混合(he)動力汽(qi)車有哪些(xie) 混合(he)動力汽(qi)車優缺點
當(dang)純(chun)電動汽車還在舉步維艱時,混合動力汽車已經大搖大擺地進入了各(ge)大4S店(dian),并且成(cheng)為(wei)不(bu)少(shao)(shao)消費(fei)者購車(che)(che)(che)(che)時的重要(yao)考(kao)量。究(jiu)其原(yuan)因,一方(fang)面是(shi)用車(che)(che)(che)(che)習慣與傳(chuan)統汽油車(che)(che)(che)(che)相差(cha)無幾,而且能夠(gou)在日常用車(che)(che)(che)(che)中節省不(bu)少(shao)(shao)燃油另一方(fang)面,不(bu)少(shao)(shao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)企為(wei)了(le)占領市場,對混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)動力車(che)(che)(che)(che)型(xing)(xing)提供(gong)了(le)保養或價格方(fang)面的優惠(hui)。但(dan)是(shi)同為(wei)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)動力車(che)(che)(che)(che)型(xing)(xing),工作原(yuan)理(li)卻相差(cha)巨大,現在就(jiu)為(wei)大家簡要(yao)介紹(shao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)動力車(che)(che)(che)(che)型(xing)(xing)的結構(gou)模式,讓大家能夠(gou)根據其結構(gou)特點,選擇性能更佳、使(shi)用更方(fang)便的車(che)(che)(che)(che)型(xing)(xing)。
通(tong)常,我們把混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)合動力(li)分為普通(tong)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)合動力(li)、插電式(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)合動力(li)以及增程(cheng)式(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)合動力(li)三(san)種。其(qi)實,混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)合動力(li)的結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)形(xing)式(shi)也能(neng)(neng)分為三(san)種,分別(bie)是串聯結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)、并聯結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)以及混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)聯結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)。其(qi)中增程(cheng)式(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)合動力(li)只能(neng)(neng)是串聯結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou),而并聯結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)和混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)聯結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)既可(ke)(ke)以應用于(yu)(yu)普通(tong)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)合動力(li),也可(ke)(ke)以應用于(yu)(yu)插電式(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)合動力(li)。
串聯結構特點:結構簡單、使用方便
代表車型:雪佛蘭沃藍達、寶馬i3增程式混合動力車型、傳祺GA5增程式混合動力車型
串聯(lian)(lian)結構(gou),顧名(ming)思義就是發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)“串”在一(yi)條動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力傳輸路徑(jing)上。串聯(lian)(lian)結構(gou)最大的(de)(de)特點就是發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在任何情況下(xia)都不參(can)與(yu)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)的(de)(de)工作,它只(zhi)能(neng)通過帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)提供電(dian)能(neng)。串聯(lian)(lian)結構(gou)的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力來源于電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)只(zhi)能(neng)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)電(dian),并(bing)不能(neng)直接驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)輛行駛。因此(ci),串聯(lian)(lian)結構(gou)中電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)功率一(yi)般(ban)要大于發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)功率。
串聯是混合動力中結構最簡單的,整體結構相當于純電動汽車加個汽油發電機,由于取消了普通汽車的變速箱,所以結構布置也更加靈活。同時,發動機總是工作在高效轉區,因此在中低速行駛時,串聯結構的混合動力汽車比普通汽車油耗更低,大約可以節油30%左右(you)。同(tong)時,由于串(chuan)聯(lian)結構的駕駛模(mo)(mo)式(shi)只有電(dian)動模(mo)(mo)式(shi),用(yong)戶使用(yong)起來非(fei)常方(fang)便。
但是串聯結構混合動力車型的發動機動能需要經過二次轉換才能為電動機供電,會造成較大的能量損失,使得高速行駛時油耗偏高,以雪佛蘭沃藍達為例,普通的1.4升汽油車型高速巡(xun)航時百公里油耗在6升(sheng)左右,但沃藍(lan)達卻(que)達到了6.4升。
目前,主流的串聯結構混動車型有:雪佛蘭沃藍達、寶馬i3增(zeng)程式(shi)混合動力車型、傳祺GA5增程式混合動力車型,前兩款售價高達50萬(wan)元,傳祺(qi)GA5是目前自(zi)主品牌中(zhong)僅有的(de)串(chuan)聯結構混(hun)動車型,能夠享受國家和地方(fang)的(de)優(you)惠補貼。
并聯結構特點:模式多樣、動力強勁
代表車型:目前市面上大多數混動車型都為該結構
并聯結構就是在普通汽車的基礎上加裝一套電能驅動系統(電動機和動力電池(chi)),發動(dong)機和電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機都能單獨驅動(dong)車(che)輪(lun),也可以同(tong)時(shi)工作,共同(tong)驅動(dong)車(che)輛行駛(shi)。當(dang)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)量不足時(shi),發動(dong)機還(huan)能帶動(dong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機反轉為動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)。
