混合(he)動(dong)力車的分類 混合(he)動(dong)力車的缺(que)點(dian)有哪(na)些
混(hun)合動力車的分類 混(hun)合動力車的缺點有哪些
一、混合動力車的分類
A、根據(ju)混合動(dong)力(li)驅動(dong)的聯結方式,混合動(dong)力(li)系統主要分為以下三(san)類(lei):
一(yi)是串聯(lian)式混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(Series Hybrid)。串聯(lian)式混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)一(yi)般由內(nei)燃機(ji)直接帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)發電(dian)機(ji)發電(dian),產(chan)生的(de)電(dian)能通過控制單元傳到電(dian)池,再由電(dian)池傳輸給電(dian)機(ji)轉化為動(dong)(dong)能,最后(hou)通過變(bian)速機(ji)構來驅動(dong)(dong)汽車。在這種聯(lian)結方式下,電(dian)池就(jiu)象一(yi)個水庫,只是調節(jie)的(de)對象不是水量(liang)(liang),而(er)是電(dian)能。電(dian)池對在發電(dian)機(ji)產(chan)生的(de)能量(liang)(liang)和(he)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)需(xu)要的(de)能量(liang)(liang)之間進行(xing)調節(jie),從(cong)而(er)保證車輛正常(chang)工作(zuo)。這種動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)在城(cheng)市公交上的(de)應(ying)用比較(jiao)多,轎車上很少使用。
二(er)是并聯式混合動(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(Parallel Hybrid)。并聯式混合動(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)有兩(liang)套驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong):傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)內(nei)燃機系(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)電(dian)機驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。兩(liang)個系(xi)統(tong)(tong)既(ji)可(ke)以同時(shi)協調(diao)工作,也可(ke)以各自單(dan)獨工作驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)汽(qi)車。這種(zhong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)適(shi)用于多種(zhong)不同的(de)行駛工況,尤其適(shi)用于復雜(za)的(de)路況。該(gai)聯結方式結構簡單(dan),成本低。
三(san)是混(hun)(hun)聯(lian)式(shi)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統。混(hun)(hun)聯(lian)式(shi)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統的特點在于內燃(ran)機(ji)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統和電機(ji)驅動系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統各有一套機(ji)械變速(su)機(ji)構(gou),兩套機(ji)構(gou)或(huo)通過齒輪系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),或(huo)采用行星(xing)輪式(shi)結構(gou)結合(he)(he)在一起,從而綜(zong)合(he)(he)調節內燃(ran)機(ji)與(yu)(yu)電動機(ji)之間的轉速(su)關系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。與(yu)(yu)并(bing)聯(lian)式(shi)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統相比,混(hun)(hun)聯(lian)式(shi)動力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統可以(yi)更加靈活地根據工況(kuang)來調節內燃(ran)機(ji)的功(gong)率輸(shu)出和電機(ji)的運轉。此(ci)聯(lian)結方式(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統復雜,成本(ben)高。
B、根(gen)據在混(hun)合動力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中,電機的(de)輸出(chu)功率在整個系(xi)(xi)統(tong)輸出(chu)功率中占的(de)比重(zhong),也就是常說的(de)混(hun)合度(du)的(de)不同,混(hun)合動力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)還可(ke)以分為(wei)以下(xia)四類:
一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)微(wei)混合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系統(tong)(tong)。這種(zhong)(zhong)混合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系統(tong)(tong)在傳統(tong)(tong)內燃機上的(de)(de)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)為12V)上加裝(zhuang)了(le)皮帶驅動(dong)(dong)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(也就是(shi)常說的(de)(de)Belt-alternator Starter Generator, 簡(jian)稱BSG系統(tong)(tong))。該電(dian)(dian)(dian)機為發電(dian)(dian)(dian)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(Stop-Start)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機,用來控(kong)制發動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)和(he)停止,從而取消(xiao)了(le)發動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)怠速,降(jiang)低了(le)油耗和(he)排放(fang)。從嚴(yan)格意義(yi)上來講,這種(zhong)(zhong)微(wei)混合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)車不屬于真正的(de)(de)混合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)汽(qi)(qi)車,因為它的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機并沒有為汽(qi)(qi)車行駛提供持續(xu)的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)。在微(wei)混合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系統(tong)(tong)里,電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)通(tong)常有兩種(zhong)(zhong):12v 和(he)42v。其中(zhong)42v主(zhu)要用于柴油混合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系統(tong)(tong)。
