栽培歷史
銅(tong)陵(ling)的(de)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹栽培距今己(ji)有(you)(you)一(yi)千(qian)六百多年(nian)(nian)的(de)歷(li)史(shi)。《銅(tong)陵(ling)縣志(zhi)·古(gu)跡》篇(pian)記載(zai):"仙牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹,長山石竇(dou)中有(you)(you)白(bai)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹一(yi)株(zhu),高尺余,花(hua)(hua)二(er)三(san)枝,素(su)艷絕麗(li)。"相傳為(wei)葛洪(hong)(hong)所(suo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據考證,仙牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹相似今銅(tong)陵(ling)大面積栽培的(de)藥用品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)"鳳丹白(bai)"。《銅(tong)陵(ling)縣志(zhi)》卷十四(si)中有(you)(you)石洞(dong)村(今銅(tong)陵(ling)縣董店鄉)盛(sheng)嘉佑(you)等人寫的(de)《牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹宅懷古(gu)》詩三(san)首。其中有(you)(you):"籌邊持節(jie)善懷柔(rou),西夏還(huan)轅錫予優。一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)名花(hua)(hua)分御(yu)園(yuan),九重春色滿贏州。"此(ci)時應為(wei)北宋時期。如今銅(tong)陵(ling)所(suo)保(bao)留(liu)栽培的(de)"御(yu)園(yuan)紅",重瓣淺紅色品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),據盛(sheng)姓花(hua)(hua)農講,就(jiu)是(shi)當(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)皇帝賜給他(ta)們祖(zu)先(xian)的(de)。銅(tong)陵(ling)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹主要(yao)以生產(chan)藥材(cai)為(wei)主,品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單一(yi),集(ji)中種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植于鳳凰山一(yi)帶,其數量(liang)可為(wei)全國(guo)第(di)一(yi)。有(you)(you)關白(bai)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹的(de)栽培,《巢縣志(zhi)》和,《無為(wei)市志(zhi)》均有(you)(you)記載(zai)。至今在巢湖市還(huan)有(you)(you)宋時留(liu)傳下(xia)(xia)來的(de)山崖牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹,由于花(hua)(hua)色雪(xue)白(bai)如玉,被稱為(wei)"銀屏(ping)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹",宋代時歐陽修(xiu)在滁州任(ren)官時就(jiu)對此(ci)株(zhu)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹留(liu)下(xia)(xia)了詩句。這株(zhu)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹特奇,千(qian)百年(nian)(nian)來,經當(dang)(dang)地(di)百姓觀察,每年(nian)(nian)"谷雨,,定開(kai)無疑,但綻開(kai)朵(duo)數卻有(you)(you)講究。11-13朵(duo)則預(yu)示(shi)當(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)大澇,6-7朵(duo)則預(yu)示(shi)當(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)風調雨順,5朵(duo)以下(xia)(xia)則預(yu)示(shi)干旱。此(ci)外,安(an)徽(hui)還(huan)有(you)(you)寧國(guo)、歙(she)縣等地(di),歷(li)史(shi)上也(ye)曾(ceng)盛(sheng)產(chan)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹。《寧國(guo)縣志(zhi)》載(zai):"寧國(guo)、蟠龍素(su)產(chan)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹,以黃、白(bai)為(wei)貴,土人運往廣東(dong),價重洛陽,洪(hong)(hong)楊亂后,所(suo)產(chan)甚稀,近陳氏商(shang)藝尚保(bao)存遺種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)云(yun)。"總之(zhi),安(an)徽(hui)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹主要(yao)是(shi)以生產(chan)藥材(cai)為(wei)主,其觀賞品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量(liang)相對較少。
產地環境
鳳(feng)凰山(shan)地區位于(yu)長(chang)江南(nan)岸,屬亞熱帶濕潤氣候,四季(ji)分明(ming),雨量充(chong)沛,無霜期較長(chang),光(guang)照充(chong)足,土(tu)質(zhi)為(wei)金(jin)沙土(tu)質(zhi)(該(gai)土(tu)質(zhi)在(zai)分類(lei)學上命名為(wei)紅壤性麻砂土(tu)),適(shi)宜(yi)丹皮(pi)種植(zhi),且該(gai)地區又無工業和化肥農藥污(wu)染(ran),植(zhi)保保護較好,所(suo)以種出(chu)的丹皮(pi)質(zhi)量好,經濟(ji)價值高。鳳(feng)丹對土(tu)壤要求較高,只有(you)在(zai)此(ci)種土(tu)壤上生長(chang)出(chu)的品質(zhi)優(you)良(liang)、藥性獨特(te)的丹皮(pi)才稱之為(wei)鳳(feng)丹,由(you)于(yu)符合條(tiao)件(jian)的金(jin)沙土(tu)質(zhi)面積和獨特(te)的氣候、環境條(tiao)件(jian)有(you)限(xian),因(yin)此(ci),長(chang)久以來,真正的鳳(feng)丹種植(zhi)一(yi)直限(xian)于(yu)一(yi)個較為(wei)狹小的范(fan)圍(wei)內,鳳(feng)丹皮(pi)產(chan)(chan)量也十分有(you)限(xian),更顯(xian)得(de)出(chu)自原產(chan)(chan)地的正宗鳳(feng)丹彌足珍貴。
產量情況