并聯結構的(de)混動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)型(xing)一(yi)般有三種(zhong)模(mo)式可以選擇:純電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式,發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機關閉,電(dian)(dian)池為電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機供電(dian)(dian),驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)輛(liang)行駛(shi)(shi),該模(mo)式多用(yong)于(yu)(yu)中低速(su)行駛(shi)(shi),也有部分車(che)(che)型(xing)可以實現高速(su)巡航純油模(mo)式,發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)輛(liang)行駛(shi)(shi),同時(shi)能(neng)夠帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機反轉為動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)混合模(mo)式,發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機和電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機同時(shi)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)輛(liang)行駛(shi)(shi),該模(mo)式多用(yong)于(yu)(yu)爬(pa)坡、急加速(su)以及其(qi)他高負(fu)荷工作的(de)情況下。
與串聯結構不同的是,并聯結構中發動機和電動機可以同時驅動汽車,動力性能更加優越。以比亞迪秦為例,它的1.5T發動機(ji)和電(dian)動機(ji)功率相加后(hou)足(zu)有300馬力,但(dan)秦(qin)僅是一臺自主(zhu)品牌的緊湊型車而已。其次,并(bing)聯結構的混動(dong)(dong)車型驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)模式較(jiao)多(duo)(duo),可以適應多(duo)(duo)種工況,發動(dong)(dong)機能夠在(zai)中(zhong)高速運行(xing)時單獨驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)汽車,無(wu)需(xu)進行(xing)能源的二次轉換,因此(ci)綜合油耗更低。
不過,并聯(lian)結構的(de)最顯(xian)著缺(que)點就是(shi),由(you)于只(zhi)有(you)一臺電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機,沒有(you)獨立的(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機,無(wu)法(fa)實現混合模式下(xia),發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機為動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)的(de)功能(neng),當電(dian)(dian)量耗盡時,只(zhi)能(neng)依靠發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)。與此同時,并聯(lian)結構更加復(fu)雜,制造成本也會相對高一些(xie)。目前,市面(mian)上(shang)賣的(de)混動(dong)(dong)(dong)車型,絕大(da)部分采用(yong)的(de)是(shi)并聯(lian)結構,尤其(qi)是(shi)受跑車廠商(shang)喜(xi)愛,電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機和發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機互補,在(zai)節(jie)油的(de)同時能(neng)夠(gou)極大(da)地提高加速性能(neng)。
混聯結構特點:技術先進、壟斷嚴重
代表車型:豐田普銳斯
在并聯的基礎上加一個發電機就是混聯了,但它不使用傳統的變速箱,而是用一種叫做“ECVT”的行(xing)星齒輪結構的耦合單(dan)元來(lai)代替。這(zhe)種技(ji)術(shu)一直被豐田(tian)壟斷,也有一些(xie)廠家在混聯結構中使用普通的變(bian)速箱(xiang)(xiang),如(ru)雙離合變(bian)速箱(xiang)(xiang)、無級(ji)變(bian)速箱(xiang)(xiang)等(deng),但是效果遠不及這(zhe)種叫做“ECVT”的變速結構。
混(hun)(hun)(hun)聯結構在發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)和電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)協(xie)同驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)車(che)輛行駛的(de)(de)同時,發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)還能(neng)帶動(dong)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)為動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian),不再(zai)像并聯結構中單一電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)需(xu)要(yao)身兼(jian)兩職,并且(qie)理論(lun)上它能(neng)夠實現發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)帶動(dong)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian),電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)車(che)輛的(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。因此,混(hun)(hun)(hun)聯結構的(de)(de)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)有,純(chun)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)、純(chun)油模(mo)式(shi)(shi)、混(hun)(hun)(hun)合模(mo)式(shi)(shi)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)四種。
混聯的結構優點和使用優點更加接近于并聯結構車型,但混聯的驅動模式更加豐富,在并聯的混合驅動模式基礎上,加入了充電功能,這意味著發動機和電動機全力驅動車輛時也不用擔心電量消耗的問題。并且得益于“ECVT”的(de)加(jia)入,使電動機(ji)和發動機(ji)的(de)配合更加(jia)默契,能夠適(shi)應的(de)工況更多(duo),節油效果(guo)更加(jia)出色。
不過由于混聯結構更加復雜,相應車型的價格也更高,而且由于“ECVT”存在技術壟斷,其他廠家(jia)無法選擇,但是隨著(zhu)豐田專利的到期,相(xiang)信未來(lai)將會有更多(duo)的混聯車型推出。