二(er)是(shi)(shi)輕(qing)混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。代表車(che)型是(shi)(shi)通(tong)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)皮卡(ka)車(che)。該(gai)混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)采用(yong)了(le)(le)集成(cheng)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)電機(ji)(ji)(也就是(shi)(shi)常說的(de)(de)(de)(de)Integrated Starter Generator,簡(jian)稱ISG系(xi)(xi)統(tong))。與微(wei)混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)相比,輕(qing)混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)除了(le)(le)能(neng)(neng)夠實現用(yong)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)控制發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)和停止(zhi),還能(neng)(neng)夠實現:(1)在減速和制動(dong)(dong)(dong)工況下,對部分能(neng)(neng)量(liang)進行吸收;(2)在行駛過程中,發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)等速運轉,發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)可以在車(che)輪的(de)(de)(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)需求和發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充電需求之間進行調(diao)節(jie)。輕(qing)混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合度一般(ban)在20%以下。
三是中混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統。該混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統同樣采用(yong)了ISG系(xi)(xi)統。與(yu)輕度混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統不(bu)同,中混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統采用(yong)的(de)(de)是高(gao)壓電(dian)機(ji)。另外,中混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統還增(zeng)加(jia)了一個功能:在汽車處于加(jia)速或者大負(fu)荷工況時(shi),電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)能夠輔助驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)車輪,從而補充發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)本身動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)輸出(chu)的(de)(de)不(bu)足(zu),從而更好的(de)(de)提高(gao)整(zheng)車的(de)(de)性能。這種系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)程(cheng)度較(jiao)高(gao),可以達到30%左右(you),技術已(yi)經成熟,應用(yong)廣泛(fan)。
四是(shi)完全(quan)(quan)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)統。該系(xi)統采用(yong)了272-650v的(de)高壓啟動(dong)電機,混(hun)合(he)程度(du)更(geng)高。與中(zhong)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)統相比,完全(quan)(quan)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)混(hun)合(he)度(du)可(ke)以(yi)達到(dao)甚至超過50%。技術的(de)發展將使得完全(quan)(quan)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)統逐漸成為混(hun)合(he)動(dong)力(li)技術的(de)主要發展方向。
二、混合動力車的缺點有哪些
混合動力(li)車輛的(de)(de)缺點是在純電力(li)模(mo)式的(de)(de)噪音過(guo)低,行人無法借由聲音來(lai)察覺行駛中(zhong)的(de)(de)車輛,容(rong)易造成危(wei)險;最好加裝喇叭制造警示音。
電池重(zhong)量會(hui)讓汽車更重(zhong),因此研發更輕的電池可以增加效(xiao)益。
必(bi)須確保電池所需(xu)的鋰礦(kuang)安(an)全及(ji)供應量;馬達需(xu)要的稀(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)金(jin)屬(shu)目(mu)前被中(zhong)國壟斷(duan),政治風(feng)險高;中(zhong)國對稀(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)礦(kuang)場的管(guan)理差,稀(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)價格也沒有反應開采稀(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)需(xu)要的污染防制(zhi)及(ji)安(an)全成本。
不論(lun)以環保或經濟觀(guan)點,目(mu)前的(de)油電兩用車(che)并(bing)不適合只有在假日使用的(de)人士,這(zhe)是(shi)因為:
價(jia)格較(jiao)高(gao),必須降低電池(chi)等成(cheng)本,以利普及(ji)。
普通鎳(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池有(you)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)問題(經常使(shi)用效益才夠(gou)高(gao)),低(di)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)鎳(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池和可供車用的鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池目(mu)前(qian)價格容(rong)量比(bi)還比(bi)較高(gao)。
電(dian)池制(zhi)造及回(hui)收(shou)會(hui)消耗能源(yuan)、制(zhi)造污(wu)染(ran),需要進一(yi)步降(jiang)低電(dian)池污(wu)染(ran)及耗能;否則目前的油(you)電(dian)兩用車輛要在行(xing)駛(shi)數萬公里以后才會(hui)有(you)環保效益。