形態特征
生產芹芽(ya)的(de)(de)水芹是(shi)傘形(xing)花(hua)科(ke)水芹屬中的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)地(di)方栽培品(pin)種,是(shi)多(duo)年(nian)生宿根草本植物。根白而細(xi),莖(jing)分地(di)上(shang)莖(jing)和匍匐莖(jing),匍匐莖(jing)的(de)(de)各節(jie)環生須根。莖(jing)中空(kong)粗壯,每節(jie)上(shang)都有(you)腋(ye)芽(ya),可萌發形(xing)成新株,培土后形(xing)成芹芽(ya)。根出葉(xie)(xie)叢生,奇(qi)數二(er)回羽狀(zhuang)復葉(xie)(xie),小葉(xie)(xie)卵圓(yuan)形(xing),葉(xie)(xie)緣鋸齒(chi)狀(zhuang),莖(jing)生葉(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)葉(xie)(xie)柄較長,基部(bu)(bu)短鞘狀(zhuang),包住莖(jing)部(bu)(bu),多(duo)淡綠至黃綠色(se)。該品(pin)種能開花(hua)但很少結果,即使(shi)開花(hua)結果,其種子發育不(bu)(bu)良,不(bu)(bu)適宜于繁殖,習慣上(shang)進行無性繁殖。
環境要求
該品種性喜冷涼,較(jiao)耐(nai)寒;喜濕潤,怕(pa)干旱。秋冬季節(jie)是根出葉的營養生(sheng)長旺盛時期,最適溫度(du)(du)17~20℃。春夏季節(jie)轉向節(jie)間伸(shen)長,匍匐莖生(sheng)長旺盛,最適溫度(du)(du)20~25℃。冬春季 節(jie)又是芹(qin)芽生(sheng)長的適宜時期,日平(ping)均氣溫10℃以下為宜。
該(gai)品種適宜土(tu)(tu)層深厚(hou),富(fu)含有機質的肥沃粘質壤土(tu)(tu),PH值微酸性至(zhi)中性。芹芽(ya)生長完全(quan)靠莖中貯藏的養分生長,不(bu)能見光,見光后品質下降(jiang)。培土(tu)(tu)層含水量不(bu)能太(tai)高,以免腐(fu)爛。
培育方法
種株培育
3月(yue)初(chu)收(shou)完(wan)芹(qin)芽,殘留(liu)于土(tu)中的(de)根莖(jing)會萌(meng)發(fa)形成新(xin)株(zhu)(zhu),4月(yue)初(chu)當植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)長(chang)至12~15cm高時,選擇健壯的(de)苗(miao)(miao)連土(tu)掘起,利用早稻田(tian)邊角作(zuo)為(wei)種(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)繁(fan)育苗(miao)(miao)床,按10~15cm見方排種(zhong)在(zai)苗(miao)(miao)床上,一般每667平方米(mi)種(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)苗(miao)(miao)床可供3335平方米(mi)大田(tian)栽(zai)培之用。種(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)宜深栽(zai),以(yi)免影響發(fa)棵。種(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)田(tian)要(yao)經常換水,否則夏季高溫(wen)下(xia)易(yi)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)。4月(yue)份追肥1次,每667平方米(mi)施入(ru)糞尿(niao)1500kg或化肥35kg,促進匍(pu)(pu)匐莖(jing)生(sheng)長(chang)。還要(yao)注意病(bing)(bing)蟲害的(de)防(fang)治,及(ji)時用40%的(de)樂果1000倍液防(fang)治蚜蟲,一旦(dan)發(fa)現(xian)病(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)應立即將病(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)拔除(chu)。生(sheng)長(chang)良好的(de)植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)8月(yue)份匍(pu)(pu)匐莖(jing)長(chang)達1.5~2.0m,該匍(pu)(pu)匐莖(jing)即作(zuo)為(wei)芹(qin)芽母(mu)株(zhu)(zhu)的(de)種(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu) 。
母株培育
4.1 栽培季節 8月下旬(xun)~9月上旬(xun)栽種(zhong)種(zhong)株,一般與雙(shuang)季晚稻按1:1面積比例間作(zuo),即2m寬(kuan)水稻,2m寬(kuan)水芹(qin),不需作(zuo)畦,耙平耬(lou)勻即可(ke)。到秋末冬初(chu)可(ke)長(chang)成具(ju)10多片真葉的植株,即母株,供芹(qin)芽培育用。
4.2 栽(zai)植(zhi) 把(ba)種(zhong)芹地(di)里(li)的種(zhong)株齊根割起,用刀(dao)切(qie)成20~30 cm長(chang)的莖段,然(ran)后(hou)均(jun)勻撒播(bo)于(yu)晚稻(dao)(dao)田中(zhong)留出(chu)的地(di)上。注(zhu)意種(zhong)苗(miao)不能(neng)埋入土(tu)中(zhong),也不能(neng)浮在(zai)(zai)水(shui)上。因種(zhong)苗(miao)埋入土(tu)中(zhong),萌芽遲,生(sheng)長(chang)也差;浮在(zai)(zai)水(shui)上,易生(sheng)匍匐枝(zhi)。為了使種(zhong)苗(miao)栽(zai)植(zhi)適宜,早稻(dao)(dao)收獲后(hou)每667平方米(mi) 施入人糞尿2 500 kg左右,整地(di)時要耙細(xi)整平,使土(tu)壤成泥濘狀(zhuang)態,栽(zai)種(zhong)時灌水(shui)不宜過多,土(tu)面(mian)上有1層薄水(shui)就行了。
4.3 灌(guan)溉 植后(hou)最初5d(天)不(bu)要(yao)灌(guan)深水,使種苗浸沒水中為宜(yi),促(cu)進種苗扎根。以后(hou)灌(guan)水同(tong)晚稻(dao)一樣,晚稻(dao)收割(ge)后(hou)保持(chi)土壤濕潤即可,不(bu)必灌(guan)水。
4.4 勻(yun)苗 栽(zai)植后(hou)1個月左右,植株長至13~15cm高時,結合中耕除草進行勻(yun)苗移植,以(yi)12 cm見(jian)方有一叢芹苗為宜。