銅陵(ling)鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)種植(zhi)(zhi)歷(li)史(shi)悠久,據史(shi)考,在崇(chong)禎(zhen)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(1628-1644年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)凰山地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)到(dao)(dao)相(xiang)當規模(mo),到(dao)(dao)清(qing)代(dai)(dai)(dai),鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)凰山的(de)(de)三條沖東(dong)山、西山地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)已發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)成(cheng)為(wei)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)著名(ming)的(de)(de)牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)也成(cheng)為(wei)名(ming)貴(gui)出(chu)口特(te)產(chan)(chan)(chan),據清(qing)代(dai)(dai)(dai)撰(zhuan)修的(de)(de)《銅陵(ling)縣志》把(ba)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)列(lie)為(wei)本(ben)縣主要(yao)物產(chan)(chan)(chan)之一(yi)(yi),"邑產(chan)(chan)(chan)、姜、蒜(suan)、苧(zhu)麻、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)之類(lei),近亦(yi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有服(fu)賈者,但遠人(ren)市(shi)販者居多"的(de)(de)記載,同(tong)治年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(1862~1872年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))銅陵(ling)牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)一(yi)(yi)度緊銷(xiao),鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)市(shi)價昂貴(gui)近達"萬斤稻谷(gu)易(yi)其擔",清(qing)末民初(chu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),是銅陵(ling)歷(li)史(shi)上(shang)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)鼎盛時期(qi),1924~1926年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)曾達700噸(dun),以后(hou)由(you)于時局動蕩,丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)運銷(xiao)困難,丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)下降(jiang),1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)銅陵(ling)鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)僅產(chan)(chan)(chan)21噸(dun),解放后(hou),人(ren)民政府十分重視丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan),從1953年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)開始,牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)列(lie)為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家統(tong)一(yi)(yi)購銷(xiao)物資,價格穩定,國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內外(wai)需求量(liang)(liang)(liang)大,1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)種植(zhi)(zhi)面積256.2公(gong)頃,產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達113.9噸(dun),1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)591噸(dun),1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)937噸(dun),2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)1140噸(dun),解放后(hou)至(zhi)八十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)是由(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家藥材(cai)公(gong)司統(tong)一(yi)(yi)收購、經(jing)(jing)銷(xiao);進入(ru)九十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)則有不(bu)少(shao)個體(ti)藥材(cai)經(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)商參與經(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)。1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家農業部授予(yu)新橋鎮鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)凰山地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)南方牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)商品基地(di)(di)(di)(di),使(shi)我市(shi)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)種植(zhi)(zhi)及生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)得到(dao)(dao)長足的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。目前已有一(yi)(yi)萬畝(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)園,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)1000噸(dun),其中鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)700噸(dun),二十世(shi)紀(ji)九十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)末,丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)受(shou)主要(yao)出(chu)口地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)東(dong)南亞金融危機的(de)(de)影(ying)響,價格大跌(die)。
