一、拍板是什么樂器

拍板是打(da)擊(ji)樂器(qi)的一種。也稱檀板(ban)(ban)、綽(chuo)板(ban)(ban)。用(yong)(yong)堅(jian)木數片(pian)，以(yi)繩串聯(lian)，用(yong)(yong)以(yi)擊(ji)節。唐宋時拍(pai)板(ban)(ban)為六或九片(pian)，以(yi)兩手(shou)合擊(ji)發音，今拍(pai)板(ban)(ban)常由三片(pian)木板(ban)(ban)組成。

二、拍板的外形結構

用(yong)紅(hong)(hong)木(mu)、紫檀、花梨或荔(li)木(mu)制(zhi)作，歷代(dai)因(yin)使(shi)用(yong)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)也不一致。通常由五六塊板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)組成，最(zui)多者九板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，最(zui)少者三四板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。滿族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拍板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)多為兩板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)或三(兩大(da)一小)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，除木(mu)制(zhi)者外，還有用(yong)鐵(tie)片制(zhi)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。每塊拍板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上端(duan)均鉆有兩個(ge)小孔，用(yong)細皮條或絲(si)繩串聯(lian)(lian)，下端(duan)可自由開合。傳世拍板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)有故宮博(bo)物院藏清代(dai)六聯(lian)(lian)拍板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(圖清代(dai)留聯(lian)(lian)拍板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban))，用(yong)紅(hong)(hong)木(mu)制(zhi)成，每板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)長(chang)40.5厘(li)米(mi)、上寬(kuan)(kuan)7.9厘(li)米(mi)、下寬(kuan)(kuan)8.5厘(li)米(mi)、厚1.8厘(li)米(mi)，兩端(duan)均呈鈍三角形(xing)，為清代(dai)乾(qian)隆年(nian)間(jian)(公元1736年(nian)—1795年(nian))制(zhi)品，此(ci)拍板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)與五代(dai)前(qian)蜀(shu)王建(jian)墓(mu)樂舞(wu)石刻中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拍板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)完全(quan)相同。現代(dai)福建(jian)南音所用(yong)五聯(lian)(lian)拍板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，多用(yong)荔(li)木(mu)制(zhi)作，中(zhong)間(jian)稍(shao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)長(chang)26厘(li)米(mi)～30厘(li)米(mi)、寬(kuan)(kuan)8厘(li)米(mi)、厚2厘(li)米(mi)，外側(ce)略大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)長(chang)30厘(li)米(mi)～34厘(li)米(mi)、寬(kuan)(kuan)10厘(li)米(mi)、厚3厘(li)米(mi)，每板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩端(duan)和外側(ce)兩板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外面均為半圓形(xing)。

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三、拍板有哪些種類

拍板(ban)可分為鼓(gu)板(ban)、書板(ban)、墜(zhui)板(ban)三種；鼓(gu)板(ban)多用(yong)于器樂(le)合(he)奏，書板(ban)和墜(zhui)板(ban)則多用(yong)于說唱藝術。

拍板(ban)可用(yong)紫檀木(mu)、紅(hong)木(mu)、花梨木(mu)或(huo)其他硬(ying)木(mu)制作，木(mu)材(cai)必須干(gan)燥(zao)，不能有干(gan)裂或(huo)腐朽(xiu)現象(xiang)。板(ban)無固定音(yin)高，發音(yin)短促，聲音(yin)堅實響亮(liang)，穿透力(li)強。若用(yong)紋(wen)雕(diao)旋轉的木(mu)料(liao)制成(cheng)，則發音(yin)更為脆亮(liang)。

根據適用(yong)范圍，拍板一(yi)般(ban)分(fen)為鼓板、書(shu)板和墜板三種。

鼓(gu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)：因(yin)常(chang)與板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)鼓(gu)配合使用(yong)而得名(ming)。由3塊板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)組成，每塊長27厘米，上寬(kuan)5.9厘米，下(xia)寬(kuan)6.7厘米，厚0.8～0.9厘米。中(zhong)(zhong)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)略(lve)厚，兩面(mian)是(shi)(shi)平(ping)的(de)。蓋(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)底板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)稍薄，有一(yi)面(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)間隆起呈脊狀(zhuang)。蓋(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)平(ping)面(mian)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)用(yong)絲弦纏繞兩頭，合并而成一(yi)體。敲擊時，左手執底板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，使與前兩板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)相碰發音。底板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)間隆起，下(xia)部擊板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)部位形似人(ren)的(de)上嘴(zui)唇，故名(ming)“板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)唇”，是(shi)(shi)發音高低(di)、寬(kuan)窄、悶亮的(de)關鍵。鼓(gu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)常(chang)用(yong)于京劇(ju)、昆曲(qu)、越劇(ju)等地方戲劇(ju)伴奏(zou)和(he)江南(nan)絲竹、蘇南(nan)吹打、福建南(nan)音、十番鑼鼓(gu)、山西八(ba)套(tao)等器樂(le)合奏(zou)，是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要的(de)節(jie)奏(zou)樂(le)器之(zhi)一(yi)，常(chang)在(zai)樂(le)曲(qu)的(de)強(qiang)拍(pai)上擊奏(zou)。

書板：有(you)大(da)小(xiao)兩種，長度(du)分到為(wei)18（大(da)）和14（小(xiao)）厘米，上寬(kuan)3.4厘米，下寬(kuan)4厘米，厚0.7厘米。

墜板：又稱“簡板”或“簡子”。由兩根長方形木棒組成。長27厘米，寬2.2厘米，板的上面鼓起呈拱形，其最厚部分為2厘米。演奏時，左手執棒，互相撞擊發音。流行于河南一帶，是河南墜子的重要擊節樂器，由演員自(zi)打自(zi)唱。書板和墜板專為曲藝說唱伴(ban)奏，起擊拍作用。