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基本介紹

《論(lun)讀書(shu)》是文藝復(fu)興時(shi)期英國(guo)哲(zhe)學(xue)家、散文家弗朗西斯·培根(gen)創作的一篇論(lun)說(shuo)(shuo)散文。全文雖短(duan)卻(que)字字珠璣。這(zhe)篇文章不僅在(zai)用(yong)詞(ci)(ci)方(fang)面多(duo)采用(yong)莊重典雅的古語(yu)(yu)詞(ci)(ci)、大詞(ci)(ci)，著重體(ti)現作者的冷靜、理性，語(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)富有卓見(jian)，蘊含哲(zhe)理，而且句(ju)(ju)(ju)子富有節奏感(gan)，讀來朗朗上口。句(ju)(ju)(ju)式多(duo)采用(yong)并列式，體(ti)現語(yu)(yu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)及語(yu)(yu)義的平衡美。培根(gen)善用(yong)排比和(he)比喻，深入淺出(chu)地說(shuo)(shuo)明道理。文中(zhong)格(ge)言(yan)(yan)(yan)警(jing)句(ju)(ju)(ju)層出(chu)不窮，除連結(jie)句(ju)(ju)(ju)外，幾乎句(ju)(ju)(ju)句(ju)(ju)(ju)是警(jing)句(ju)(ju)(ju)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)簡意(yi)賅，很有說(shuo)(shuo)服力(li)。這(zhe)些論(lun)說(shuo)(shuo)文的特色在(zai)原(yuan)文中(zhong)體(ti)現得非常明顯(xian)，堪稱論(lun)說(shuo)(shuo)文的典范。

內容介紹

作品原文

Of Studies

Studies serve for delight, for ornament①, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition② of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling③ of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth④; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning⑤, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute⑥; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things⑦.

Reading makes a full man; conference⑧ a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend⑨. Abeunt studia in mores⑩:Studies pass into the character. Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but maybe wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen ; for they are cymini sectores?. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt?.?

注釋譯文

詞句注釋

①ornament：n.裝飾(shi)；裝飾(shi)物。

②disposition：n.處(chu)置。

③marshalling：n.處理(li)。

④sloth：n.懶惰(duo)。

⑤pruning：n.修剪；剪枝(zhi)。

⑥confute：vt.駁斥，駁倒。

⑦flashy things：索然無味的(de)東西。

⑧conference：n.談話，會談。

⑨contend：vt & vi. 辯論。

⑩Abeunt studia in mores：拉(la)丁文，學問塑造氣(qi)質（Studies influence manners）。

?cymini sectores：善(shan)于區分細(xi)節的(de)人（splitters of hairs）。

?receipt：n.處方。

中文譯文

論讀書

讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)足(zu)以(yi)怡情，足(zu)以(yi)博才(cai)，足(zu)以(yi)長(chang)才(cai)。其(qi)(qi)怡情也(ye)，最見于獨處幽居(ju)之(zhi)時(shi)；其(qi)(qi)博才(cai)也(ye)，最見于高談闊論(lun)之(zhi)中；其(qi)(qi)長(chang)才(cai)也(ye)，最見于處世判(pan)事之(zhi)際。練達之(zhi)士(shi)雖能分(fen)別處理細事或一(yi)一(yi)判(pan)別枝節，然縱觀統籌、全局策(ce)劃，則(ze)舍好學深思者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)莫屬。讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)費時(shi)過多易惰，文(wen)(wen)采(cai)藻飾(shi)太盛則(ze)矯，全憑條文(wen)(wen)斷事乃學究故態。讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)補天(tian)然之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，經驗(yan)又(you)補讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，蓋(gai)天(tian)生才(cai)干(gan)猶(you)如(ru)自(zi)然花草，讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)然后知如(ru)何修剪移接；而書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中所(suo)(suo)示，如(ru)不(bu)(bu)以(yi)經驗(yan)范之(zhi)，則(ze)又(you)大(da)而無當。有(you)一(yi)技之(zhi)長(chang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)鄙(bi)讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，無知者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)羨(xian)讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，唯明智(zhi)之(zhi)士(shi)用讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，然書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)并不(bu)(bu)以(yi)用處告(gao)人，用書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)智(zhi)不(bu)(bu)在(zai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中，而在(zai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)外，全憑觀察得之(zhi)。讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)時(shi)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)存(cun)心詰難作者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)可(ke)盡(jin)信書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)上所(suo)(suo)言(yan)，亦不(bu)(bu)可(ke)只(zhi)為尋章摘句，而應推敲細思。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)可(ke)淺嘗者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，有(you)可(ke)吞食者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，少數則(ze)須咀嚼消化。換言(yan)之(zhi)，有(you)只(zhi)須讀(du)其(qi)(qi)部分(fen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，有(you)只(zhi)須大(da)體涉獵者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，少數則(ze)須全讀(du)，讀(du)時(shi)須全神貫(guan)注(zhu)，孜孜不(bu)(bu)倦。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)亦可(ke)請人代讀(du)，取其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)作摘要，但只(zhi)限題材較次(ci)或價值不(bu)(bu)高者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，否則(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)經提煉猶(you)如(ru)水經蒸(zheng)餾(liu)、淡而無味矣。

