什么是漏電保護器?
漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):就是(shi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)入(ru)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和流(liu)(liu)(liu)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不等,意味著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)回路(lu)中還有其(qi)它(ta)分支(zhi),可能是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)過人體(ti)進入(ru)大地。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi),將呈現異常的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓信號,漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)通(tong)過檢(jian)測此異常信號,使執行機構動(dong)(dong)作。我們(men)把根(gen)據故障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)作的(de)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)叫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)型(xing)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi),根(gen)據故障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓動(dong)(dong)作的(de)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)叫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓型(xing)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓型(xing)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)結(jie)構復雜,受外界干擾(rao)動(dong)(dong)作特性(xing)穩定(ding)性(xing)差,制造成(cheng)本(ben)高(gao),現已基本(ben)淘(tao)汰。目前以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)型(xing)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為主導地位。
家(jia)用的(de)漏(lou)電保護(hu)器接入(ru)端有(you)“火(huo)(huo)”“零”兩根線。如果“火(huo)(huo)”和“零”線流(liu)過(guo)的(de)電流(liu)不(bu)等(deng),那么感(gan)應線圈就會識(shi)別微小(xiao)差別,并通過(guo)控制部分,迅(xun)速切斷開關(跳閘)。保護(hu)漏(lou)電流(liu)通常閾(yu)值為20mA。
但漏電保(bao)護(hu)器是通過控制某個開關斷(duan)開來實現(xian)的(de),它不能(neng)(neng)保(bao)證在整個供電回路出現(xian)短(duan)(duan)路時開關觸點還能(neng)(neng)斷(duan)開。??空氣(qi)開關則起過載或短(duan)(duan)路保(bao)護(hu),當回路電流超(chao)過規(gui)定負載,空氣(qi)開關自動短(duan)(duan)路(跳(tiao)閘)。空氣(qi)開關一(yi)般有單獨“火(huo)”線(xian)接(jie)入保(bao)護(hu),也有“火(huo)”“零(ling)”接(jie)入同(tong)時保(bao)護(hu)。
因(yin)此,?漏(lou)電保(bao)護(hu)器和空氣開關各自實(shi)現(xian)的功能不(bu)同,不(bu)能互相代替!
漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)(qi)(漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)開關)是一種電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣安全裝置。將漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)(qi)安裝在低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中,當發生漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)和觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi),且達到保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)(qi)所限定的(de)動作電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值時(shi),就立即在限定的(de)時(shi)間內動作自動斷開電(dian)(dian)(dian)源進行保(bao)護(hu)。
漏電保護器的工作原理是什么?
1、當(dang)電氣設備發(fa)生漏電時,出現(xian)兩種異常(chang)現(xian)象:
一是(shi),三相(xiang)電流的平衡(heng)遭到(dao)破(po)壞,出(chu)現零序電流;
二是,正(zheng)常(chang)時不帶電的金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)外(wai)殼(ke)出現對(dui)地電壓(ya)(正(zheng)常(chang)時,金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)外(wai)殼(ke)與大地均(jun)為零電位)。
2、零序電流(liu)(liu)互感器(qi)(qi)(qi)的作用漏(lou)電保(bao)護器(qi)(qi)(qi)通(tong)過電流(liu)(liu)互感器(qi)(qi)(qi)檢測取(qu)得異常訊號,經過中間機構(gou)轉換傳遞,使(shi)執行(xing)機構(gou)動作,通(tong)過開關裝(zhuang)置斷開電源。電流(liu)(liu)互感器(qi)(qi)(qi)的結構(gou)與變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)類似,是由(you)兩(liang)個互相絕(jue)緣繞在同(tong)一鐵(tie)心上的線圈組成。當一次線圈有剩余電流(liu)(liu)時,二次線圈就(jiu)會感應出(chu)電流(liu)(liu)。
