藏品鑒定
鑒定自古代就有,而現代我們因有了更先進的儀器,讓鑒定完成的更好。藏品鑒定,現在一般是以純銅的鑒別方法為主,并輔以現代的科學技術,對博物館中所珍藏的物品進行識別和辨別真偽,并能夠探究出藏品的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)內涵。鑒定(ding)它屬于哪(na)個歷(li)史以(yi)及它的(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi),并對(dui)(dui)它分等級。藏(zang)品(pin)(pin)鑒定(ding)其實是(shi)(shi)一(yi)項及其細致的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)工作,也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)項非(fei)常(chang)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)任務,并且它不僅僅是(shi)(shi)鑒別真偽,還要(yao)對(dui)(dui)藏(zang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)整個背景文化(hua)(hua)進(jin)行研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)和記錄,所以(yi)對(dui)(dui)藏(zang)品(pin)(pin)鑒定(ding)師的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求是(shi)(shi)非(fei)常(chang)苛刻的(de)(de)(de)。
藏品鑒定要求是什么
1、不能(neng)根據(ju)自己的主觀想法,對(dui)藏品(pin)下結論(lun),我們要(yao)根據(ju)歷史和科學,對(dui)藏品(pin)的真偽以(yi)及文化(hua)背景,對(dui)它做出完全正(zheng)確的鑒別,并予以(yi)它符合歷史的名字(zi)。
2、在(zai)鑒(jian)定(ding)完成后,要對藏品的年代、生產(chan)地、生產(chan)者、來源以及開始(shi)經過(guo),能夠明(ming)確。如果是自(zi)然標本,也要鑒(jian)定(ding)出它是來自(zi)哪(na)里,又是在(zai)怎(zen)樣的環境中生存的。
3、鑒(jian)定(ding)藏品,不僅僅是(shi)能(neng)夠辨(bian)別它(ta)的(de)真偽(wei)。還能(neng)夠鑒(jian)定(ding)出(chu)它(ta)是(shi)屬于哪個(ge)朝(chao)代,并(bing)(bing)且又(you)歷經多少(shao)個(ge)朝(chao)代,在它(ta)所存在的(de)時代有著什么樣級別的(de)影(ying)響,并(bing)(bing)且是(shi)出(chu)自哪位(wei)名師之手,并(bing)(bing)對(dui)它(ta)進(jin)行(xing)分級。
藏品鑒定方法有哪些
1、分類。每個(ge)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)館都(dou)是比較大的(de),那么(me)它的(de)藏品(pin)肯定(ding)是非常多的(de),并且種類不一,真(zhen)偽(wei)都(dou)有(you)。那么(me)鑒定(ding)時,可以根據(ju)不同朝(chao)代物(wu)(wu)品(pin)的(de)特點來進(jin)(jin)行(xing)分類,或者按(an)照它們的(de)制作方法進(jin)(jin)行(xing)分類。再找(zhao)出(chu)分為一類的(de)藏品(pin)之間的(de)異同點。
2、比較(jiao)。還可以將(jiang)剛出土(tu)不能(neng)辨別(bie)的(de)(de)古(gu)文物(wu),和(he)已(yi)經鑒(jian)(jian)定(ding)出確切的(de)(de)年(nian)代、產地(di)、作者(zhe)、制(zhi)作方法(fa)、外形特征藏品(pin)進行比較(jiao),來看出藏品(pin)和(he)標準文物(wu)的(de)(de)相同點和(he)不通電(dian),鑒(jian)(jian)別(bie)其真偽以及歷史背景(jing)。
3、辨(bian)識。每一(yi)(yi)個藏品鑒(jian)(jian)定師有(you)生之年中所鑒(jian)(jian)別的(de)(de)文物都是不一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de),并且他(ta)們的(de)(de)鑒(jian)(jian)別經驗都是不同的(de)(de)。所以,在不能鑒(jian)(jian)別一(yi)(yi)個藏品時,那么鑒(jian)(jian)定師之間可以互相研討交流,那么總會(hui)越來越接近事實真相。
藏品鑒別的歷史
中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)鑒(jian)定有(you)著悠(you)久的(de)歷(li)史(shi)。早在春秋時(shi)(shi)期,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)的(de)辨偽(wei)和(he)(he)考(kao)證(zheng)工作就已(yi)具雛形。《韓非子·說林下》和(he)(he)《國語·魯語下》等(deng)古籍(ji)中(zhong)(zhong),都有(you)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)辨偽(wei)和(he)(he)考(kao)證(zheng)的(de)有(you)關文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字記(ji)(ji)(ji)載。秦時(shi)(shi)已(yi)開始(shi)對古銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上的(de)紋(wen)飾進行鑒(jian)別和(he)(he)解釋。《呂(lv)氏春秋》 中(zhong)(zhong)的(de) 《慎勢》、《先識(shi)》、《色威》等(deng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian),都記(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)對銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)紋(wen)飾的(de)考(kao)證(zheng)。漢時(shi)(shi)已(yi)注(zhu)重考(kao)證(zheng)和(he)(he)研(yan)究(jiu)古銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上的(de)銘文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。司馬遷非常(chang)注(zhu)意研(yan)究(jiu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),在《史(shi)記(ji)(ji)(ji)·封(feng)禪書》中(zhong)(zhong)記(ji)(ji)(ji)下了(le)考(kao)證(zheng)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)銘文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)史(shi)實。