金剛石砂輪修整方法大全
1、磨削修整法
1.1磨削修(xiu)整法(fa)的(de)原理
修整時是用普通磨料砂輪與金剛石砂輪對磨,金剛石砂輪做旋轉運動,而普通磨料砂輪在做旋轉運動的同時還做進給運動,金剛石砂輪表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)磨粒在摩(mo)擦(ca)力的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下開始(shi)慢慢旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan),旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)同時對(dui)金(jin)屬結合(he)劑(ji)(ji)產生一定的(de)(de)(de)擠壓力,至(zhi)使(shi)粘結劑(ji)(ji)出(chu)現裂(lie)紋(wen)(wen),隨著摩(mo)擦(ca)力的(de)(de)(de)連續作用(yong),造成結合(he)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)紋(wen)(wen)進一步擴大,最終(zhong)粘結劑(ji)(ji)破碎,使(shi)磨鈍的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)剛(gang)石顆粒從(cong)砂輪表面(mian)脫落,鋒利的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)剛(gang)石顆粒顯露出(chu)來從(cong)而(er)達(da)到修整的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。
1.2磨削修整(zheng)法(fa)的(de)特點
磨(mo)(mo)削修(xiu)(xiu)整(zheng)法的主要優點(dian)是(shi):結(jie)構(gou)簡單、操作方便、修(xiu)(xiu)整(zheng)時間短(duan)、磨(mo)(mo)削速度(du)穩定、磨(mo)(mo)削成本較低,但(dan)修(xiu)(xiu)整(zheng)過程(cheng)存在沖擊力,修(xiu)(xiu)整(zheng)效(xiao)率低、修(xiu)(xiu)整(zheng)精度(du)差且磨(mo)(mo)粒脫(tuo)落較多(duo)、整(zheng)形質量不易控(kong)制(zhi)。多(duo)用于修(xiu)(xiu)整(zheng)陶瓷(ci)和(he)樹脂粘結(jie)劑(ji)金剛石砂輪。
2、軟彈性修整法
2.1軟彈性修(xiu)整(zheng)法的(de)原理
軟彈性修整法在修整時砂帶套在砂帶輪上,修整時金剛石砂輪高速旋(xuan)轉(zhuan),卷帶輪(lun)(lun)緩慢轉(zhuan)動,砂帶在帶輪(lun)(lun)上慢慢移動,利用(yong)砂帶與砂輪(lun)(lun)的(de)接(jie)觸力有效地(di)去除(chu)金剛(gang)石砂輪(lun)(lun)表面磨粒間的(de)結合(he)劑,從(cong)而達到(dao)修整的(de)目的(de)。
2.2軟(ruan)彈性修(xiu)整法的優點
與其它修整方法相比,軟彈性修整法更適用于修整金屬結合劑金剛石微粉砂輪,因為金屬結合劑金剛石微粉砂輪既有金屬的塑性,又有很高的硬度,所以修整難度相當大,主要表現在:修整工具表面磨粒很快被磨損,其次是修整工的容屑空間容易堵塞使修整無法繼續。而用軟彈性修整法的修整工具——砂帶總是以新的鋒利磨粒被修整砂輪接觸,能形成良好的修整環境,有效地(di)去(qu)除(chu)金剛石砂(sha)輪表(biao)面磨粒間的結合劑,且修整時磨削(xue)力較小,磨削(xue)表(biao)面質量(liang)高(gao)。
3、電火花修整法
3.1電火花修整原理
該方法在修整金剛石砂輪過程中,砂輪高速旋轉,金剛石砂輪接電源的正極,工具電極接電源的負極,在金剛石砂輪和工具電極之間噴入磨削冷卻液,電(dian)壓加在(zai)工具電(dian)極與砂(sha)(sha)輪(lun)之間,火花放電(dian)便在(zai)砂(sha)(sha)輪(lun)金(jin)屬粘結(jie)(jie)(jie)劑與修整電(dian)極間產生,瞬時放電(dian)的(de)高溫使金(jin)屬粘結(jie)(jie)(jie)劑發生氣化,砂(sha)(sha)輪(lun)表面的(de)金(jin)屬結(jie)(jie)(jie)合劑被有效去(qu)除,金(jin)剛石磨粒被充(chong)分地暴露出(chu)來實現對砂(sha)(sha)輪(lun)的(de)修整。
3.2電(dian)火花修(xiu)整的特點
可(ke)(ke)實現在線修(xiu)整(zheng),易于保證(zheng)砂輪(lun)(lun)的磨削精度(du),修(xiu)整(zheng)后(hou)的砂輪(lun)(lun)磨削力小,整(zheng)形精度(du)高、且整(zheng)形和修(xiu)銳(rui)可(ke)(ke)同時完成,但(dan)整(zheng)形速度(du)較慢且電火花放電修(xiu)整(zheng)金(jin)剛石(shi)砂輪(lun)(lun)會因(yin)為放電溫度(du)過高使(shi)磨粒的性能發生改變(bian),有效控制(zhi)砂輪(lun)(lun)表面的溫度(du)是電火花修(xiu)整(zheng)金(jin)剛石(shi)砂輪(lun)(lun)的關鍵。
4、激光修整法
4.1激光修整法(fa)的原(yuan)理
激光修整法是利用光學系統把激光光束聚焦成很小的光斑作用在砂輪表面,除少部分激光被反射外,絕(jue)大(da)部分(fen)激光被金屬粘結(jie)劑吸收(shou),溫(wen)度(du)迅速升高,導(dao)致(zhi)被激光(guang)光(guang)束照(zhao)射的(de)區域,金屬粘(zhan)結(jie)劑氣(qi)化(hua)而被去除,結(jie)合劑材料的(de)去除通常經過:照(zhao)射、吸收、升溫(wen)、氣(qi)化(hua)幾個過程。在激光(guang)修(xiu)理砂輪(lun)時,合理控(kong)制激光(guang)功(gong)率及(ji)密(mi)度(du),可以同時(shi)去除(chu)砂輪表面(mian)的金剛石磨粒和結合劑(ji)材料,達到砂輪整形的目的,通(tong)過調(diao)整激(ji)光加工參(can)數,還可以選(xuan)擇性(xing)地去除砂輪表面(mian)的結合(he)劑材料,使金(jin)剛石磨粒具有一(yi)定(ding)的(de)突起(qi)高(gao)度,達到(dao)砂輪(lun)修銳的目(mu)的。
4.2激(ji)光(guang)修整法的優點
激(ji)光修整法是(shi)一種非接觸修整方法,修整時(shi)既沒(mei)有機(ji)械作用(yong)(yong)力、沒(mei)有修整工(gong)具的損耗,激(ji)光作用(yong)(yong)時(shi)間短,作用(yong)(yong)面積(ji)小,對金剛石磨粒和粘結劑都沒(mei)有損傷,確保了(le)粒的磨削性能(neng),且修整效率高,缺點是(shi)修整工(gong)藝較復雜、成本(ben)較高。