讀(du)(du)書(shu)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)充實，討論(lun)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)機(ji)智，筆(bi)記使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)準確。因(yin)此不(bu)(bu)(bu)常(chang)作(zuo)筆(bi)記者(zhe)須記憶特(te)強，不(bu)(bu)(bu)常(chang)討論(lun)者(zhe)須天生聰穎，不(bu)(bu)(bu)常(chang)讀(du)(du)書(shu)者(zhe)須欺世(shi)有(you)術，始(shi)能無知(zhi)而顯有(you)知(zhi)。讀(du)(du)史使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)明智，讀(du)(du)詩使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)靈秀，數學(xue)(xue)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)周密(mi)，科學(xue)(xue)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)深刻，倫理學(xue)(xue)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)莊(zhuang)重，邏輯(ji)修辭之(zhi)學(xue)(xue)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)善(shan)(shan)辯：凡(fan)有(you)所學(xue)(xue)，皆(jie)(jie)成性(xing)格。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)才智但有(you)滯礙，無不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)讀(du)(du)適當之(zhi)書(shu)使之(zhi)順暢，一如(ru)身(shen)體(ti)百病，皆(jie)(jie)可(ke)(ke)(ke)借(jie)相宜之(zhi)運動除之(zhi)。滾球利(li)(li)睪(gao)腎，射箭(jian)利(li)(li)胸肺，慢(man)步利(li)(li)腸胃，騎術利(li)(li)頭腦，諸如(ru)此類。如(ru)智力(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)集中，可(ke)(ke)(ke)令讀(du)(du)數學(xue)(xue)，蓋演題須全神貫注，稍有(you)分散即須重演；如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能辨異，可(ke)(ke)(ke)令讀(du)(du)經院哲學(xue)(xue)，蓋是輩皆(jie)(jie)吹毛(mao)求疵之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan)(shan)求同(tong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan)(shan)以一物闡證另一物，可(ke)(ke)(ke)令讀(du)(du)律師之(zhi)案卷。如(ru)此頭腦中凡(fan)有(you)缺陷(xian)，皆(jie)(jie)有(you)特(te)藥可(ke)(ke)(ke)醫(yi)。

（王佐良譯）

背景介紹

文藝復興時期，人(ren)文主義者關(guan)心人(ren)本(ben)身，把(ba)完美(mei)的人(ren)作(zuo)為自己的理(li)想。為救治與教(jiao)(jiao)化有弱(ruo)點與弊病的凡人(ren)，當時的文章常(chang)帶有教(jiao)(jiao)誨目的。《論讀書(shu)》就是在(zai)這(zhe)樣(yang)的歷史背(bei)景下創作(zuo)的，是《培根隨筆》中的一篇(pian)重要的文章，發(fa)表于1653年。

