【建筑模(mo)(mo)板(ban)】什么(me)是建筑模(mo)(mo)板(ban) 建筑模(mo)(mo)板(ban)種類有哪些
一、什么是建筑模板
建筑(zhu)模板是一種臨時(shi)性支護結(jie)構(gou),按設計(ji)要求制作,使混凝土(tu)(tu)結(jie)構(gou)、構(gou)件按規定的(de)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)、幾何尺寸(cun)成形,保持其正確位(wei)(wei)置(zhi),并承受建筑(zhu)模板自(zi)重及(ji)作用在其上的(de)外部荷(he)載(zai)。進行模板工(gong)(gong)程的(de)目的(de),是保證混凝土(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程質量與施工(gong)(gong)安全、加(jia)快施工(gong)(gong)進度和(he)降低(di)工(gong)(gong)程成本(ben)。
二、建筑模板的組成部件
現澆混(hun)凝(ning)土結(jie)構工程施工用的建(jian)筑模板(ban)結(jie)構,主要由面板(ban)、支撐結(jie)構和連接件三部(bu)分組成(cheng)。
1、面(mian)板是(shi)直接(jie)接(jie)觸新(xin)澆混(hun)凝土的(de)承力板;
2、支撐結構則是支承面板、混凝土和施工荷載的臨時結構,保證建筑(zhu)模板結構牢固(gu)地組合,做到(dao)不(bu)變形(xing)、不(bu)破壞;
3、連接件是將面板與支撐結構連接成(cheng)整體的配件。
三、建筑模板的分類
(一)按材料分類
模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)按所用(yong)的材(cai)料不同,分為木模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、鋼木模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、鋼模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、鋼竹模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、膠合(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、塑料模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、玻璃(li)鋼模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、鋁合(he)金(jin)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等(deng)。
1、木模(mo)板(ban)(ban)的樹種可(ke)按各地區(qu)實際情況(kuang)選(xuan)用(yong),一般多為(wei)松木和杉(shan)木。由于木模(mo)板(ban)(ban)木材消耗(hao)量(liang)(liang)大、重(zhong)復使用(yong)率低,為(wei)節約木材,在現澆鋼(gang)筋混凝(ning)土結構中應(ying)盡量(liang)(liang)少用(yong)或不用(yong)木模(mo)板(ban)(ban)。 鋼(gang)木模(mo)板(ban)(ban)是(shi)以角鋼(gang)為(wei)邊框,以木板(ban)(ban)作面(mian)板(ban)(ban)的定(ding)型(xing)模(mo)板(ban)(ban),其優點(dian)是(shi)可(ke)以充分(fen)利用(yong)短木料并(bing)能多次周轉(zhuan)使用(yong);
2、膠合(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)是以(yi)(yi)膠合(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為(wei)面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),角(jiao)鋼(gang)為(wei)邊框的(de)定型模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。以(yi)(yi)膠合(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為(wei)面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),克服(fu)了木材的(de)不等方向性的(de)缺點(dian)(dian),受(shou)力性能(neng)好。這種模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)具有強度高、自重小(xiao)、不翹曲、不開裂及板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)幅(fu)大(da)、接縫少的(de)優點(dian)(dian)。鋼(gang)竹模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)是以(yi)(yi)角(jiao)鋼(gang)為(wei)邊框,以(yi)(yi)竹編(bian)膠合(he)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為(wei)面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)定型板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。這種模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)剛度較大(da)、不易變形、重量(liang)輕、操作方便;
3、鋼(gang)模(mo)板(ban)一般(ban)均做成定型模(mo)板(ban),用(yong)(yong)連接(jie)構件(jian)拼裝成各種形(xing)狀和(he)尺寸(cun),適用(yong)(yong)于多(duo)種結構形(xing)式(shi),在現澆鋼(gang)筋混凝土結構施工中廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。鋼(gang)模(mo)板(ban)一次投資量大,但周(zhou)轉率高,在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)過程中應(ying)注意保管(guan)和(he)維護、防止(zhi)生銹(xiu)以延長(chang)鋼(gang)模(mo)板(ban)的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命;
4、塑料模板、玻璃鋼模板、鋁合金模板具(ju)有重量(liang)輕、剛度大(da)、拼裝方便、周轉率高的(de)特(te)點,但(dan)由于造價較(jiao)高,在施工中尚未普遍使(shi)用。
(二)按結構類型分類
各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)現澆鋼筋混凝(ning)土結構(gou)(gou)(gou)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件,由于(yu)其形狀、尺寸、構(gou)(gou)(gou)造不(bu)同,模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)構(gou)(gou)(gou)造及組(zu)裝方法也不(bu)同,形成各(ge)自的(de)特點。按結構(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)類型模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)分為:基礎模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、柱(zhu)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、梁模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、樓(lou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、樓(lou)梯模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、墻模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、殼模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、煙囪模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)等多種(zhong)(zhong)。
(三)按施工方法分類
1、現場裝拆式模板(ban)
在施工現(xian)(xian)場按照設(she)計要求(qiu)的(de)結構形狀,尺寸及(ji)空間位置現(xian)(xian)場組裝的(de)模(mo)(mo)板(ban),當(dang)混凝土達到拆模(mo)(mo)強度(du)后拆除模(mo)(mo)板(ban)。現(xian)(xian)場裝拆式(shi)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)多用定形模(mo)(mo)板(ban)和工具式(shi)支撐;
2、固定式模板
制作(zuo)預(yu)制構件用的模(mo)(mo)(mo)板。按(an)照(zhao)構件的形(xing)狀、尺寸在現(xian)場或預(yu)制廠制作(zuo)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板。各種胎(tai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(土(tu)胎(tai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)、磚(zhuan)胎(tai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)、混凝土(tu)胎(tai)模(mo)(mo)(mo))即屬固定式模(mo)(mo)(mo)板;
3、移動式模板
隨(sui)著混凝(ning)土(tu)的澆筑(zhu),模(mo)(mo)板(ban)可沿垂直方向或水(shui)平方向移(yi)(yi)動(dong),稱為移(yi)(yi)動(dong)式模(mo)(mo)板(ban)。如(ru)煙(yan)囪、水(shui)塔、墻柱混凝(ning)土(tu)澆筑(zhu)時(shi)采用(yong)的滑升(sheng)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)、提升(sheng)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)和筒殼澆筑(zhu)混凝(ning)土(tu)時(shi)采用(yong)的水(shui)平移(yi)(yi)動(dong)式模(mo)(mo)板(ban)等。