4.5 中耕(geng)除(chu)草追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei) 草多(duo)的田塊栽(zai)植(zhi)后(hou)(hou)半個月(yue)和(he)1個月(yue)時(shi)(shi)中耕(geng)除(chu)草2次,若不(bu)多(duo)可(ke)結合勻苗移(yi)植(zhi)時(shi)(shi)進行(xing)1次即可(ke)。追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)共(gong)2次,苗高10 cm和(he)20 cm時(shi)(shi),每667 平方米追(zhui)施人糞尿1 250kg左右或化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)40~50kg,每次追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)時(shi)(shi)先(xian)把水(shui)放干,追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)后(hou)(hou)過一(yi)晝夜,待土壤充(chong)分吸收(shou)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料后(hou)(hou),再(zai)進行(xing)灌水(shui)復原。
4.6病蟲(chong)害(hai)防治 芹(qin)芽母株(zhu)生長(chang)過(guo)程中(zhong)病蟲(chong)為(wei)(wei)害(hai)較輕,9~10月有蚜蟲(chong)為(wei)(wei)害(hai),可用灌水(shui)(shui)法防治,即將(jiang)田中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)灌至淹沒植株(zhu),將(jiang)粗草繩(sheng)放于(yu)水(shui)(shui)面上,拉住(zhu)兩端向下風的地方移動(dong),將(jiang)浮于(yu)水(shui)(shui)面上的蚜蟲(chong)集中(zhong)到田的一角,然(ran)后(hou)清除殺滅,立即放水(shui)(shui)復原。灌水(shui)(shui)殺蚜每次不要超過(guo)3h(小時(shi)),以(yi)免水(shui)(shui)芹(qin)生長(chang)受影響。
芹芽培育
當植株長到(dao)11~13片真葉時(shi)就(jiu)可培(pei)土(tu)(tu)生產(chan)芹(qin)(qin)芽(ya),廬江縣一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)11月上旬以后(hou),具體培(pei)土(tu)(tu)時(shi)間(jian)可根據(ju)市場(chang)需要而定,也可分(fen)批培(pei)土(tu)(tu)分(fen)期采收(shou)上市。具體方法:在(zai)(zai)冬(dong)春季節,把芹(qin)(qin)畦(qi)周邊晚稻畦(qi)上的(de)土(tu)(tu)粉碎(sui)后(hou)用鐵鍬鏟到(dao)水芹(qin)(qin)植株上面,培(pei)土(tu)(tu)工(gong)作分(fen)3~5次進行,培(pei)土(tu)(tu)層厚(hou)約20~30 cm,然(ran)后(hou)水芹(qin)(qin)莖(jing)上的(de)腋芽(ya)就(jiu)會萌發(fa)形成芹(qin)(qin)芽(ya)。一(yi)般(ban)培(pei)土(tu)(tu)后(hou)1個(ge)月就(jiu)可以掘土(tu)(tu)收(shou)獲(huo),每667 平(ping)方米產(chan)1000kg左右。
芹芽生長特點
芹(qin)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)水(shui)芹(qin)是(shi)傘形花科水(shui)芹(qin)屬(shu)中(zhong)的(de)一(yi)個地方栽(zai)培品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) ,是(shi)多年生(sheng)(sheng)宿(su)根(gen)草本植物(wu)。根(gen)細 ,莖(jing)(jing)分地上(shang)莖(jing)(jing)和(he)匍匐莖(jing)(jing) ,匍匐莖(jing)(jing)的(de)各節(jie)環生(sheng)(sheng)須根(gen)。莖(jing)(jing)中(zhong)空粗壯 ,每(mei)節(jie)上(shang)都有(you)腋芽(ya)(ya)(ya) ,可(ke)萌發(fa)(fa)形成(cheng)新(xin)株 ,培土(tu)(tu)后(hou)形成(cheng)芹(qin)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)。根(gen)出(chu)葉叢生(sheng)(sheng) ,奇數二回羽狀(zhuang)復葉 ,小(xiao)葉卵圓(yuan)形 ,葉緣鋸齒狀(zhuang) ,莖(jing)(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)葉的(de)葉柄較(jiao)長(chang) ,基(ji)部(bu)短鞘狀(zhuang) ,包(bao)住莖(jing)(jing)部(bu) ,多淡綠(lv)至(zhi)黃綠(lv)色(se)。該品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能開花但(dan)很少結果(guo) ,即(ji)使開花結果(guo) ,其(qi)(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發(fa)(fa)育(yu)不良 ,不適宜(yi)于繁殖 ,習慣上(shang)進行無性(xing)繁殖。2對(dui)環境條件的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)該品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)喜(xi)(xi)冷(leng)涼 ,較(jiao)耐寒 ;喜(xi)(xi)濕(shi)潤 ,怕干旱(han)。富含有(you)機質(zhi)的(de)肥(fei)沃粘質(zhi)壤土(tu)(tu),微酸。秋冬季節(jie)是(shi)根(gen)出(chu)葉的(de)營養生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)旺盛(sheng)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi) ,最適溫度(du)17~20℃。春夏季節(jie)轉向節(jie)間伸長(chang) ,利用(yong)(yong)稻(dao)田(tian)邊角作(zuo)為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株繁育(yu)苗(miao)床,按15cm見方排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)苗(miao)床上(shang),一(yi)般每(mei)667平方米(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株苗(miao)床可(ke)供(gong)3335平方米(mi)大田(tian)栽(zai)培之用(yong)(yong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株不宜(yi)深栽(zai),以免影響發(fa)(fa)棵。