介紹
赤(chi)峰境(jing)內被(bei)國(guo)家(jia)考(kao)古界命(ming)名的(de)原始(shi)人類(lei)文(wen)化(hua)類(lei)型有(you)興隆洼文(wen)化(hua)、趙(zhao)寶溝文(wen)化(hua)、紅山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)、富(fu)河文(wen)化(hua)、小河沿文(wen)化(hua)、夏家(jia)店下層文(wen)化(hua)。從考(kao)古發(fa)掘出(chu)來的(de)石器(qi)、骨器(qi)、陶器(qi)、青銅器(qi)等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)活器(qi)物(wu)證(zheng)明,早在8千(qian)余年(nian)(nian)前境(jing)內的(de)原始(shi)先民已經過著原始(shi)農耕、漁獵和畜牧的(de)定居生(sheng)(sheng)活。赤(chi)峰市志記載,蕎(qiao)(qiao)麥在赤(chi)峰地區(qu),遼(liao)代已有(you)種植(zhi),宋(song)沈存中《熙(xi)寧使(shi)虜圖(tu)抄》載:“永安(an)山(shan)(大興安(an)嶺南(nan)段中部)谷(gu)宜梁蕎(qiao)(qiao),而人不(bu)善(shan)藝,四月始(shi)嫁,七月畢(bi)斂”。元(yuan)代亦有(you)種植(zhi),清代放墾(ken)后更多種植(zhi)。解放后,蕎(qiao)(qiao)麥種植(zhi)最多年(nian)(nian)份為(wei)190萬(wan)畝(mu),最少年(nian)(nian)份為(wei)56萬(wan)畝(mu),平(ping)均畝(mu)產(chan)(chan)18-54公(gong)(gong)斤(jin),蕎(qiao)(qiao)麥及麩殼(ke)還出(chu)口(kou)日本及東南(nan)亞等(deng)地。赤(chi)峰蕎(qiao)(qiao)麥年(nian)(nian)播種面積28029公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),總(zong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)為(wei)34110噸,單產(chan)(chan)為(wei)1217公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)/公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。
自然生(sheng)態(tai)環境和人文歷(li)史因素
1、土(tu)壤地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)情況:赤峰(feng)(feng)(feng)市(shi)(shi)積(ji)(ji)極發展雜(za)糧(liang)種植產業,在現(xian)有耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)1600萬(wan)畝(mu)的(de)基礎(chu)上,雜(za)糧(liang)播(bo)種面(mian)積(ji)(ji)常年穩定(ding)在800萬(wan)畝(mu)左右(you),居全國之首(shou)。赤峰(feng)(feng)(feng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處(chu)大(da)(da)興安(an)嶺南段和燕山(shan)(shan)(shan)北(bei)麓山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),分(fen)布(bu)在西(xi)拉木倫河(he)南北(bei)與(yu)老哈(ha)河(he)流域廣大(da)(da)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),呈三面(mian)環山(shan)(shan)(shan),西(xi)高(gao)(gao)東低,多山(shan)(shan)(shan)多丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)特(te)征(zheng)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)約(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)赤峰(feng)(feng)(feng)市(shi)(shi)總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)42%;丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)約(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)24%;高(gao)(gao)平原(yuan)(yuan)約(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)9%;平原(yuan)(yuan)約(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)25%。大(da)(da)體分(fen)為(wei)四個地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形區(qu):北(bei)部(bu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)區(qu);南部(bu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)區(qu);西(xi)部(bu)高(gao)(gao)平原(yuan)(yuan)區(qu);東部(bu)平原(yuan)(yuan)區(qu),海(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)(gao)300-2000米。東部(bu)在西(xi)拉木倫河(he)與(yu)老哈(ha)河(he)匯流處(chu)大(da)(da)興三角地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),海(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)(gao)不(bu)足(zu)300米,為(wei)赤峰(feng)(feng)(feng)市(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢最(zui)低地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶;西(xi)部(bu)克(ke)旗、郊區(qu)和河(he)北(bei)省(sheng)圍場縣交界(jie)處(chu)的(de)大(da)(da)光(guang)頂子山(shan)(shan)(shan),海(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)(gao)2067米,為(wei)赤峰(feng)(feng)(feng)市(shi)(shi)第(di)一高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)。主要山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)有大(da)(da)興安(an)嶺南段,努魯兒虎和七老圖三條山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)。赤峰(feng)(feng)(feng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)資(zi)源特(te)點是(shi),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處(chu)內(nei)蒙古高(gao)(gao)平原(yuan)(yuan)向松遼平原(yuan)(yuan)過渡(du)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶,北(bei)部(bu)為(wei)大(da)(da)興安(an)嶺南段山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),燕山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)系的(de)七老圖山(shan)(shan)(shan)屏于西(xi)部(bu),努魯爾虎山(shan)(shan)(shan)呈于東南側,構成了三面(mian)環山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)半(ban)環形,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢西(xi)高(gao)(gao)東低,海(hai)拔(ba)一般(ban)在500—1500米之間,海(hai)拔(ba)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)為(wei)2067米。