濟南市轄歷下區(qu)、市(shi)中區(qu)、槐(huai)蔭區(qu)、天橋區(qu)、歷城區(qu)、長清(qing)區(qu)、章丘(qiu)區(qu)、平陰縣(xian)(xian)、濟陽縣(xian)(xian)、商河縣(xian)(xian),設7區(qu)、3縣(xian)(xian),104個街道、39個鎮(zhen)。?
濟南(nan)(nan)(nan)位(wei)于山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)省的中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu),地理位(wei)置介于北緯(wei)36°01′~37°32′,東(dong)(dong)經(jing)(jing)116°11′~117°44′,南(nan)(nan)(nan)依(yi)泰山(shan)(shan),北跨(kua)黃(huang)河,地處魯中(zhong)(zhong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)低山(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)陵(ling)與魯西北沖積平原的交接帶(dai)(dai)上,地勢南(nan)(nan)(nan)高北低。地形可分為(wei)三(san)帶(dai)(dai):北部(bu)臨黃(huang)帶(dai)(dai),中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)山(shan)(shan)前平原帶(dai)(dai),南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)丘(qiu)陵(ling)山(shan)(shan)區帶(dai)(dai)。濟南(nan)(nan)(nan)是中(zhong)(zhong)國東(dong)(dong)部(bu)沿(yan)海經(jing)(jing)濟大省——山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)省的省會,全省政治(zhi)、經(jing)(jing)濟、文化、科(ke)技、教(jiao)育(yu)和金融中(zhong)(zhong)心,重要的交通樞(shu)紐。四(si)周與德州、濱州、淄博、萊蕪(wu)、泰安、聊(liao)城等市相(xiang)鄰。總面(mian)積7998平方公里(li),市區面(mian)積3303平方公里(li)。
①地(di)(di)質。北部(bu)為(wei)(wei)濟(ji)陽坳陷、淄博—茌(chi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)坳陷,南(nan)部(bu)為(wei)(wei)魯中隆(long)起。地(di)(di)層南(nan)老北新,南(nan)部(bu)以古生(sheng)界灰巖(yan)(yan)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),北部(bu)以新生(sheng)界黃(huang)土及砂(sha)礫沉積巖(yan)(yan)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。巖(yan)(yan)層呈向北傾(qing)斜(xie)的單斜(xie)構(gou)(gou)造(zao)(zao),三(san)組斷裂切(qie)成塊狀,奠定(ding)了(le)濟(ji)南(nan)的構(gou)(gou)造(zao)(zao)基礎(chu)。②地(di)(di)形。地(di)(di)勢南(nan)高北低(di),依次為(wei)(wei)低(di)山(shan)丘陵、山(shan)前傾(qing)斜(xie)平(ping)(ping)(ping)原和黃(huang)河沖積平(ping)(ping)(ping)原。③氣候(hou)。濟(ji)南(nan)屬于暖溫(wen)(wen)帶大陸(lu)性季(ji)風氣候(hou)區,四(si)季(ji)分(fen)明(ming),日照充分(fen),年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)13.6℃,1月最(zui)冷(leng),平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)-1.9℃;7月氣溫(wen)(wen)最(zui)高,平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)27.0℃。年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)降水量614.0毫米(mi)。④水文。濟(ji)南(nan)市河流分(fen)屬黃(huang)河、小清河、海河三(san)大水系(xi)。湖(hu)(hu)泊(bo)有大明(ming)湖(hu)(hu)、白云湖(hu)(hu)等。山(shan)區北麓有眾多泉(quan)(quan)群出露,僅(jin)市區就(jiu)有趵突泉(quan)(quan)、黑虎泉(quan)(quan)、五龍潭(tan)、珍珠泉(quan)(quan)四(si)大泉(quan)(quan)群。
①土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)資源。全市土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)資源總面積7998平(ping)方公里。全市有棕壤、褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、沙姜(jiang)黑土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、水(shui)稻土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、風砂土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)6種土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類,其中以(yi)棕壤、褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)兩大土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類為主(zhu)。②礦(kuang)產(chan)資源。主(zhu)要有煤(mei)、石油(you)、天(tian)然氣、鐵、地(di)熱和建筑材料等。③當地(di)水(shui)資源15.9億(yi)立方米(mi)(mi),可利(li)用量14.7億(yi)立方米(mi)(mi)。④生物(wu)資源。有植物(wu)149科,1175種和變種。陸(lu)棲野生動物(wu)211種。