成品丹皮
銅陵(ling)人栽(zai)培鳳丹(dan)主要目的(de)不(bu)是為了欣賞(shang),而是為了獲取牡丹(dan)的(de)根皮(pi),也就是舉世(shi)聞名的(de)珍貴(gui)中藥材--丹(dan)皮(pi)。
丹(dan)皮(pi),具有(you)舒筋(jin)活血、清(qing)淤、清(qing)熱、涼血、抗菌(jun)消炎、鎮靜(jing)鎮痛(tong)、降(jiang)血壓、抗痙攣、清(qing)熱化(hua)瘀等功效(xiao),還具有(you)防腐功能(neng),是名貴的(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)材。銅(tong)陵(ling)鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)皮(pi)的(de)質量最好、功效(xiao)最佳,根條粗(cu)直(zhi)、皮(pi)厚、粉(fen)性(xing)足,香氣濃(nong)、斷(duan)面呈白(bai)色。銅(tong)陵(ling)鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)早已馳名中(zhong)外,為(wei)很多中(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)必備藥(yao)材,在(zai)國際市場上也一直(zhi)享有(you)很高的(de)聲譽,鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)要經過四至五年的(de)生長期才(cai)能(neng)收獲(huo),收獲(huo)一般均(jun)在(zai)每年的(de)秋末初冬時(shi)(shi)進行,因為(wei)在(zai)這(zhe)個時(shi)(shi)候(hou),鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)的(de)地(di)面上部分(fen)已經枯(ku)萎、養份都已集中(zhong)在(zai)根部,藥(yao)農(nong)們將鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)小心(xin)地(di)挖出(chu)來,先(xian)掐(qia)去(qu)根須,除(chu)去(qu)泥土,曬干,然后再(zai)用(yong)手從(cong)較細(xi)的(de)側根開始,在(zai)粗(cu)端扭擰,使(shi)(shi)根皮(pi)破(po)裂(lie),順勢(shi)抽出(chu)除(chu)去(qu)泥土,曬干,然后再(zai)用(yong)手從(cong)較細(xi)的(de)側根開始,在(zai)粗(cu)端扭擰,使(shi)(shi)根皮(pi)破(po)裂(lie),順勢(shi)抽出(chu)木(mu)芯(xin)。抽出(chu)木(mu)芯(xin)的(de)丹(dan)皮(pi)經過刮皮(pi)、分(fen)檢、包裝(zhuang)等道工序(xu)后,就成(cheng)為(wei)成(cheng)品(pin)丹(dan)皮(pi)了。
藥用價值
鳳丹(dan)(dan)所含的化學成份有芍(shao)藥甙(dai)、丹(dan)(dan)皮(pi)酚、丹(dan)(dan)皮(pi)甙(dai)、丹(dan)(dan)皮(pi)多糖、苯甲(jia)酸、甾醇、揮發(fa)油等(deng)(deng)多種物;其中丹(dan)(dan)皮(pi)酚含量(liang)的高低(di)是檢驗(yan)丹(dan)(dan)皮(pi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質優劣的主要(yao)指標,主要(yao)加(jia)工產品(pin)(pin)(pin)為(wei)丹(dan)(dan)皮(pi)酚,用來做抗(kang)心血管系(xi)統疾(ji)病的藥物,還(huan)可(ke)作為(wei)牙膏、香皂(zao)、花(hua)露水(shui)等(deng)(deng)日化產品(pin)(pin)(pin)添(tian)加(jia)劑(ji),如食品(pin)(pin)(pin)防腐、衛生保健等(deng)(deng)方面(mian)大(da)有市(shi)場(chang)潛力。
目前,應用丹皮已(yi)開(kai)發出了(le)幾十個(ge)處方(fang),同時,牡丹皮的(de)藥用研究(jiu)在化(hua)學成(cheng)分、藥理(li)作(zuo)用等方(fang)面,也取得了(le)一定進展,其抗脈粥樣硬化(hua)、降(jiang)血壓、降(jiang)血糖(tang)、抗驚厥、保(bao)肝、利尿、抗菌消炎、心肌細胞保(bao)護,對血液流變性(xing),對腦組織保(bao)護等作(zuo)用已(yi)被實(shi)驗研究(jiu)所證實(shi),為牡丹皮的(de)進一步開(kai)發提(ti)供了(le)實(shi)驗依據。
牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)含有豐富(fu)的(de)營養(yang)物質,有很(hen)高的(de)藥用(yong)(yong)價值和食用(yong)(yong)價值。目(mu)前,食牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)隨處(chu)可見已(yi)日漸(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)為一(yi)種(zhong)時尚,并形成(cheng)(cheng)了許多配(pei)方,牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)做成(cheng)(cheng)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)飲(yin)料、牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)茶、牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)酒、牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)醬及牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)鮮花(hua)(hua)(hua)糕(gao)點,食用(yong)(yong)不僅有保健(jian)功能,而且可食用(yong)(yong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)香濃郁的(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)。經過多年摸索,已(yi)制定出(chu)完善(shan)的(de)配(pei)方和完備(bei)的(de)工藝流(liu)程。目(mu)前牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)鮮花(hua)(hua)(hua)月餅及牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)醬已(yi)批量(liang)生產(chan)。
保護范圍
為安(an)徽省(sheng)銅陵縣(xian)順安(an)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、鐘鳴鎮(zhen)(zhen)和蕪湖市南陵縣(xian)何灣鎮(zhen)(zhen)等3個鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)現轄行政區域。