新能(neng)(neng)源汽車(che)是(shi)什么 新能(neng)(neng)源電動(dong)汽車(che)特點 新能(neng)(neng)源汽車(che)的原理

新能源汽(qi)車是(shi)什么 新能源汽(qi)車特(te)點 新能源汽(qi)車的(de)原理

一、新能源汽車特點

混合動力汽車

優點：

1、采用(yong)混合動力后可按平均需用(yong)的(de)功率(lv)(lv)來(lai)確定內(nei)(nei)燃機(ji)(ji)的(de)最大功率(lv)(lv)，此時(shi)處(chu)于(yu)油耗低、污染少(shao)的(de)最優(you)工況(kuang)下工作(zuo)。需要(yao)大功率(lv)(lv)內(nei)(nei)燃機(ji)(ji)功率(lv)(lv)不足時(shi)，由電池來(lai)補(bu)充；負荷少(shao)時(shi)，富余的(de)功率(lv)(lv)可發電給(gei)電池充電，由于(yu)內(nei)(nei)燃機(ji)(ji)可持續(xu)工作(zuo)，電池又可以(yi)不斷(duan)得到充電，故其行程和普通汽車一樣。

2、因為有了電池， 可以(yi)十(shi)分方便地回收(shou)制動時、下(xia)坡時、怠速時的(de)能量。

3、在繁華(hua)市區(qu)，可關(guan)停(ting)內燃機，由(you)電池(chi)單獨驅動，實現(xian)“零”排放。

4、有(you)了(le)內燃機可以(yi)十(shi)分方(fang)便地解決耗能大(da)的空調、取暖、除霜等(deng)純電動汽車遇到的難題(ti)。

5、可以利(li)用現有的加油站加油，不必(bi)再投資。

6、可讓電(dian)池保(bao)持(chi)在良好的(de)工作狀態，不發(fa)生過(guo)充、過(guo)放，延長其使用壽(shou)命，降低(di)成本。

缺點(dian)：長距離高速(su)行駛基本(ben)不(bu)能省油。

純電動汽車

優點：技術相對簡單成(cheng)熟，只要有(you)電力供(gong)應(ying)的地方(fang)都能夠充電。

缺點：蓄電池單位重量儲存的能量太少，還因電動車的電池較貴，又沒形成經濟規模，故購買價格較貴，至于使用成本，有些試用結果比汽車貴，有些結果僅為汽車的1/3，這主要取決于電池的壽命及當地的油、電價格。電動汽車知識大講堂>>

燃料電池汽車

與傳統汽車相比(bi)，燃(ran)料電池汽車具(ju)有以下(xia)優點：

1、零排放或近似零排放。

2、減少(shao)了機油(you)泄露帶來的水污(wu)染(ran)。

3、降低了溫室氣體(ti)的排放。

4、提高(gao)了(le)燃油經(jing)濟性。

5、提高了發動機燃燒效率。

6、運行平穩、無噪聲。

氫動力汽車

優點(dian)：排(pai)放物是純(chun)水，行駛時不產生任何污染(ran)物。

缺點：氫(qing)燃料(liao)電池成本過高，而且氫(qing)燃料(liao)的(de)(de)存儲和運輸(shu)按照技術條件來說非常困難，因為氫(qing)分子非常小(xiao)，極易透過儲藏(zang)裝置的(de)(de)外殼逃逸(yi)。另外最致命的(de)(de)問題，氫(qing)氣(qi)的(de)(de)提取需要通過電解水或者利用天然氣(qi)，如此(ci)一來同樣(yang)需要消(xiao)耗大量能源，除非使用核(he)電來提取，否(fou)則無法(fa)從根本上降(jiang)低二氧化碳排放。

超級電容汽車

優點(dian)是充(chong)電時(shi)間短、功(gong)率密度大、容量大、使(shi)用壽命長(chang)、免(mian)維護、經濟(ji)環保等，缺點(dian)是功(gong)率輸出隨著行駛里程(cheng)加長(chang)而衰減，受環境溫度影響(xiang)大等。

二、新能源汽車的組成設備

從(cong)全(quan)球新能源(yuan)汽車(che)(che)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展來(lai)看，其(qi)(qi)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)主要包括鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)，其(qi)(qi)中鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)大(da)多以輔助動力(li)源(yuan)的(de)形式出現。主要原因是(shi)這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)池(chi)技術還(huan)不完全(quan)成熟(shu)或缺點明顯，與(yu)傳統(tong)汽車(che)(che)相比(bi)不管(guan)是(shi)從(cong)成本上(shang)、動力(li)還(huan)是(shi)續航里程(cheng)上(shang)都有不少差距，這(zhe)也是(shi)制約新能源(yuan)汽車(che)(che)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)重(zhong)要原因。

