一、什么是氣體放電燈
氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)放(fang)電燈(deng)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)由氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、金屬蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)或幾種氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)與金屬蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)混(hun)合放(fang)電而發光(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)燈(deng),通(tong)過氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)放(fang)電將電能轉(zhuan)換(huan)為光(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)。氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)放(fang)電的(de)(de)種類很多(duo)(duo),用的(de)(de)較多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)輝(hui)光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電和(he)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電:輝(hui)光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電一般用于霓虹燈(deng)和(he)指(zhi)示燈(deng);弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電可有很強的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)輸出,照明(ming)光(guang)(guang)源都采用弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)放(fang)電。熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)燈(deng)、高壓汞燈(deng)、鈉燈(deng)和(he)金屬鹵(lu)化物燈(deng)是(shi)(shi)應用最多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)照明(ming)用氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)放(fang)電燈(deng)。氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)放(fang)電燈(deng)在(zai)工業、農業、醫(yi)療衛生和(he)科學研究領域的(de)(de)用途極為廣泛。
二、氣體放電燈有哪些種類
1、高強度氣體放電燈:由于管壁溫度而建立發光電弧(hu),其發光管表面負(fu)載超過3W/cm2的放電燈(deng)。如高壓汞(gong)燈(deng)、高壓鈉燈(deng)、金(jin)屬(shu)鹵化(hua)物燈(deng)等(deng)。
2、低氣壓放電燈:熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(低壓汞燈(deng)(deng))、低壓鈉燈(deng)(deng)、無(wu)極燈(deng)(deng)。其(qi)中的(de)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)是(shi)(shi)應該最廣泛、用量最大的(de)氣體放電光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源。它具有結構簡(jian)單、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)效高、發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柔和、壽命長(chang)等(deng)優點。熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)的(de)發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)效率是(shi)(shi)白(bai)熾燈(deng)(deng)的(de)4-5倍,壽命是(shi)(shi)白(bai)熾燈(deng)(deng)的(de)3-8倍,是(shi)(shi)高效節能光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源。
氣(qi)體放電燈的(de)種類主要有以上兩種,那么它(ta)們有什(shen)么特點(dian)呢?
三、氣體放電燈泡的特點是什么
1、具有(you)高效率,它們(men)可(ke)以把(ba)25~30%的輸(shu)入電(dian)能(neng)轉換為(wei)光輸(shu)出。
2、壽命長(chang)。使用壽命長(chang)達1萬小(xiao)時(shi)或2萬小(xiao)時(shi)以上。
3、輻射光譜具有可(ke)選(xuan)擇(ze)性。通過選(xuan)擇(ze)適(shi)當的(de)發光物質,可(ke)使輻射光譜集(ji)中于所(suo)要求的(de)波長上(shang),也可(ke)同時使用(yong)幾種發光物質,以求獲得最佳的(de)組合光譜。
4、光輸出維持(chi)特性好,在壽命終止時(shi)仍能提供60~80%的(de)初始光輸出。
四、氣體放電燈鎮流器工作原理是什么
氣體放電燈的工(gong)作(zuo)離(li)不(bu)開(kai)氣體放電燈輔助(zhu)設備,因(yin)為它(ta)不(bu)能(neng)單(dan)獨(du)接到電路中去,必須與觸發器、鎮(zhen)(zhen)流器等輔助(zhu)電器一起接入電路才能(neng)啟動和穩定工(gong)作(zuo)。鎮(zhen)(zhen)流器的工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)理主要(yao)有以下幾種:
1、電阻鎮流
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻鎮流是依(yi)賴電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)正比(bi)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)關系來(lai)調節燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de),在直流供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)氣體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中應用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻鎮流器(qi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)簡單、安裝容(rong)易。當兼顧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)效率(lv)和燈(deng)的(de)工(gong)作穩(wen)定性時,有VLAMP=0.6Vn時,η=60%,可(ke)以看出鎮流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)功耗很大,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)工(gong)作效率(lv)很低。
電(dian)(dian)阻鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)供電(dian)(dian)中(zhong)有少(shao)量應用,如自鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)高(gao)壓汞燈(deng)利用鎢絲作鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)件,許多高(gao)頻(pin)基準(zhun)鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)也是用電(dian)(dian)阻制成。在交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)使用電(dian)(dian)阻鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)會(hui)(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的波形,燈(deng)的發光效率也會(hui)(hui)下降,電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)穩(wen)定(ding)性變差,但電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的功率因數相對較高(gao)。
2、電容鎮流