全年(nian)(nian)(nian)全市(shi)平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)15.0℃,較常(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)偏(pian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)1.1℃,為(wei)1951 年(nian)(nian)(nian)有氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)象(xiang)記(ji)錄(lu)以來第一位(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)值,較2016 年(nian)(nian)(nian)偏(pian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)0.3℃。各(ge)地年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)在13.9℃(商(shang)河(he)(he))~ 15.7℃(市(shi)區(qu))之(zhi)間(jian),各(ge)地均(jun)(jun)偏(pian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),其中章(zhang)丘(qiu)偏(pian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)1.4℃,各(ge)站氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)有氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)象(xiang)記(ji)錄(lu)以來的前三(san)位(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)值,章(zhang)丘(qiu)和(he)濟陽(yang)是(shi)第一位(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)值,長清和(he)商(shang)河(he)(he)是(shi)第二位(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)值,市(shi)區(qu)和(he)平陰是(shi)第三(san)位(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)值。最冷(leng)(leng)月(yue)(yue)1 月(yue)(yue),月(yue)(yue)平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)0.1℃; 最熱月(yue)(yue)7 月(yue)(yue), 月(yue)(yue)平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)28.0℃。年(nian)(nian)(nian)極端最低氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)-12.7℃,出(chu)現(xian)在1 月(yue)(yue)20 日(ri)(ri)(ri)( 商(shang)河(he)(he)); 年(nian)(nian)(nian)極端最高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)39.2 ℃, 出(chu)現(xian)在7 月(yue)(yue)11 日(ri)(ri)(ri)(濟陽(yang))。全年(nian)(nian)(nian)≥ 0℃的積溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)5518.0 ℃, 較常(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)多302.1 ℃,較2016 年(nian)(nian)(nian)多5.6 ℃。寒冷(leng)(leng)日(ri)(ri)(ri)數(-14.9℃≤日(ri)(ri)(ri)最低氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)≤-10.0℃)商(shang)河(he)(he)5 天(tian)(tian)、濟陽(yang)2 天(tian)(tian),其他各(ge)地未出(chu)現(xian)寒冷(leng)(leng)天(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。全市(shi)出(chu)現(xian)炎(yan)熱日(ri)(ri)(ri)數(35.0℃≤日(ri)(ri)(ri)最高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)≤ 39.9℃)共30 天(tian)(tian),各(ge)地在12 天(tian)(tian)(平陰)~ 21天(tian)(tian)( 市(shi)區(qu)) 之(zhi)間(jian), 各(ge)地均(jun)(jun)未出(chu)現(xian)≥ 40℃的酷熱天(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。
全(quan)年全(quan)市(shi)平均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量559.6 毫(hao)米(mi),較(jiao)(jiao)常年少(shao)(shao)(shao)63.4 毫(hao)米(mi),偏(pian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)10.1%;較(jiao)(jiao)2016 年少(shao)(shao)(shao)217 毫(hao)米(mi),偏(pian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)27.9%。年內(nei)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水時空(kong)分布極(ji)不(bu)均(jun)(jun)勻(yun),各(ge)縣區(qu)年降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量在447.9 毫(hao)米(mi)(章丘)~ 676.9 毫(hao)米(mi)(商河)之間。各(ge)地均(jun)(jun)較(jiao)(jiao)常年偏(pian)少(shao)(shao)(shao),其(qi)中章丘較(jiao)(jiao)常年偏(pian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)28.8%,偏(pian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)最(zui)為明顯。