電池

鉛酸蓄電池

鉛酸(suan)蓄電池已有100多年(nian)的(de)歷史，廣泛用作(zuo)內(nei)燃機汽(qi)車(che)的(de)起(qi)動(dong)動(dong)力源。它(ta)也(ye)是(shi)成熟的(de)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)蓄電池，它(ta)可(ke)靠性好、原材料易得、價格便宜；比功(gong)率也(ye)基本上(shang)能滿足電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)動(dong)力性要(yao)求(qiu)。但它(ta)有兩大(da)(da)缺點；一是(shi)比能量低，所占的(de)質量和體積(ji)太大(da)(da)，且一次充電行駛里程(cheng)較短；另一個是(shi)使(shi)用壽命短，使(shi)用成本過高。

鎳氫蓄電池

鎳(nie)氫蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)屬于堿性電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，鎳(nie)氫蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)循環使用(yong)壽命較(jiao)長，無記(ji)憶效應(ying)，但價格(ge)較(jiao)高。國(guo)外(wai)生產電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)鎳(nie)氫蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)公(gong)司主要是Ovonie、豐田和松下的(de)一個合資公(gong)司。Ovonie現有80A·h和130A·h兩種(zhong)單元(yuan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其比能量達(da)75－80W·h/kg，循環使用(yong)壽命超過(guo)600次。這種(zhong)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)裝在幾種(zhong)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)上試(shi)用(yong)，其中一類車(che)一次充電(dian)可行(xing)駛345km，有一輛車(che)一年(nian)中行(xing)駛了8萬多公(gong)里。由(you)于價格(ge)較(jiao)高，目(mu)前(qian)尚(shang)未大(da)批量生產。國(guo)內已開發(fa)出55A·h和100A·h 單元(yuan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，比能量達(da)65 W·h/kg，功率(lv)密度大(da)于800W/kg的(de)鎳(nie)氫蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

鋰離子電池

鋰離子(zi)二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)作為新型(xing)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、高能量密(mi)度的可充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其(qi)獨特(te)的物理(li)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學性(xing)能，具有廣泛的民用(yong)(yong)(yong)和國(guo)防應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的前(qian)景。其(qi)突出的特(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)：重(zhong)量輕、儲能大、無(wu)污染(ran)(ran)、無(wu)記憶效(xiao)應、使用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命長。在(zai)同(tong)體積(ji)重(zhong)量情況下，鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)是(shi)(shi)鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的1.6倍，是(shi)(shi)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的4倍，并且人類(lei)只開發(fa)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)了其(qi)理(li)論電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的20%～30%，開發(fa)前(qian)景非常光明。同(tong)時(shi)它是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)真正的綠(lv)色環保(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，不會對環境造(zao)成污染(ran)(ran)，是(shi)(shi)目前(qian)最佳的能應用(yong)(yong)(yong)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。我國(guo)從二十世紀(ji)九十年(nian)代開始(shi)開發(fa)和利用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，至今已取(qu)得突破性(xing)進(jin)展，研(yan)制出了完全擁有自主(zhu)知識產(chan)權的鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

鎳鎘電池

鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用廣泛程度(du)僅次(ci)(ci)于(yu)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其(qi)(qi)比(bi)能(neng)量可達55W·h/kg，比(bi)功率超過190W/kg。可快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，循(xun)環使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)較長，是鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)兩倍多(duo)，可達到(dao)2000多(duo)次(ci)(ci)，但價(jia)格為鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)4～5倍。它的(de)(de)(de)初(chu)期購置成(cheng)本(ben)雖高，但由于(yu)其(qi)(qi)在能(neng)量和使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)方面的(de)(de)(de)優勢，因此其(qi)(qi)長期的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際使(shi)(shi)用成(cheng)本(ben)并(bing)不(bu)高。缺(que)點是有(you)“記(ji)憶效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)”，容易因為充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)不(bu)良(liang)而導致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)可用容量減(jian)小。須在使(shi)(shi)用十次(ci)(ci)左右后，作(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)完全(quan)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)，如果已經(jing)有(you)了“記(ji)憶效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)”，應(ying)(ying)連(lian)續作(zuo)(zuo)3～5次(ci)(ci)完全(quan)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)，以釋放記(ji)憶。另外(wai)鎘(ge)有(you)毒，使(shi)(shi)用中要注意(yi)做好回收工作(zuo)(zuo)，以免鎘(ge)造成(cheng)環境污染。