宋時(shi)(shi)宮廷收藏(zang)(zang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)十分豐富(fu),設有(you)專職官員保管文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),并對文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)進行鑒(jian)定。呂(lv)大臨所撰《考(kao)古圖》著錄了(le)當時(shi)(shi)宮廷和(he)(he)私人收藏(zang)(zang)的(de)古代銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)玉器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)324件,每器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)皆摹繪圖形、款識(shi),記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄尺寸(cun)、容(rong)量和(he)(he)重量等(deng),出土地和(he)(he)收藏(zang)(zang)處可考(kao)的(de)也加(jia)以(yi)說明,這是中(zhong)(zhong)國最(zui)早而較有(you)系統的(de)古器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)圖錄。
明時偽(wei)造文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)大量出現,文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)以(yi)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)偽(wei)為主(zhu)。曹(cao)昭(zhao)所撰《格古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)要論》,將文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)分(fen)為古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅器(qi)、古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)畫(hua)、古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)墨跡、古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)碑(bei)法(fa)帖、古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)琴、古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)硯、珍奇、金鐵、古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)窯器(qi)、古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)漆器(qi)、錦綺(qi)、異(yi)木、異(yi)石等(deng)13門,對文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)概況(kuang)、作偽(wei)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)及(ji)真(zhen)偽(wei)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)別,均加論述,是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國第一部全面的文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)專著。高濂在(zai)《遵生(sheng)八箋(jian)》中(zhong)(zhong),還提出了(le)(le)銅器(qi)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)偽(wei)的兩條原則(ze),即(ji)殘器(qi)修復不算(suan)偽(wei)品(pin)和真(zhen)品(pin)的殘件(jian)拼成(cheng)一個新物(wu)(wu)應屬偽(wei)品(pin)。清(qing)(qing)(qing)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時繼宋之后,再(zai)次興起(qi)考據之風。朝廷大力提倡文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding),逐(zhu)步發展成(cheng)一套(tao)比較完整的體系(xi)。梁詩正等(deng)所編的《西清(qing)(qing)(qing)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)》和《寧壽鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)》,著錄了(le)(le)清(qing)(qing)(qing)宮(gong)所藏古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)銅器(qi) 1529件(jian),彝器(qi) 600件(jian),鏡鑒(jian)(jian)(jian) 101件(jian)。民國以(yi)后,文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)上較清(qing)(qing)(qing)代(dai)有所進步。1914年(nian),北(bei)洋政府在(zai)清(qing)(qing)(qing)宮(gong)成(cheng)立了(le)(le)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)物(wu)(wu)陳列(lie)所,設立了(le)(le)藏品(pin)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)委員會(hui),制定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)《鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)物(wu)(wu)細則(ze)》。1925年(nian),故宮(gong)博物(wu)(wu)院(yuan)成(cheng)立,并設立了(le)(le)“古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)物(wu)(wu)審查會(hui)”,負責鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)藏品(pin)真(zhen)偽(wei),劃分(fen)藏品(pin)等(deng)級。
中華(hua)人(ren)民(min)共和國建立(li)后,隨著博(bo)物館事業的發展,藏品鑒定(ding)(ding)制度日臻完善(shan),水平(ping)日益(yi)提高。1985年(nian),文化部(bu)設立(li)了國家文物鑒定(ding)(ding)委員會,負責(ze)制定(ding)(ding)博(bo)物館藏品的等級和標準。1986年(nian),文化部(bu)又印(yin)發了《博(bo)物館藏品定(ding)(ding)級標準》。