產品介紹
湘西黃(huang)牛主(zhu)產于湖南省湘西北地區。性情(qing)溫馴,耐粗飼、耐熱,體型中等,發(fa)育勻稱,前軀略高(gao),肌(ji)肉發(fa)達,骨骼(ge)結(jie)實,肩(jian)峰(feng)高(gao),頭(tou)短(duan)小,額寬闊,角形不一,頸細長,頸垂大(da),胸部(bu)發(fa)達,背腰平直,腰臀(tun)肌(ji)肉發(fa)達,尾長而細,四肢筋腱明顯、強壯有(you)力。毛色(se)一般以黃(huang)色(se)、褐色(se)為(wei)主(zhu)。成年公牛平均(jun)體重為(wei)334.3公斤(jin),母牛為(wei)240.2公斤(jin),屠宰率為(wei)39-54.4%,凈肉率為(wei)46.87%。
地域范圍
湘(xiang)西(xi)黃牛(niu)是我國(guo)地(di)方(fang)(fang)優(you)良品(pin)種之一。主(zhu)要分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在湖南省(sheng)湘(xiang)西(xi)自(zi)治州的永(yong)順縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、鳳(feng)(feng)凰(huang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、花垣(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、龍山(shan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、吉首(shou)市、瀘溪縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、古丈縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、保(bao)靖縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),張(zhang)家界的慈利縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、永(yong)定區(qu)(qu)(qu),懷(huai)化的新晃,在湘(xiang)中(zhong)、湘(xiang)南和湖北(bei)鄂西(xi)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、重慶黔(qian)江(jiang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、貴(gui)州銅(tong)仁地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)都有(you)零星(xing)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)。1982年(nian)4月,中(zhong)國(guo)南方(fang)(fang)六省(sheng)(市)在鳳(feng)(feng)凰(huang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)召開黃牛(niu)優(you)良品(pin)種鑒定會,確定湘(xiang)西(xi)黃牛(niu)中(zhong)心產區(qu)(qu)(qu)為鳳(feng)(feng)凰(huang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)柳薄鄉。2007年(nian)5月,經農業部批準,湘(xiang)西(xi)黃牛(niu)保(bao)種區(qu)(qu)(qu)為鳳(feng)(feng)凰(huang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)臘(la)爾山(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。
體型外貌
湘(xiang)西(xi)黃牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)體(ti)格中等,各部(bu)發(fa)育均(jun)稱(cheng),體(ti)軀較短,前(qian)高后低,肌肉發(fa)達,骨骼(ge)堅實,皮膚富有彈性。湘(xiang)西(xi)黃牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)的頭大小適中,頭頂稍(shao)圓(yuan);公牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)頭短額寬,母(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)頭較秀(xiu)長。眼大有神,眼眶稍(shao)突出,有少數的牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)上眼瞼和嘴(zui)四周有黃白色毛(mao)(mao),俗(su)稱(cheng)“粉嘴(zui)畫眉”。耳薄且(qie)靈活,鼻鏡寬,鼻孔大,嘴(zui)岔深。角(jiao)型公牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)以(yi)(yi)龍(long)門角(jiao)、倒(dao)八字為多(duo),母(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)多(duo)是龍(long)門角(jiao)、玲瓏角(jiao)、倒(dao)八字。湘(xiang)西(xi)黃牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)公牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)的頸部(bu)垂皮較發(fa)達,公牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)頸粗短而(er)雄偉(wei)。前(qian)胸開闊,鬢甲豐(feng)圓(yuan)。公牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)肩(jian)峰明(ming)顯(xian),背腰平直(zhi)短寬,腹大而(er)不(bu)下垂。母(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)乳(ru)房不(bu)發(fa)達,公牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)睪丸(wan)顯(xian)露,大小勻稱(cheng)。前(qian)肢(zhi)正直(zhi),后肢(zhi)彎曲(qu),即所謂的“前(qian)肢(zhi)一(yi)(yi)支(zhi)箭,后腿(tui)一(yi)(yi)張弓”,蹄質堅實,蹄以(yi)(yi)黑褐色居多(duo)。尾(wei)較長,尾(wei)根較粗且(qie)著生部(bu)位高、帚毛(mao)(mao)密(mi)而(er)多(duo),越過飛節。全身毛(mao)(mao)色以(yi)(yi)黃色者最多(duo),占80%以(yi)(yi)上,粟(su)色、黑色次之,雜色很少,一(yi)(yi)般體(ti)軀上部(bu)毛(mao)(mao)色深,腹脅及四肢(zhi)內側毛(mao)(mao)色較淺,俗(su)稱(cheng)“白漂襠”。
