一、什么是氣體放電燈

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體放(fang)電(dian)燈(deng)是(shi)指由氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體、金(jin)屬蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或(huo)幾種氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體與(yu)金(jin)屬蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的混合放(fang)電(dian)而發光(guang)的燈(deng)，通過氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體放(fang)電(dian)將電(dian)能轉換為光(guang)的。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體放(fang)電(dian)的種類很多(duo)(duo)，用(yong)的較多(duo)(duo)的是(shi)輝光(guang)放(fang)電(dian)和(he)弧(hu)光(guang)放(fang)電(dian)：輝光(guang)放(fang)電(dian)一般用(yong)于霓(ni)虹(hong)燈(deng)和(he)指示燈(deng)；弧(hu)光(guang)放(fang)電(dian)可有很強(qiang)的光(guang)輸出，照明光(guang)源都采用(yong)弧(hu)光(guang)放(fang)電(dian)。熒(ying)光(guang)燈(deng)、高壓汞燈(deng)、鈉燈(deng)和(he)金(jin)屬鹵(lu)化物燈(deng)是(shi)應(ying)用(yong)最(zui)多(duo)(duo)的照明用(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體放(fang)電(dian)燈(deng)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體放(fang)電(dian)燈(deng)在工(gong)業、農業、醫療衛(wei)生(sheng)和(he)科學研(yan)究(jiu)領域的用(yong)途極為廣泛。

二、氣體放電燈有哪些種類

1、高強度氣體放電燈：由于管壁溫度而(er)建立發光電(dian)弧，其發光管表(biao)面負載(zai)超過3W/cm2的放電(dian)燈。如高壓汞燈、高壓鈉(na)燈、金(jin)屬(shu)鹵化物(wu)燈等(deng)。

2、低氣壓放電燈：熒光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)（低壓汞燈(deng)）、低壓鈉燈(deng)、無極燈(deng)。其中(zhong)的(de)熒光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)是(shi)(shi)應該最廣泛、用量最大的(de)氣體放電光(guang)(guang)源。它具(ju)有結構簡單、光(guang)(guang)效高(gao)、發光(guang)(guang)柔和、壽命長等優點(dian)。熒光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)的(de)發光(guang)(guang)效率是(shi)(shi)白熾(chi)燈(deng)的(de)4-5倍，壽命是(shi)(shi)白熾(chi)燈(deng)的(de)3-8倍，是(shi)(shi)高(gao)效節能光(guang)(guang)源。

氣體放電燈的種類主要有以上兩種，那么它們有什么特點呢？

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三、氣體放電燈泡的特點是什么

1、具有高(gao)效率(lv)，它們可以把(ba)25～30％的輸入電能轉換為光(guang)輸出。

2、壽命長。使用壽命長達1萬小時或2萬小時以上。

3、輻射光譜(pu)具有可(ke)選(xuan)擇性。通(tong)過選(xuan)擇適當的發光物質(zhi)，可(ke)使輻射光譜(pu)集中于所(suo)要(yao)求的波長上，也可(ke)同時(shi)使用幾種(zhong)發光物質(zhi)，以(yi)求獲得最佳的組合光譜(pu)。

4、光輸出維持特(te)性好，在(zai)壽(shou)命終止時仍能提供60～80％的(de)初始光輸出。

四、氣體放電燈鎮流器工作原理是什么

氣(qi)體放電燈(deng)(deng)的(de)工(gong)作離不開氣(qi)體放電燈(deng)(deng)輔(fu)助設備(bei)，因為(wei)它不能(neng)單獨(du)接(jie)到電路中去(qu)，必(bi)須與觸發器、鎮(zhen)流器等輔(fu)助電器一起接(jie)入電路才能(neng)啟(qi)動和穩定工(gong)作。鎮(zhen)流器的(de)工(gong)作原理主要有以(yi)下幾種：

1、電阻鎮流

電(dian)(dian)阻鎮流是依賴電(dian)(dian)阻上(shang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓正(zheng)比于電(dian)(dian)流的(de)關系來調節燈電(dian)(dian)流的(de)，在直流供電(dian)(dian)的(de)氣體放電(dian)(dian)光源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中應(ying)用電(dian)(dian)阻鎮流器，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)簡單、安裝容易。當兼(jian)顧電(dian)(dian)路(lu)效(xiao)率和燈的(de)工作穩定性時(shi)，有VLAMP=0.6Vn時(shi)，η=60%，可以看出鎮流電(dian)(dian)阻的(de)功(gong)耗很大，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)工作效(xiao)率很低。