3、漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)工作原理將漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)安(an)裝在線路(lu)中(zhong)(zhong),一次(ci)線圈(quan)(quan)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的線路(lu)相(xiang)連接,二(er)次(ci)線圈(quan)(quan)與漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的脫扣(kou)器(qi)連接。當(dang)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)正常(chang)運行時,線路(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)呈平衡狀(zhuang)態,互感(gan)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)矢量(liang)之(zhi)和為(wei)零(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)是有方向的矢量(liang),如按流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)出(chu)的方向為(wei)“+”,返回(hui)方向為(wei)“-”,在互感(gan)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)往(wang)返的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)大小相(xiang)等,方向相(xiang)反,正負相(xiang)互抵銷)。由于一次(ci)線圈(quan)(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)沒有剩(sheng)(sheng)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),所以不會(hui)(hui)感(gan)應二(er)次(ci)線圈(quan)(quan),漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)的開關裝置處于閉合狀(zhuang)態運行。當(dang)設(she)備(bei)外殼(ke)發(fa)生漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并有人(ren)觸(chu)及時,則在故障點產(chan)生分流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),此漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)經人(ren)體?大地?工作接地,返回(hui)變壓(ya)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)點(并未經電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互感(gan)器(qi)),致使互感(gan)器(qi)申流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入(ru)、流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)出(chu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)出(chu)現(xian)了不平衡(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)矢量(liang)之(zhi)和不為(wei)零),一次(ci)線圈(quan)(quan)申產(chan)生剩(sheng)(sheng)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。因此,便會(hui)(hui)感(gan)應二(er)次(ci)線圈(quan)(quan),當(dang)這(zhe)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值(zhi)達(da)到該漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)限定的動作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值(zhi)時,自動開關脫扣(kou),切(qie)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。
漏電斷路器內部結構
漏電(dian)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)由(you)DZ47系列斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)和漏電(dian)保護器(qi)(習慣上(shang)稱之為脫扣(kou)器(qi))組裝而成(cheng)。斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)部分主要包括(kuo)以下部件。
1)過電流脫扣器(雙金、電磁系統);
2)滅弧裝置(滅弧系統);
3)觸頭系統;
4)外殼(ke)和接線端子;
5)操(cao)作(zuo)機構(gou)(手柄、鎖扣(kou)、跳扣(kou)、杠桿)。
斷(duan)路器的過(guo)載保護(hu)功能的實現(xian)是利用(yong)雙金(jin)屬隨著(zhu)溫度(du)升高而定向按規律彎(wan)曲(qu)的原理(li),正常電流(liu)(1.13In)彎(wan)曲(qu)角(jiao)度(du)不大,因此推(tui)力(li)不足以使(shi)脫(tuo)扣機構脫(tuo)扣,當(dang)達過(guo)載電流(liu)(1.45In)彎(wan)曲(qu)角(jiao)度(du)大,推(tui)力(li)足以推(tui)動脫(tuo)扣機構使(shi)開關(guan)斷(duan)開,這就是過(guo)載保護(hu)的原理(li)。
