一、拍板是什么樂器

拍板是(shi)打擊(ji)(ji)樂器的一種。也稱檀板(ban)(ban)、綽(chuo)板(ban)(ban)。用堅(jian)木數(shu)片(pian)，以(yi)繩串聯，用以(yi)擊(ji)(ji)節。唐(tang)宋時拍板(ban)(ban)為六(liu)或九片(pian)，以(yi)兩手合(he)擊(ji)(ji)發(fa)音，今(jin)拍板(ban)(ban)常由(you)三片(pian)木板(ban)(ban)組(zu)成(cheng)。

二、拍板的外形結構

用(yong)紅木、紫檀、花梨或(huo)荔(li)木制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)，歷(li)代因使用(yong)目(mu)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同，板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)數量也(ye)不(bu)(bu)一致。通常(chang)由(you)五六塊板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)組成，最多(duo)者九板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，最少者三(san)四板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。滿族的(de)(de)拍(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)多(duo)為兩(liang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)或(huo)三(san)(兩(liang)大一小)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，除(chu)木制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者外，還有用(yong)鐵片制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成的(de)(de)。每(mei)塊拍(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)上端(duan)均鉆(zhan)有兩(liang)個小孔，用(yong)細(xi)皮條或(huo)絲繩(sheng)串聯(lian)，下(xia)端(duan)可(ke)自由(you)開合。傳(chuan)世拍(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)有故(gu)宮博(bo)物院(yuan)藏清(qing)代六聯(lian)拍(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(圖清(qing)代留聯(lian)拍(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban))，用(yong)紅木制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成，每(mei)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)長40.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)、上寬7.9厘(li)(li)米(mi)、下(xia)寬8.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)、厚1.8厘(li)(li)米(mi)，兩(liang)端(duan)均呈(cheng)鈍三(san)角形，為清(qing)代乾(qian)隆年間(公元(yuan)1736年—1795年)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品，此拍(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)與(yu)五代前蜀王建墓(mu)樂舞石刻中的(de)(de)拍(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)完(wan)全相同。現(xian)代福建南音(yin)所用(yong)五聯(lian)拍(pai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，多(duo)用(yong)荔(li)木制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)，中間稍小的(de)(de)三(san)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)長26厘(li)(li)米(mi)～30厘(li)(li)米(mi)、寬8厘(li)(li)米(mi)、厚2厘(li)(li)米(mi)，外側略大的(de)(de)兩(liang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)長30厘(li)(li)米(mi)～34厘(li)(li)米(mi)、寬10厘(li)(li)米(mi)、厚3厘(li)(li)米(mi)，每(mei)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)兩(liang)端(duan)和外側兩(liang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)外面均為半圓(yuan)形。

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三、拍板有哪些種類

拍板可分為鼓板、書(shu)板、墜(zhui)板三種；鼓板多(duo)用于(yu)器樂合奏，書(shu)板和墜(zhui)板則多(duo)用于(yu)說唱(chang)藝術。

拍板可(ke)用(yong)紫檀木、紅木、花梨(li)木或(huo)(huo)其他硬(ying)木制作，木材必須干(gan)(gan)燥，不能有干(gan)(gan)裂或(huo)(huo)腐朽現象(xiang)。板無固(gu)定(ding)音高，發(fa)音短促，聲(sheng)音堅實響亮，穿透力(li)強。若用(yong)紋雕旋轉的木料制成，則(ze)發(fa)音更為脆亮。

根據適(shi)用范圍，拍板(ban)一般分為鼓板(ban)、書(shu)板(ban)和墜板(ban)三種。

鼓(gu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)：因常與(yu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)鼓(gu)配合(he)使用而得名(ming)。由(you)3塊板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)組成，每塊長27厘(li)米，上寬5.9厘(li)米，下寬6.7厘(li)米，厚(hou)0.8～0.9厘(li)米。中(zhong)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)略厚(hou)，兩(liang)面(mian)是(shi)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)。蓋(gai)(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)底(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)稍薄，有一(yi)面(mian)中(zhong)間(jian)隆起呈脊狀(zhuang)。蓋(gai)(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)面(mian)和(he)中(zhong)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)用絲弦(xian)纏繞兩(liang)頭，合(he)并而成一(yi)體。敲擊(ji)時，左手執底(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，使與(yu)前兩(liang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)相碰發音。底(di)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)中(zhong)間(jian)隆起，下部擊(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)部位形似人的(de)(de)(de)上嘴唇(chun)，故名(ming)“板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)唇(chun)”，是(shi)發音高低、寬窄、悶亮的(de)(de)(de)關鍵。鼓(gu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)常用于京劇、昆(kun)曲(qu)、越劇等地方戲(xi)劇伴奏(zou)和(he)江南(nan)絲竹(zhu)、蘇(su)南(nan)吹打(da)、福建南(nan)音、十番(fan)鑼鼓(gu)、山西八套等器(qi)樂(le)合(he)奏(zou)，是(shi)主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)節奏(zou)樂(le)器(qi)之一(yi)，常在樂(le)曲(qu)的(de)(de)(de)強拍上擊(ji)奏(zou)。

書(shu)板：有大小(xiao)(xiao)兩種，長度分到(dao)為18（大）和14（小(xiao)(xiao)）厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，上寬3.4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，下寬4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，厚0.7厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)。

墜板：又稱“簡板”或“簡子”。由兩根長方形木棒組成。長27厘米，寬2.2厘米，板的上面鼓起呈拱形，其最厚部分為2厘米。演奏時，左手執棒，互相撞擊發音。流行于河南一帶，是河南墜子的重要擊節樂器，由演(yan)員自打(da)自唱(chang)。書板(ban)(ban)和墜板(ban)(ban)專為曲藝(yi)說唱(chang)伴奏，起擊(ji)拍(pai)作(zuo)用。