban)(ban)，挑繩，準(zhun)確撞擊交叉點等(deng)問題，才(cai)能(neng)掌(zhang)握好(hao)(hao)正確的(de)(de)擊板(ban)(ban)(ban)方法(fa)，保(bao)證(zheng)發(fa)出(chu)清脆明亮的(de)(de)最佳板(ban)(ban)(ban)音。

3、左手握板擊奏要注意掌握好如下方法與要領：

(1)擊板(ban)運(yun)動(dong)是以左(zuo)小(xiao)臂(bei)作(zuo)支撐，手(shou)腕關節為活動(dong)軸，左(zuo)手(shou)發力握板(ban)搖動(dong)擊打。應避免小(xiao)臂(bei)橫向搖擺(bai)，影(ying)響手(shou)腕活動(dong)。

(2)擊(ji)板(ban)(ban)之(zhi)前的起式(shi)瞬(shun)間，要使底板(ban)(ban)和蓋板(ban)(ban)的下端各向不同方向運(yun)動搖開，然(ran)后乘雙板(ban)(ban)落勢(shi)而撞(zhuang)擊(ji)。撞(zhuang)擊(ji)點一(yi)定要準確擊(ji)打在交叉點部位。

(3)握板手形應呈斜豎形，也(ye)是擊打慣(guan)力形成的自(zi)然方向(xiang)和形狀。