斷路(lu)(lu)器的(de)(de)短路(lu)(lu)保(bao)護(hu)功能是由瞬(shun)(shun)時(shi)脫扣器(電(dian)磁(ci)系(xi)統)來實現的(de)(de),電(dian)磁(ci)力(li)(li)與電(dian)流和(he)匝(za)數之積成正比,由于(yu)瞬(shun)(shun)時(shi)脫扣器線圈匝(za)數少(一般只(zhi)有10匝(za)以(yi)下(xia)),雖然瞬(shun)(shun)時(shi)脫扣器串接在電(dian)路(lu)(lu)中,電(dian)路(lu)(lu)正常(chang)(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi),由于(yu)匝(za)數少,正常(chang)(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)流產生的(de)(de)吸力(li)(li)不足以(yi)克服(fu)彈簧的(de)(de)反作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用力(li)(li),因(yin)此線路(lu)(lu)能正常(chang)(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),但對于(yu)短路(lu)(lu)電(dian)流來說,由于(yu)產生的(de)(de)電(dian)流與正常(chang)(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)電(dian)流相比相差幾(ji)倍(bei)以(yi)至幾(ji)十(shi)倍(bei)或更(geng)大,線圈匝(za)數沒變,但電(dian)流增加(jia)(jia)幾(ji)倍(bei)以(yi)至幾(ji)十(shi)倍(bei),因(yin)此吸力(li)(li)也增加(jia)(jia)了幾(ji)倍(bei)以(yi)至幾(ji)十(shi)倍(bei),只(zhi)要反力(li)(li)彈簧選擇合理,都能符合B型(xing)、C型(xing)、D型(xing)瞬(shun)(shun)時(shi)脫扣器的(de)(de)整(zheng)定要求。
漏電保(bao)護器(脫扣(kou)器)部(bu)分主要包括以下部(bu)件。
1)電(dian)子組(zu)件板(控制(zhi)線路板);
2)零序(xu)電流互感器;
3)漏電脫扣器(由牽引線圈(quan)、鐵芯、彈簧等組成);
4)漏電指示部分及試驗按(an)扭等組成。
當(dang)(dang)無(wu)漏(lou)電流(liu)或漏(lou)電流(liu)達不到(dao)動作電流(liu)時(shi)(shi),零序電流(liu)以(yi)(yi)感(gan)應出的(de)電壓(ya)(ya)不足(zu)以(yi)(yi)觸(chu)發可(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅G 極(ji)(控(kong)(kong)制極(ji)),此(ci)時(shi)(shi)A極(ji)(陽極(ji))與(yu)K極(ji)(陰極(ji))之間(jian)相當(dang)(dang)于一個(ge)大(da)電阻(zu)達1M(1M=1000000歐姆)以(yi)(yi)上,脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)線圈(quan)一般為(wei)幾(ji)十歐姆(30-60歐姆左(zuo)右),脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)線圈(quan)與(yu)可(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅等效(xiao)于串(chuan)聯狀態(tai)(tai)。由于可(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅的(de)等效(xiao)電阻(zu)遠遠大(da)于脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)線圈(quan)的(de)電阻(zu)值,因此(ci)幾(ji)乎全(quan)部電壓(ya)(ya)加在可(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅的(de)A與(yu)K兩(liang)端(duan),脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)同(tong)乎無(wu)壓(ya)(ya)降,微小的(de)電壓(ya)(ya)不能(neng)(neng)帶(dai)(dai)動脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)工作,因此(ci)保護器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)處于守侯狀態(tai)(tai),斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)處于正常合閘狀態(tai)(tai)。當(dang)(dang)零序電流(liu)互感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)感(gan)應出的(de)電壓(ya)(ya)能(neng)(neng)觸(chu)發可(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅G極(ji)時(shi)(shi),此(ci)時(shi)(shi)A與(yu)K兩(liang)端(duan)完全(quan)導通,電阻(zu)幾(ji)乎為(wei)0,全(quan)部壓(ya)(ya)降加在脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)線圈(quan)兩(liang)端(duan),脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)線圈(quan)產生足(zu)夠大(da)的(de)吸力,帶(dai)(dai)動脫(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)機(ji)構動作,從而切斷(duan)電源(yuan),實現自我保護。
漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)與(yu)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護器(qi)(脫扣器(qi))二部分(fen)拼(pin)裝起(qi)來就構成(cheng)一(yi)個完整的漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi),具有(you)過(guo)載、 短路(lu)、漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護功(gong)能,根據客戶要求還可增加過(guo)壓(ya)保(bao)護功(gong)能,過(guo)壓(ya)保(bao)護功(gong)能的實(shi)現(xian)是由漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護器(qi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)子組件(jian)板增加功(gong)能而實(shi)現(xian)的。
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