全年(nian)全市(shi)平均(jun)日照時(shi)數(shu)2388.0 小(xiao)時(shi),較常年(nian)少(shao)17.8小(xiao)時(shi), 較2016 年(nian)多128.0 小(xiao)時(shi)。各(ge)(ge)地年(nian)日照時(shi)數(shu)在2208.7 小(xiao)時(shi)(濟(ji)陽)~ 2503.0 小(xiao)時(shi)(長清)之間,濟(ji)陽、商河分別較常年(nian)少(shao)180.3 小(xiao)時(shi)和178.2 小(xiao)時(shi),其(qi)余各(ge)(ge)地均(jun)較常年(nian)偏(pian)(pian)多,其(qi)中章丘較常年(nian)偏(pian)(pian)多69.7小(xiao)時(shi)。各(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)全市(shi)平均(jun)日照時(shi)數(shu),2 月(yue)(yue)、3 月(yue)(yue)、5 月(yue)(yue)、9 月(yue)(yue)、11 月(yue)(yue)、12 月(yue)(yue)偏(pian)(pian)多,其(qi)他各(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)偏(pian)(pian)少(shao),尤其(qi)是10 月(yue)(yue)偏(pian)(pian)少(shao)最明顯。
濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)是國(guo)(guo)務院公布的(de)歷(li)史文化名城。因地(di)處古四(si)瀆(du)之一“濟(ji)水”之南(nan)(nan)而得(de)名。據考古發掘資料,遠在9000年(nian)前(qian)的(de)新石器時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)早期,已有(you)先民在此繁衍生息。距(ju)今4000~4500年(nian)前(qian)以(yi)磨光黑陶為(wei)特(te)征的(de)“龍山文化”,系因1928年(nian)首次發現(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)東郊龍山鎮而被(bei)命名。夏代(dai)(dai)(dai),龍山鎮城子崖一帶建有(you)較大(da)規(gui)模的(de)城市(shi)。商(shang)周時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai),濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)為(wei)古譚國(guo)(guo)地(di)。春秋戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai),濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)屬齊國(guo)(guo),稱“濼(luo)”“鞍”“歷(li)下(xia)”等邑(yi),為(wei)齊國(guo)(guo)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)邊陲重鎮。秦代(dai)(dai)(dai),地(di)屬濟(ji)北郡(jun)。民國(guo)(guo)初年(nian),撤(che)銷濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)府,置岱北道(dao),轄27縣(xian)(xian)。1914年(nian)岱北道(dao)改(gai)稱濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)道(dao),轄縣(xian)(xian)未變。1925年(nian)改(gai)轄歷(li)城、章(zhang)丘(qiu)、長清(qing)、濟(ji)陽(yang)等10縣(xian)(xian)。1929年(nian)7月(yue)(yue),析歷(li)城縣(xian)(xian)城廂(xiang)及其四(si)郊,正(zheng)式設立濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)市(shi)。時(shi)濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)市(shi)面(mian)積175平(ping)方公里,人(ren)口40余萬。1948年(nian)9月(yue)(yue),中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)民解(jie)放軍(jun)華東野戰(zhan)(zhan)軍(jun)解(jie)放濟(ji)南(nan)(nan),設立濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)特(te)別市(shi)。1949年(nian)5月(yue)(yue)復稱濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)市(shi)。1958年(nian),歷(li)城縣(xian)(xian)劃歸(gui)濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)市(shi)。其后,章(zhang)丘(qiu)、長清(qing)縣(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1978年(nian),平(ping)陰縣(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1985年(nian),濟(ji)陽(yang)、商(shang)河縣(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1990年(nian)陸續劃歸(gui)濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)市(shi)管轄。1994年(nian)2月(yue)(yue),濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)市(shi)被(bei)正(zheng)式確定(ding)為(wei)副省級城市(shi)。2016年(nian)12月(yue)(yue),章(zhang)丘(qiu)撤(che)市(shi)設區(qu)。2018年(nian)9月(yue)(yue),濟(ji)陽(yang)撤(che)縣(xian)(xian)設區(qu)。濟(ji)南(nan)(nan)市(shi)現(xian)轄8區(qu)2縣(xian)(xian)。
2017年(nian)年(nian)末全(quan)市(shi)常住人(ren)口(kou)732.12萬人(ren),比上(shang)年(nian)末增(zeng)長1.22%。戶籍(ji)人(ren)口(kou)643.62萬人(ren),增(zeng)長1.71%。申(shen)報出(chu)生率(lv)(lv)17.83‰,申(shen)報死亡(wang)率(lv)(lv)9.86‰,人(ren)口(kou)自然(ran)增(zeng)長率(lv)(lv)7.97‰。(市(shi)統(tong)計局)
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