5、電解修整法
5.1電解修整(zheng)法(fa)的原理
電解修整法主要用于金屬粘結劑金剛石砂(sha)輪(lun),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)修(xiu)整(zheng)時,金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)結(jie)合劑(ji)砂(sha)輪(lun)與直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)正極(ji)(ji)相(xiang)接做為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)陽極(ji)(ji),工具(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)與直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)負極(ji)(ji)相(xiang)接做為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji),在陽極(ji)(ji)和(he)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)之間(jian)噴入具(ju)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)作(zuo)用的(de)磨(mo)削液(ye)(ye)(ye)做為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye),使金(jin)(jin)剛石砂(sha)輪(lun)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)、工具(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)構成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)回路,修(xiu)整(zheng)時,讓(rang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)充滿陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)與陽極(ji)(ji)之間(jian)的(de)間(jian)隙,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)從砂(sha)輪(lun)經電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)流(liu)向修(xiu)整(zheng)砂(sha)輪(lun),金(jin)(jin)剛石砂(sha)輪(lun)表(biao)面的(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)結(jie)合劑(ji)的(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)成(cheng)份在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)作(zuo)用下,溶于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong),并與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氫氧根(gen)離子化合,生(sheng)成(cheng)微小固(gu)體被流(liu)動的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)帶走(zou),大大降(jiang)低了金(jin)(jin)剛石砂(sha)輪(lun)表(biao)層粘結(jie)強度,這個時候再使用機械修(xiu)整(zheng)法(fa),修(xiu)整(zheng)性能就可以得到了極(ji)(ji)大的(de)改善。所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)修(xiu)整(zheng)是以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學作(zuo)用為(wei)(wei)主,機械作(zuo)用為(wei)(wei)輔進行的(de)一種復合修(xiu)整(zheng)方法(fa)。
5.2電解(jie)修整(zheng)法的(de)特點
電(dian)(dian)解修整(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)可以(yi)方便的(de)實現(xian)金屬(shu)結(jie)合劑金剛石(shi)砂(sha)(sha)輪(lun)在(zai)線電(dian)(dian)解修整(zheng)(zheng),且整(zheng)(zheng)形與(yu)修銳(rui)可同時完成,容易(yi)控制金剛石(shi)砂(sha)(sha)輪(lun)表面(mian)的(de)切削(xue)狀態,用電(dian)(dian)解法(fa)修整(zheng)(zheng)金剛石(shi)砂(sha)(sha)輪(lun)的(de)優點是(shi)修整(zheng)(zheng)時間短、磨削(xue)熱小,避免(mian)了金剛石(shi)砂(sha)(sha)輪(lun)因修整(zheng)(zheng)溫度(du)(du)過高磨粒碳化導致(zhi)砂(sha)(sha)輪(lun)壽(shou)命(ming)下降,缺點是(shi)電(dian)(dian)解修整(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)整(zheng)(zheng)形精(jing)度(du)(du)不(bu)高,修整(zheng)(zheng)成本較大,工(gong)藝(yi)較復雜。
6、結束語
金(jin)剛石(shi)砂(sha)輪的(de)修(xiu)整(zheng)是(shi)實現(xian)硬脆材料的(de)精(jing)密磨(mo)削(xue)(xue)、超精(jing)密磨(mo)削(xue)(xue)、高(gao)效(xiao)磨(mo)削(xue)(xue)、成形(xing)磨(mo)削(xue)(xue)的(de)關鍵。金(jin)剛石(shi)砂(sha)輪的(de)修(xiu)整(zheng)方(fang)法種(zhong)(zhong)類繁多(duo),各具特色,本(ben)文只介(jie)紹了目前研究應用(yong)較廣、修(xiu)整(zheng)效(xiao)果較好(hao)的(de)幾種(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)整(zheng)方(fang)法,在實際應用(yong)中還(huan)要綜合考慮工件、加工等各方(fang)面因素,選擇最優修(xiu)整(zheng)方(fang)案,以達到最佳的(de)修(xiu)整(zheng)效(xiao)果。