特定生產方式
本部分(fen)內容主要(yao)表(biao)述影響登記(ji)產(chan)品品質、特(te)色形成和保(bao)持的特(te)定生產(chan)方式:
1、產(chan)地選擇與特殊內容(rong)規定。湘(xiang)西自(zi)治州鳳凰(huang)縣(xian)、永(yong)順縣(xian)、龍山縣(xian)、吉首市、瀘溪縣(xian)、古丈縣(xian)、花(hua)垣縣(xian)、保(bao)靖縣(xian)。
2、品(pin)種選擇與(yu)特定要(yao)求(qiu)。湘西黃牛。
3、生產過程管理(li)(li),包括(kuo)農業投入品方(fang)面的特(te)殊(shu)使用規定。牛場(chang)地勢高燥、背風向陽、地下(xia)水位較低(di)。牧(mu)草(cao)豐富(fu),水源充(chong)足,水質符合(he)NY5027的要求(qiu)。離主(zhu)(zhu)要交通要道、村鎮工廠1km以(yi)上。飼(si)(si)養管理(li)(li),主(zhu)(zhu)要以(yi)放牧(mu)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),或半放牧(mu)半舍飼(si)(si),成(cheng)年母牛空懷期,以(yi)粗料(liao)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),適當搭配少量精(jing)料(liao),在青草(cao)期,可(ke)全喂(wei)(wei)青草(cao)。妊娠(shen)至(zhi)(zhi)6個(ge)月,以(yi)優質的青、粗飼(si)(si)料(liao)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),精(jing)料(liao)為(wei)輔。妊娠(shen)至(zhi)(zhi)7個(ge)月后,以(yi)青粗飼(si)(si)料(liao)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),適當搭配精(jing)料(liao),母牛每(mei)天(tian)喂(wei)(wei)2次(ci)或3次(ci),每(mei)天(tian)飲水3次(ci),冬(dong)季(ji)水溫不(bu)低(di)于15℃為(wei)宜。
品種性能
湘(xiang)西(xi)黃牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)行動靈活(huo),適于(yu)山地耕田犁土,母(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)挽力83.05公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),最(zui)大挽力1210-1235公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),為(wei)(wei)體重(zhong)的3.37倍,長距離(li)拉車試驗中(zhong),載重(zhong)535公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),行程(cheng)34公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里,往(wang)返時間7小時53分,其呼(hu)吸幅度平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)在84-91次(ci)/分鐘。湘(xiang)西(xi)黃牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)性成熟期公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)518天(tian),母(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)476天(tian),初配(pei)年齡母(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)2.5歲,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)3歲,母(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)生(sheng)育(yu)期一(yi)般(ban)16年,最(zui)長達24年,終身(shen)產(chan)仔8-12頭(tou),最(zui)多達15頭(tou),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)種用年限為(wei)(wei)9-10歲。湘(xiang)西(xi)黃牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)在農家飼養的條件下,屠宰率與凈肉(rou)率閹牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)最(zui)高,分別為(wei)(wei)52.45%和43.11%,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)次(ci)之,平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)49.79%和39.13%,母(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)最(zui)低,平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)46.49%和36.91%,總(zong)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)屠宰率為(wei)(wei)49.58%,凈肉(rou)率39.72%,骨肉(rou)比為(wei)(wei)1:4.28,眼肌面積閹牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)51.28cm2。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)46.45cm2,母(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)42.53cm2,總(zong)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)46.75cm2。