電阻(zu)(zu)鎮(zhen)流(liu)在(zai)交(jiao)流(liu)供(gong)電中有少量應用，如自鎮(zhen)流(liu)高(gao)壓汞燈(deng)利用鎢(wu)絲作鎮(zhen)流(liu)器件，許多高(gao)頻基準鎮(zhen)流(liu)器也是用電阻(zu)(zu)制成。在(zai)交(jiao)流(liu)電路中使(shi)用電阻(zu)(zu)鎮(zhen)流(liu)器會影響(xiang)燈(deng)電流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)波形，燈(deng)的(de)(de)(de)發光(guang)效率(lv)也會下降，電路穩定性變差，但電路的(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)因數相對較高(gao)。

2、電容鎮流

電(dian)容器在(zai)低頻(pin)交流電(dian)路中(zhong)工作時(shi)，燈電(dian)壓波形近(jin)似為(wei)方(fang)波。由(you)于電(dian)容器不能限制(zhi)瞬時(shi)電(dian)流，所以(yi)會產生(sheng)一個峰值很高的燈電(dian)流，這使燈電(dian)流波形嚴重失真(zhen)，對燈的電(dian)極(ji)產生(sheng)十(shi)分有害的影(ying)響，造(zao)成燈管(guan)壽命縮短，并使燈管(guan)發光閃動，因此電(dian)容鎮流方(fang)式在(zai)低頻(pin)交流電(dian)路中(zhong)很少應用(yong)。

3、電感鎮流

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感鎮流(liu)(liu)是利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感器(qi)的自感原理(li)工(gong)作的，即(ji)它通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓正比(bi)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的時間變化率來調節燈(deng)(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。由于燈(deng)(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)滯(zhi)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一(yi)定位相（所以也稱為滯(zhi)后(hou)型(xing)鎮流(liu)(liu)器(qi)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的功(gong)率因數較低，一(yi)般在(zai)0.5左右。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感鎮流(liu)(liu)對(dui)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的變化較敏感，鎮流(liu)(liu)效果不太穩定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感鎮流(liu)(liu)具有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)簡單、比(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻鎮流(liu)(liu)損耗低、能(neng)改善燈(deng)(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)波(bo)形和工(gong)作穩定等(deng)優點，在(zai)各(ge)類氣體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)中得(de)到(dao)廣泛應(ying)用。

在(zai)高壓氣體放(fang)電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)中，為了獲(huo)得較高的(de)點(dian)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)壓，可以(yi)用(yong)漏磁變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)作為電(dian)(dian)感型(xing)鎮(zhen)流器(qi)(qi)(qi)應用(yong)。漏磁變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)屬(shu)于滯后型(xing)鎮(zhen)流器(qi)(qi)(qi)，雖然體大笨重，噪聲也大，但(dan)它能獲(huo)得比電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓更高的(de)開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)壓，用(yong)于燈(deng)管(guan)電(dian)(dian)壓高于電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)氣體放(fang)電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)（例如霓(ni)虹燈(deng)、冷陰(yin)極燈(deng)、紫外線燈(deng)等）時，能明顯(xian)改(gai)善啟動性能。

4、電感、電容（LC）鎮流

LC鎮流器有(you)兩種形式，一(yi)種是由電(dian)感和(he)電(dian)容串聯組成的(de)(de)鎮流器，通常設計成容抗(kang)(kang)比感抗(kang)(kang)大，使電(dian)路總體上呈容性。當容抗(kang)(kang)為感抗(kang)(kang)的(de)(de)2.76倍時，電(dian)路的(de)(de)恒(heng)流特性最(zui)穩定。這種鎮流電(dian)路的(de)(de)燈電(dian)流超前電(dian)源電(dian)壓一(yi)定的(de)(de)相位，屬于(yu)超前型鎮流器。

LC超前(qian)型(xing)鎮流器(qi)功耗較(jiao)小(xiao)，有較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩流特(te)性，燈(deng)啟動時的(de)(de)(de)(de)短路特(te)性也好，與滯后型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感鎮流器(qi)配合應用，可(ke)較(jiao)好地改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率因(yin)數。但(dan)因(yin)為燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流過零時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)峰值與燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)方向正(zheng)好相反，重復電(dian)(dian)(dian)離的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓較(jiao)低，致(zhi)使重復著火能力較(jiao)差(cha)。

5、電子鎮流

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子鎮(zhen)流(liu)器是(shi)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)件組合而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)新型(xing)鎮(zhen)流(liu)器，它實質上是(shi)一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源變換(huan)器，將工頻(pin)(pin)交(jiao)流(liu)轉換(huan)為20～100kHz的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，用以(yi)啟動并點亮(liang)熒光(guang)燈。采用高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子鎮(zhen)流(liu)器可以(yi)提高(gao)燈管的(de)(de)發光(guang)效率，避免工頻(pin)(pin)噪聲，減小鎮(zhen)流(liu)器的(de)(de)體積和重量，提高(gao)功率因數，并易于(yu)實現智(zhi)能控制。原(yuan)則(ze)上適(shi)用于(yu)各類氣體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈，但對熒光(guang)燈特別是(shi)緊湊型(xing)熒光(guang)燈的(de)(de)應用發展(zhan)更為迅速。