作者介紹

弗(fu)朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon，1561年(nian)1月22日—1626年(nian)4月9日），第一(yi)(yi)代圣阿爾本子爵(jue)（1st Viscount St Alban），英(ying)國文(wen)(wen)藝復(fu)興時期散文(wen)(wen)家(jia)、哲學(xue)(xue)家(jia)。英(ying)國唯物(wu)主義哲學(xue)(xue)家(jia)，實驗(yan)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)始人，是近(jin)(jin)代歸(gui)納法的(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)始人，又是給科(ke)學(xue)(xue)研究(jiu)程序進行邏輯(ji)組織化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)先驅。培根12歲入劍橋大學(xue)(xue)，后擔任女王(wang)特別法律顧問以及(ji)朝(chao)廷(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首席檢(jian)察(cha)官、掌璽大臣等。晚年(nian)，受(shou)宮廷(ting)陰謀逐出宮廷(ting)，脫離政治生(sheng)涯，專心從事學(xue)(xue)術(shu)研究(jiu)和(he)著述活(huo)動，寫成了(le)一(yi)(yi)批在近(jin)(jin)代文(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)思想史上具(ju)有重大影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)著作，其中最重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部是《偉(wei)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)興新工具(ju)論》。另外，他(ta)以哲學(xue)(xue)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)眼光，思考了(le)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)人生(sheng)問題，寫出了(le)許多形(xing)式短小、風格活(huo)潑的(de)(de)(de)(de)隨筆小品，集(ji)成《培根隨筆》。1626年(nian)3月底，培根由于身(shen)體孱弱(ruo)，在實驗(yan)中遭受(shou)風寒，支(zhi)氣管炎(yan)復(fu)發，病情惡化(hua)。1626年(nian)4月9日清晨病逝。主要著作有《新工具(ju)》《論科(ke)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增進》以及(ji)《學(xue)(xue)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)偉(wei)大復(fu)興》等。

鑒賞評價

文學賞析

詞匯分析

《論讀書(shu)》這(zhe)篇(pian)隨(sui)筆，文字干(gan)凈(jing)利落，多(duo)用(yong)古(gu)語詞（archaism）和大(da)詞（big words），語言顯(xian)得莊重、典雅，給人以厚重、正式(shi)的感覺。詞的運用(yong)幾乎未選possibly, perhaps, probably, inmy opinion 等謙遜、客氣、模棱兩(liang)可的詞。

文(wen)中用(yong)到的(de)文(wen)言詞(ci)有：marshalling, humour, maketh, doth, stond, discourse。這些詞(ci)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)就像古漢語中“之”、“乎”、“者”、“也(ye)”詞(ci)匯的(de)使(shi)用(yong)一樣，給人一種古老、厚重(zhong)的(de)感覺。

文(wen)中還用到一些現代(dai)英語詞(ci)的古(gu)用法形式。其中很多詞(ci)今天已經不再具(ju)備它(ta)原有(you)的語法和語義功(gong)能(neng)。它(ta)們和中國(guo)的文(wen)言文(wen)一樣(yang)具(ju)有(you)特定(ding)歷史(shi)時期(qi)的語言色(se)彩。例如(ru)：proyning = pruning, subtile = subtle, stond = hindrance, stoppage, receipt = recipe, nay = no, like as = as, except = unless, else = or else, never = ever, natural philosophy= natural science, in the wit = in themind, bounded in = checked, disposition = management。

文中(zhong)還(huan)有兩處使用了(le)拉丁(ding)語，這是(shi)作者的(de)偏(pian)好(hao)，認為拉丁(ding)語能流傳長久(jiu)，能給文章增添古(gu)(gu)色古(gu)(gu)香的(de)味道。“Abeunt studia in mores”一(yi)句，培根在Advancement of Leaning 一(yi)文中(zhong)的(de)解(jie)釋為：“studieshave an influence upon the manners of those that are conversant in them”，意為：“專心(xin)學問者，性格也受陶(tao)冶。”Cymini sectores = hair-splitters，即“過(guo)分(fen)講(jiang)究細節的(de)人(ren)”。