地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)形態可分(fen)為(wei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、高(gao)(gao)平原(yuan)(yuan)、熔(rong)巖臺(tai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、低山(shan)(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)、沙丘(qiu)(qiu)平原(yuan)(yuan)。其中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)17.74%;高(gao)(gao)平原(yuan)(yuan)占(zhan)(zhan)5.72%;熔(rong)巖臺(tai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)占(zhan)(zhan)3.21%;低山(shan)(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)占(zhan)(zhan)19.44%;黃土(tu)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)占(zhan)(zhan)22.9%;河(he)谷平原(yuan)(yuan)占(zhan)(zhan)8.17%;沙地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)占(zhan)(zhan)23.3%。
2、水(shui)(shui)文情況:全市水(shui)(shui)資源總(zong)量為(wei)(wei)42.7億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)(mi),有(you)烏力吉木淪河(he)(he)、西(xi)拉沐(mu)淪河(he)(he)、老(lao)哈河(he)(he)、敖來河(he)(he)、灤河(he)(he)、大(da)(da)凌(ling)河(he)(he)六(liu)條外流(liu)水(shui)(shui)系(xi)和內陸水(shui)(shui)系(xi)共308條大(da)(da)小河(he)(he)流(liu),72處(chu)天然(ran)湖(hu)泊。最大(da)(da)的(de)湖(hu)泊為(wei)(wei)達里諾爾湖(hu),水(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)(wei)35.7萬畝(mu)。地表水(shui)(shui)徑流(liu)量32.6億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)(mi),地下水(shui)(shui)可開采10億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)(mi)。人均占(zhan)有(you)水(shui)(shui)量670立(li)方米(mi)(mi)。耕地畝(mu)均占(zhan)有(you)水(shui)(shui)量323.7立(li)方米(mi)(mi)。西(xi)遼河(he)(he)的(de)兩(liang)條主要支流(liu)西(xi)拉沐(mu)淪河(he)(he)、老(lao)哈河(he)(he)都在(zai)赤峰境內,大(da)(da)小干支流(liu)達40余條,有(you)達里諾爾等湖(hu)泊58處(chu),地表水(shui)(shui)總(zong)量為(wei)(wei)32.7億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)(mi),地下水(shui)(shui)可采集量為(wei)(wei)10億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)(mi)。
3、氣候情況:赤峰(feng)市(shi)屬(shu)中溫帶(dai)半(ban)干旱大(da)陸性季(ji)風(feng)氣候區(qu)。冬季(ji)漫(man)長而(er)寒冷,春季(ji)干旱多大(da)風(feng),夏(xia)季(ji)短促(cu)炎熱(re)、雨水集中,秋季(ji)短促(cu)、氣溫下(xia)降(jiang)快、霜凍降(jiang)臨早。大(da)部地區(qu)年(nian)平均(jun)氣溫為0—7℃,最冷月(yue)(1月(yue))平均(jun)氣溫為-10℃左右,極端最低氣溫-27℃;最熱(re)月(yue)(7月(yue))平均(jun)氣溫在20—24℃之間。年(nian)降(jiang)水量的地理分(fen)布受地形影響(xiang)十分(fen)明(ming)顯,不(bu)同地區(qu)差別很大(da),有300—500毫(hao)米不(bu)等(deng)。大(da)部地區(qu)年(nian)日照時數為2700—3100小時。每當5—9月(yue)天空無云時,日照時數可長達12—14小時。
地域范圍
赤(chi)(chi)峰(feng)市(shi)地(di)處內(nei)蒙(meng)古自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)部,東(dong)(dong)北地(di)區(qu)(qu)西(xi)端,西(xi)遼(liao)河上游,大興安嶺西(xi)南(nan)段山(shan)脈與(yu)燕(yan)山(shan)北麓山(shan)地(di)、內(nei)蒙(meng)古高原(yuan)、西(xi)遼(liao)河平原(yuan)的復合(he)截接部位。地(di)理(li)坐標:北緯41°17'10"-45°24'15",東(dong)(dong)經116°21'07"-120°58'52"。總(zong)面(mian)積為90021平方公里,東(dong)(dong)西(xi)最寬375公里,南(nan)北最長457.5公里。東(dong)(dong)南(nan)與(yu)遼(liao)寧省(sheng)朝陽(yang)市(shi)接壤,西(xi)南(nan)與(yu)河北省(sheng)承德地(di)區(qu)(qu)交界,西(xi)部和北部與(yu)內(nei)蒙(meng)古自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)錫林郭勒盟接連,東(dong)(dong)與(yu)通(tong)遼(liao)市(shi)毗鄰。赤(chi)(chi)峰(feng)蕎(qiao)麥農產品地(di)理(li)標志保護范圍為赤(chi)(chi)峰(feng)市(shi)12旗縣區(qu)(qu)132個蘇(su)木(鄉鎮),2014年赤(chi)(chi)峰(feng)蕎(qiao)麥播(bo)種面(mian)積28029公頃,總(zong)產量為34110噸,單產為1217公斤/公頃。
品質特性特征
1、外(wai)在感官特征(zheng):赤(chi)峰(feng)蕎麥莖光滑,無毛或(huo)具細絨毛,圓形,稍有棱角,幼嫩時(shi)實心,成(cheng)熟(shu)時(shi)呈空腔。莖粗一(yi)般0.4~0.6cm,莖高(gao)60~150cm,最(zui)高(gao)可達300cm。葉片呈圓腎形,基部微凹,具掌(zhang)狀(zhuang)網脈,葉柄細長。果實大(da)部為三(san)棱型(xing),少有2或(huo)多棱不規則型(xing)。形狀(zhuang)有三(san)角形、長卵圓形等。
2、內在品質指標:蕎麥其籽粒維生素B2含量(liang)較(jiao)高(gao),為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.22~0.26mg/100g;維生素B6含量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.12~0.18mg/100g;鈣(gai)含量(liang)較(jiao)高(gao),為(wei)(wei)(wei)16.9~19mg/100g;磷含量(liang)較(jiao)高(gao)為(wei)(wei)(wei),384~428mg/100g;鉀(jia)含量(liang)較(jiao)高(gao),為(wei)(wei)(wei)457~516mg/100g。