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株田(tian)要(yao)經常換水(shui),否則夏季高(gao)溫易發(fa)(fa)病。4匍匐莖(jing)(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)旺盛(sheng) ,最適溫度(du)20~25℃。冬春季節(jie)又是(shi)芹(qin)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)的(de)適宜(yi)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi) ,降溫催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)。催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)前(qian)先對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進行搓揉,除(chu)去(qu)硬皮,用(yong)(yong)井水(shui)浸泡(pao)20小(xiao)時(shi)(shi),再(zai)(zai)(zai)進行搓洗(xi)(xi),除(chu)去(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)表面的(de)黏液和(he)雜(za)質(zhi),然后(hou)用(yong)(yong)擰(ning)干的(de)濕(shi)毛(mao)巾吸去(qu)多余水(shui)分,放在(zai)15-20℃溫度(du)下催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)。芹(qin)菜發(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)對(dui)溫度(du)要(yao)求(qiu)嚴(yan)格,25℃以上(shang)發(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)不良,因(yin)此播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣溫過高(gao)時(shi)(shi),可(ke)用(yong)(yong)繩索將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)懸吊在(zai)深水(shui)井內,使其(qi)(qi)離(li)水(shui)面大約(yue)30厘米(mi),每(mei)天淘洗(xi)(xi)1次,4-5天后(hou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)露白時(shi)(shi)即(ji)可(ke)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。整畦施(shi)肥(fei)。做好畦面,施(shi)足有(you)、精細播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。籽(zi)小(xiao),出(chu)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)弱(ruo),播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)應注意適量播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)畝(mu)苗(miao)畦用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)0.6-1公斤(jin),可(ke)供(gong)13000余平方米(mi)芹(qin)菜田(tian)移栽(zai),撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)要(yao)均勻采用(yong)(yong)濕(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)法。先澆小(xiao)水(shui),水(shui)下滲后(hou)先撒(sa)一(yi)薄層細干土(tu)(tu)再(zai)(zai)(zai)撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo),播(bo)(bo)(bo)后(hou)再(zai)(zai)(zai)覆(fu)一(yi)層厚(hou)約(yue)0.5厘米(mi)的(de)細土(tu)(tu)、遮(zhe)(zhe)蔭或(huo)覆(fu)蓋育(yu)苗(miao)。用(yong)(yong)農作(zuo)物(wu)秸稈(gan)或(huo)葦(wei)(wei)箔遮(zhe)(zhe)蔭播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)將玉(yu)米(mi)秸稈(gan)、葦(wei)(wei)箔等搭放在(zai)畦面上(shang),待出(chu)苗(miao)后(hou)逐步撤除(chu)。用(yong)(yong)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)果(guo)類蔬(shu)菜植株遮(zhe)(zhe)蔭:在(zai)早熟茄(qie)(qie)(qie)子(zi)、番茄(qie)(qie)(qie)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)后(hou)期(qi)(qi),選墑情適宜(yi)地段趁(chen)濕(shi)撒(sa)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),再(zai)(zai)(zai)鉤劃地面,將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)與土(tu)(tu)摻和(he)均勻,3-4天后(hou)即(ji)可(ke)出(chu)苗(miao)。茄(qie)(qie)(qie)子(zi)、番茄(qie)(qie)(qie)拔秧后(hou),轉入正常管理利用(yong)(yong)遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)(yang)網(wang)遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)(yang):遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)(yang)網(wang)為黑色(se)或(huo)銀(yin)灰色(se),可(ke)降溫2-4℃,并有(you)遮(zhe)(zhe)光和(he)防暴(bao)雨作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),還(huan)可(ke)防蚜蟲及其(qi)(qi)他害。