文中還(huan)用(yong)到一些大詞(ci)，例如(ru)：ornament, disposition, contradict, confute, attention, extracts, conference, cunmng, impediment, demonstrations，等等。這(zhe)些詞(ci)給人一種(zhong)高(gao)雅(ya)、莊(zhuang)嚴(yan)的(de)色彩感(gan)覺(jue)，適(shi)于嚴(yan)肅、正式的(de)場合。

句式分析

并列句

《論(lun)讀(du)書》這篇文(wen)章句(ju)(ju)(ju)式(shi)單(dan)一，19個句(ju)(ju)(ju)子(zi)就有12個句(ju)(ju)(ju)子(zi)采用了并列結構，體現了語言的(de)平衡美(mei)。這樣的(de)文(wen)章樸實(shi)大方，讀(du)起來毫無矯揉造作之感(gan)。盡管(guan)如(ru)此，作者還是(shi)十分注意長(chang)、短句(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)交替使用，以避免整(zheng)齊劃一的(de)句(ju)(ju)(ju)式(shi)顯得單(dan)調(diao)乏味，從而使行文(wen)更(geng)富節(jie)奏感(gan)。例(li)如(ru)：

Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to content.

這是由(you)分號(hao)連(lian)結起來的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)并(bing)列句(ju)(ju)。第一(yi)個(ge)分號(hao)之(zhi)后各句(ju)(ju)承前省略了(le)make men。這樣的(de)(de)句(ju)(ju)子(zi)排(pai)(pai)列整(zheng)齊，表意鮮明。并(bing)列的(de)(de)部分都(dou)省略前面(mian)相同(tong)的(de)(de)成分，重點突出，使讀者一(yi)目了(le)然，給(gei)人以清晰明快的(de)(de)感覺。而且(qie)平衡的(de)(de)句(ju)(ju)式形成排(pai)(pai)比風格，猶(you)如排(pai)(pai)山倒海之(zhi)勢，頗(po)具(ju)說(shuo)服(fu)力。

“關(guan)于make的用法(fa)，培根(gen)在此篇文(wen)章中采用兩種(zhong)用法(fa)，一(yi)是(shi)帶(dai)(dai)賓補的用法(fa)，即這(zhe)一(yi)句(ju)中：histories make men wise；另一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)帶(dai)(dai)賓語的用法(fa)，如：reading maketh a full man，作者(zhe)用make和(he)maketh加以區別make所帶(dai)(dai)的不(bu)同結構。”

For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling ofaffairs, come best from those that are learned.

這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)并(bing)列句(ju)(ju)不同于上一(yi)句(ju)(ju)，這(zhe)(zhe)句(ju)(ju)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)并(bing)列關系(xi)是(shi)由(you)連(lian)詞and，but連(lian)接(jie)起來的(de)(de)(de)。每一(yi)個(ge)分句(ju)(ju)不如上句(ju)(ju)那(nei)么短(duan)(duan)促、明快，而是(shi)多(duo)一(yi)些推理和(he)描述(shu)(shu)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)語言，這(zhe)(zhe)主要是(shi)因為此句(ju)(ju)中(zhong)作(zuo)者旨在分析讀(du)書給人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)益(yi)處(chu)，分析那(nei)些有經驗的(de)(de)(de)“練達之士雖(sui)然能(neng)處(chu)理細事，一(yi)一(yi)判(pan)別枝節(jie)，然縱觀(guan)統籌，全局策劃，則非好學深思(si)多(duo)讀(du)書之人(ren)(ren)莫屬”（王佐(zuo)良譯）。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)短(duan)(duan)句(ju)(ju)和(he)長句(ju)(ju)給人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)不同感覺。短(duan)(duan)句(ju)(ju)，短(duan)(duan)小利(li)落，給人(ren)(ren)以確信(xin)、勿庸置疑的(de)(de)(de)味(wei)道(dao)，多(duo)使人(ren)(ren)受(shou)教；而長句(ju)(ju)，尤其(qi)由(you)連(lian)詞連(lian)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)長句(ju)(ju)，語氣連(lian)貫、舒緩，善于推理、論述(shu)(shu)，在陳述(shu)(shu)和(he)分析中(zhong)給人(ren)(ren)以啟(qi)迪和(he)思(si)考的(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)。

省略句

Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find and discourse; but to weigh and consider.