鈉硫蓄電池

鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的優(you)點(dian)：一(yi)個是(shi)比能(neng)量(liang)高(gao)。其理論比能(neng)量(liang)為760W·h/kg，實際已大于(yu)(yu)100W·h/kg，是(shi)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的3～4倍(bei)；另一(yi)個是(shi)可大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流、高(gao)功率(lv)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。其放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度(du)(du)一(yi)般可達(da)200～300mA/mm2，并瞬時間(jian)可放(fang)出其3倍(bei)的固有能(neng)量(liang)；再一(yi)個是(shi)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)高(gao)。由于(yu)(yu)采用(yong)(yong)固體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)，所以(yi)沒有通(tong)常采用(yong)(yong)液體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的那種自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)副反應，充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流效(xiao)率(lv)幾乎100%。鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)缺(que)點(dian)，主要(yao)其工作溫(wen)度(du)(du)在300～350℃，所以(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作時需(xu)要(yao)一(yi)定(ding)的加(jia)熱(re)保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)。而高(gao)溫(wen)腐蝕嚴重，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命較短。已有采用(yong)(yong)高(gao)性能(neng)的真空絕熱(re)保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)技術，可有效(xiao)地解(jie)(jie)決(jue)這一(yi)問題(ti)。也有性能(neng)穩(wen)定(ding)性及(ji)使用(yong)(yong)安全性不太理想等問題(ti)。

電池優勢類型

2009年(nian)2月份(fen)，財(cai)政(zheng)部、科技(ji)部發(fa)出的(de)《節能與新能源(yuan)汽車(che)示(shi)范推(tui)廣財(cai)政(zheng)補(bu)(bu)(bu)助資金管理暫行辦法》中提(ti)到，對使用鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池和(he)使用鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池兩類的(de)混(hun)合動(dong)力汽車(che)進(jin)行補(bu)(bu)(bu)貼(tie)，最高補(bu)(bu)(bu)貼(tie)額分別為8萬元(yuan)/輛(liang)和(he)42萬元(yuan)/輛(liang)。而2010年(nian)6月發(fa)布(bu)的(de)新能源(yuan)車(che)補(bu)(bu)(bu)貼(tie)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量為確(que)定(ding)(ding)補(bu)(bu)(bu)貼(tie)的(de)唯一指標，鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池完(wan)全(quan)被否定(ding)(ding)。前期的(de)新能源(yuan)車(che)定(ding)(ding)義(yi)中包括鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)項目，而此(ci)次明確(que)補(bu)(bu)(bu)貼(tie)的(de)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不包括鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。而且(qie)作為混(hun)合動(dong)力主(zhu)力的(de)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池也將很少補(bu)(bu)(bu)貼(tie)。可(ke)見，在政(zheng)策層面，鋰離子(zi)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池和(he)超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)的(de)最大(da)的(de)獲益對象。

電池價格趨勢

就價(jia)格(ge)趨勢來看，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)用(yong)快充鋰離(li)子(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)價(jia)格(ge)在(zai)(zai)$1600/kwh 左右，普通鋰離(li)子(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)價(jia)格(ge)在(zai)(zai)$500/kwh，按照美國汽油和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)價(jia)格(ge)趨勢，在(zai)(zai)汽車(che)的(de)(de)整個使(shi)用(yong)周期內，100km續(xu)航能力(li)(li)的(de)(de)快充鋰離(li)子(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)使(shi)用(yong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)比性(xing)能相當的(de)(de)汽油內燃(ran)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機汽車(che)高25%。一旦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)用(yong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)價(jia)格(ge)下降到(dao)$200-300/kwh，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)使(shi)用(yong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)將與(yu)傳(chuan)統汽車(che)相當。根據預(yu)測(ce)，在(zai)(zai)各國相關政(zheng)策的(de)(de)鼓(gu)勵下，2020年全球電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)用(yong)鋰離(li)子(zi)需(xu)求接近50Gwh，快充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)2020 年有望下降到(dao)$400-500/kwh，普通動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)價(jia)格(ge)能下降到(dao)$200-300/kwh。

充電站

汽(qi)(qi)車(che)充電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和汽(qi)(qi)車(che)加(jia)油(you)站(zhan)相類(lei)似，是一種(zhong)“加(jia)電(dian)(dian)”的(de)設備。是一種(zhong)高效率的(de)充電(dian)(dian)器，可以快速的(de)給(gei)手機、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)等充電(dian)(dian)。