電(dian)容器在(zai)低頻交流電(dian)路中(zhong)工(gong)作時,燈(deng)電(dian)壓波(bo)(bo)形(xing)近似為(wei)方(fang)波(bo)(bo)。由于電(dian)容器不能(neng)限(xian)制瞬時電(dian)流,所以會產生一(yi)個(ge)峰值很高的(de)燈(deng)電(dian)流,這使(shi)燈(deng)電(dian)流波(bo)(bo)形(xing)嚴(yan)重(zhong)失(shi)真(zhen),對燈(deng)的(de)電(dian)極產生十分(fen)有害的(de)影響(xiang),造(zao)成燈(deng)管(guan)壽命縮短,并使(shi)燈(deng)管(guan)發光(guang)閃動,因此電(dian)容鎮流方(fang)式在(zai)低頻交流電(dian)路中(zhong)很少應用。
3、電感鎮流
電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)鎮流(liu)(liu)(liu)是利(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)器(qi)的(de)(de)自感(gan)原理工作(zuo)的(de)(de),即它通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)正比于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)時間變(bian)化率來調節燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。由于(yu)燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)滯(zhi)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)一定位相(xiang)(所(suo)以也(ye)稱為滯(zhi)后(hou)型鎮流(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)),電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)功率因數較低(di)(di),一般在0.5左(zuo)右。電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)鎮流(liu)(liu)(liu)對供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)變(bian)化較敏感(gan),鎮流(liu)(liu)(liu)效果(guo)不(bu)太穩(wen)定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)鎮流(liu)(liu)(liu)具有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)簡單、比電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻鎮流(liu)(liu)(liu)損耗低(di)(di)、能改善燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)波(bo)形和工作(zuo)穩(wen)定等優點,在各類氣(qi)體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)燈中得到廣泛應用。
在高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)氣體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)中(zhong),為(wei)了(le)獲得(de)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)點火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),可以(yi)用漏磁變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感型鎮(zhen)流器(qi)(qi)應用。漏磁變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)屬(shu)于滯(zhi)后型鎮(zhen)流器(qi)(qi),雖然體(ti)大笨重,噪聲也大,但它能(neng)獲得(de)比電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)更(geng)高(gao)的(de)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),用于燈(deng)(deng)管電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)氣體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)(例如霓虹燈(deng)(deng)、冷陰極(ji)燈(deng)(deng)、紫外線(xian)燈(deng)(deng)等)時,能(neng)明顯改善(shan)啟動性能(neng)。
4、電感、電容(LC)鎮流
LC鎮流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)有兩種形式(shi),一(yi)種是由電(dian)感(gan)(gan)和電(dian)容(rong)串聯(lian)組成(cheng)的(de)(de)鎮流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi),通(tong)常設計成(cheng)容(rong)抗比感(gan)(gan)抗大,使電(dian)路總體上呈容(rong)性。當容(rong)抗為感(gan)(gan)抗的(de)(de)2.76倍時,電(dian)路的(de)(de)恒流(liu)(liu)特性最(zui)穩定(ding)(ding)。這種鎮流(liu)(liu)電(dian)路的(de)(de)燈電(dian)流(liu)(liu)超前電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)壓(ya)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)相(xiang)位,屬于超前型鎮流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)。
LC超前型(xing)鎮流(liu)器(qi)功耗較小,有較好的(de)(de)穩流(liu)特性(xing),燈(deng)啟(qi)動時的(de)(de)短路(lu)特性(xing)也好,與滯(zhi)后型(xing)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感鎮流(liu)器(qi)配(pei)合應用,可較好地改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)功率因數(shu)。但因為燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過零時,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)峰值與燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)方向正好相反,重復(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓較低,致使重復(fu)著(zhu)火能(neng)力(li)較差。
5、電子鎮流
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)是由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件組合(he)而成的(de)新(xin)型鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)器(qi),它(ta)實(shi)質(zhi)上(shang)是一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源變換(huan)器(qi),將工(gong)頻交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)換(huan)為20~100kHz的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,用以啟動并點亮熒光(guang)燈(deng)。采用高頻交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)可以提(ti)高燈(deng)管(guan)的(de)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)效率,避(bi)免工(gong)頻噪聲,減小鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)的(de)體(ti)(ti)積(ji)和重量,提(ti)高功率因數,并易于(yu)實(shi)現智能控制。原則上(shang)適用于(yu)各(ge)類氣體(ti)(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈(deng),但對熒光(guang)燈(deng)特別(bie)是緊湊(cou)型熒光(guang)燈(deng)的(de)應用發(fa)(fa)展更為迅速。
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