這一(yi)句(ju)(ju)省(sheng)略了表(biao)(biao)語 is，全句(ju)(ju)結構(gou)緊湊、表(biao)(biao)意(yi)突出，具(ju)有(you)言簡意(yi)賅的(de)強烈(lie)效果。三個(ge)否定(ding)詞(ci)not，nor，nor的(de)使用(yong)把“讀(du)書不(bu)是為了要辯駁(bo)，不(bu)是要盲目信從，不(bu)是要尋找(zhao)談資”排列得緊湊整齊，強烈(lie)地(di)表(biao)(biao)達了作者否定(ding)的(de)語氣和不(bu)贊成的(de)態度。最后以一(yi)個(ge)轉折詞(ci)but連接(jie)收尾，簡潔有(you)力，語氣上(shang)由否定(ding)轉向肯定(ding)，給人一(yi)種義(yi)正詞(ci)嚴、豁然開朗的(de)感受。由“不(bu)要”、“不(bu)要”、“不(bu)要”轉為“而要權衡(heng)和思考”，給人留下深刻(ke)的(de)印(yin)象，很有(you)說(shuo)服力。

復合句

復合句(ju)(ju)的(de)使用有并列(lie)句(ju)(ju)所不(bu)及的(de)文體功(gong)能，即善于(yu)表現(xian)事(shi)物間(jian)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)復雜關系，“在復合句(ju)(ju)中，主句(ju)(ju)結構獨立，從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)依附(fu)于(yu)主句(ju)(ju)；從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)所表達的(de)概(gai)念是對主句(ju)(ju)意(yi)義的(de)補充、解釋或(huo)限定”。

They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience:for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in experience.

這一句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)后帶有(you)一個(ge)由(you)(you)連(lian)詞(ci)for引(yin)導(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)狀(zhuang)語(yu)從(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，從(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)有(you)主(zhu)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、由(you)(you)that引(yin)導(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定語(yu)從(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)和由(you)(you)except引(yin)導(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件從(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)。原(yuan)因(yin)狀(zhuang)語(yu)從(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)用(yong)(yong)來(lai)(lai)解釋讀(du)書(shu)和經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)互補關系；定語(yu)從(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)是補充說明“天(tian)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)才干猶(you)如天(tian)然花木，須靠(kao)讀(du)書(shu)修(xiu)剪枝葉”。條(tiao)(tiao)件從(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)是用(yong)(yong)來(lai)(lai)限制“讀(du)書(shu)如不(bu)以經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)范之，則(ze)又大(da)而無當”（王(wang)佐(zuo)良譯）。語(yu)義(yi)雖然冗繁(fan)復雜，但使用(yong)(yong)不(bu)同從(cong)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系連(lian)詞(ci)來(lai)(lai)引(yin)導(dao)(dao)，則(ze)又顯得條(tiao)(tiao)理十分(fen)清(qing)楚。這是并列句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)乃至(zhi)其他(ta)句(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)式(shi)所不(bu)能比擬的(de)(de)(de)(de)文體功(gong)能優勢。

修辭特點

排比

排比就是把(ba)結(jie)構(gou)相同(tong)、意氣(qi)并重、語氣(qi)一致的(de)詞組或(huo)句(ju)子排列成(cheng)串，形成(cheng)一個(ge)整體。《論讀書(shu)》中(zhong)這(zhe)樣的(de)結(jie)構(gou)隨(sui)處可見(jian)，而(er)且(qie)作者運用(yong)得當，很有氣(qi)勢。

To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour ofa scholar.

三(san)個同樣(yang)的不定(ding)式結構(gou)語氣(qi)一致，分(fen)析褥淋漓(li)盡(jin)致、準確(que)生動。這種排比結構(gou)用來(lai)說明和定(ding)論，不僅結構(gou)嚴謹整齊，而且文(wen)章的節(jie)奏也(ye)勻稱悅耳，大大提(ti)高了語言的表(biao)現力。

優(you)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)散文(wen)(wen)之所(suo)以(yi)能給人們的(de)(de)(de)聽覺(jue)帶來美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)享受，在(zai)(zai)很大(da)程度上應(ying)歸(gui)功于其(qi)優(you)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)。散文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)雖不像詩(shi)的(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)那(nei)樣有固(gu)定的(de)(de)(de)模式和(he)(he)規律，但(dan)作(zuo)家總是注(zhu)意選擇某種(zhong)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)，使(shi)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)成為烘托語(yu)義的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)表達(da)手段；而(er)文(wen)(wen)學批評家則(ze)總是把節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)看作(zuo)“文(wen)(wen)體風格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)組成部(bu)分（anintegral part of the style）”。S.H. Burton在(zai)(zai)《The Criticism ofProse》一書(shu)中指出：早期英語(yu)散文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)多是靠排比結(jie)構予以(yi)實(shi)現的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)《論讀書(shu)》這篇散文(wen)(wen)中，培根就十分注(zhu)重使(shi)用排比結(jie)構來實(shi)現節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)美(mei)，還(huan)注(zhu)意交替(ti)使(shi)用并列句和(he)(he)復合句來體現節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)感。例如：

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.

比喻

培根善(shan)用(yong)形(xing)象(xiang)的比喻(yu)深入(ru)淺出地(di)說明一個(ge)道(dao)理，因而(er)文(wen)中充(chong)滿(man)了諸如(ru)taste, swallow, chew, digest等比喻(yu)。“Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study”，是(shi)說天生的才干(gan)需要(yao)知識來磨練就像草木需要(yao)修枝剪葉一樣；“some books are to be tasted, others to beswallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested”，是(shi)說讀(du)(du)書猶(you)如(ru)吃食(shi)物，“有的書淺嘗即(ji)可，有的書可以狼吞(tun)虎咽，少數則須(xu)咀(ju)嚼消化”（王(wang)楫 譯）。“else distilled books are, likecommon distilled waters, flashy things”，這一句是(shi)說“書經提煉猶(you)如(ru)水經蒸(zheng)餾，淡(dan)而(er)無(wu)味(wei)矣”（王(wang)佐良譯）。這些深刻的讀(du)(du)書之道(dao)，若不是(shi)用(yong)這么形(xing)象(xiang)的比喻(yu)，很難達到(dao)這么通俗易(yi)懂的效果，形(xing)象(xiang)的比喻(yu)用(yong)得恰到(dao)好處，令人信服。

語言特色

《論讀書(shu)》全文(wen)沒(mei)有分段，一(yi)氣(qi)呵成。文(wen)中短句多(duo)，并(bing)列(lie)句多(duo)，標點多(duo)。像培根這樣的文(wen)風(feng)在當時(shi)被稱為“松(song)散、自由的風(feng)格(ge)（loose and free style）”（1987: 340）。文(wen)中不大使(shi)用復合(he)結構，并(bing)列(lie)句中各個意思都處于平(ping)等的地位，一(yi)個接一(yi)個說下去，逐步(bu)深入(ru)。因此(ci)，并(bing)列(lie)連詞（and, but, for, nor 等）遠遠多(duo)于主從連詞（as, smce, because等）。“這類文(wen)章，雖則是松(song)散自由的，它還(huan)是很講究(jiu)修辭”，排比和比喻隨處可見。

全篇文(wen)(wen)章旨在強調讀(du)書的(de)功效，作者相(xiang)信人(ren)(ren)們頭腦中一切病端都有辦(ban)法救治，而(er)讀(du)書就是一劑萬能的(de)良(liang)藥。這種(zhong)對人(ren)(ren)的(de)自(zi)我完善的(de)渴(ke)求及確信必達目的(de)之抱負，反映了文(wen)(wen)藝復興時(shi)代崇(chong)尚理性(xing)、相(xiang)信人(ren)(ren)的(de)力量和人(ren)(ren)具(ju)有無限(xian)潛力的(de)“人(ren)(ren)文(wen)(wen)主(zhu)義精神”。

為反(fan)映(ying)作者的(de)冷靜、理(li)性和自信的(de)態(tai)度，文章也采用(yong)簡(jian)(jian)潔(jie)這(zhe)一風(feng)格。“簡(jian)(jian)潔(jie)就是(shi)言(yan)簡(jian)(jian)意賅。文章沒(mei)有多(duo)余的(de)詞，沒(mei)有多(duo)余的(de)句(ju)，但(dan)內容(rong)又很(hen)豐富，含義也很(hen)深刻。”例如：

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament,is in discourse, and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition ofbusiness...

這個句(ju)子寫得干(gan)凈(jing)利落，讓人聽來仿佛覺(jue)得作者在述說一條千(qian)真萬確的(de)真理(li)，語氣肯定(ding)，絲毫未表現謙遜、遲(chi)疑和含混的(de)語氣。

外界評價

天文學家(jia)(jia)(jia)、科普(pu)作家(jia)(jia)(jia)卞毓(yu)麟(lin)《恬淡悠閱——卞毓(yu)麟(lin)書事選錄》：“英國思想家(jia)(jia)(jia)、哲學家(jia)(jia)(jia)、實(shi)驗科學的先(xian)(xian)驅者弗朗西斯(si)·培根的一篇Of Studies，400年(nian)來引(yin)得世上多少讀者競折腰。數十年(nian)前讀王佐(zuo)良(liang)先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)的譯文（篇名譯為《談讀書》），唯(wei)覺詞清句麗，妙不可言。……”

上海師(shi)范大(da)學(xue)人文(wen)(wen)與傳播學(xue)院(yuan)教授劉文(wen)(wen)榮《經(jing)典(dian)作(zuo)家談書(shu)與讀書(shu)》：“全文(wen)(wen)不(bu)足兩千字，卻將讀書(shu)之(zhi)功用(yong)、讀書(shu)之(zhi)方(fang)法及讀書(shu)與性(xing)格之(zhi)關系一(yi)一(yi)道來，且(qie)句句有(you)理，實為言(yan)簡意(yi)賅之(zhi)典(dian)范。”

天津外國語(yu)大學教(jiao)授馬鐘元(yuan)《每天讀(du)點英(ying)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)英(ying)美(mei)(mei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化常識全集 超值(zhi)白金版》：“《論(lun)(lun)讀(du)書(shu)》是弗朗西斯(si)·培根的(de)(de)(de)《散文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)集》中的(de)(de)(de)一篇，其(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)風以簡潔、緊(jin)湊(cou)和有(you)(you)力而著(zhu)稱。其(qi)中，《論(lun)(lun)讀(du)書(shu)》是最膾炙(zhi)人口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)一篇。在文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)中，培根分析(xi)了讀(du)書(shu)的(de)(de)(de)主要目的(de)(de)(de)、讀(du)書(shu)所應(ying)采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)不同方(fang)式(shi)以及讀(du)書(shu)對人的(de)(de)(de)性格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)影響。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)章(zhang)最精彩的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)不僅在于(yu)其(qi)論(lun)(lun)據具有(you)(you)說服力，而且在于(yu)遣詞造句(ju)、句(ju)型和結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)優(you)美(mei)(mei)。……總之，本文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)中運用了許多寫作(zuo)技(ji)巧(qiao)。整體行文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)語(yu)句(ju)優(you)美(mei)(mei)，用詞準確，令人信服。《論(lun)(lun)讀(du)書(shu)》是一篇優(you)美(mei)(mei)散文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)中的(de)(de)(de)典范，值(zhi)得仔細(xi)咀(ju)嚼(jiao)。”