一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
海南(nan)島位于東經108°37′~111°05',北緯3°30'~20°18',屬(shu)于熱帶(dai)季(ji)風氣候(hou),與(yu)世界著名雪茄產地(di)古(gu)巴(ba)緯度(du)相(xiang)近,有著非常相(xiang)似的(de)(de)自然環境條件。海南(nan)島年平均氣溫22~26℃,≥10℃的(de)(de)積溫為8200℃,年光(guang)照為1750-2650小時,光(guang)照率為50%-60%,年平均降雨量(liang)為1639mm,有明顯的(de)(de)多(duo)雨季(ji)和(he)少雨季(ji)。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)為赤紅壤(rang)(rang),土(tu)(tu)地(di)肥沃(wo),豐富有著豐富的(de)(de)稀土(tu)(tu)元(yuan)素,高達9545平方公里的(de)(de)富硒(xi)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)、耕(geng)層深厚,植(zhi)(zhi)煙土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)多(duo)為紅色(se)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)至壤(rang)(rang)沙土(tu)(tu),全(quan)(quan)島94.5%的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)為綠(lv)色(se)、優質和(he)安全(quan)(quan)土(tu)(tu)地(di)。無論是溫度(du)、降雨、日照、濕度(du)還(huan)是土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)條件都(dou)完全(quan)(quan)符合煙葉茄衣(yi)、夾套到芯葉整套原料的(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)面(mian)種植(zhi)(zhi)。
二.地域范圍
“海南雪茄(qie)煙(yan)葉”農產品地(di)理標志地(di)域(yu)保(bao)護(hu)范(fan)圍為(wei)儋州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)、三亞市(shi)(shi)、東方市(shi)(shi)、五指(zhi)山市(shi)(shi)、白沙縣(xian)、昌江(jiang)縣(xian)、瓊中縣(xian)、保(bao)亭縣(xian)、樂東縣(xian)等9個市(shi)(shi)縣(xian),地(di)理坐(zuo)標為(wei)東經108°65'~110°08',北(bei)(bei)緯18°37'~19°88',東西軸長(chang)156km,南北(bei)(bei)軸長(chang)170km,總面積(ji)16347平方千米。
三.產品品質特性特征
1、外在感官特征:海(hai)南雪茄煙葉(xie)外觀顏色棕紅至棕褐,色澤均勻,葉(xie)片薄(bo),葉(xie)組織(zhi)細致,葉(xie)脈細,油(you)份充足(zu),拉力強(qiang),葉(xie)面平坦。
2、內在品質指標:吸味具有(you)較濃(nong)郁的(de)雪茄香(xiang)味,香(xiang)氣較純正、較濃(nong)郁,勁頭適(shi)中,余味較干(gan)凈、較舒適(shi);燃燒(shao)性較好,灰色灰白(bai)。還(huan)原(yuan)糖(tang)0.10%-0.50%、總糖(tang)0.30%-1.0%、總氮3.50%-5.00%、總植物堿1.50%-3.00%、鉀4.0%-8.0%。
3、質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)安全(quan)要(yao)求(qiu):海南雪茄煙(yan)葉農產(chan)品符合煙(yan)草質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)安全(quan)相關標準要(yao)求(qiu)。
四.特定生產方式
1、育苗(miao)場地選址及(ji)建棚:育苗(miao)場所應(ying)選擇背風向陽、地勢平坦、土層深(shen)厚、疏松肥沃(wo)、排水良(liang)好、土壤pH值(zhi)調整控制在5.5~6.5的地區(qu)。苗(miao)棚的建造(zao)應(ying)符合GB/T18621、GB/T18622、JB/T10286、JB/T10288的要(yao)求。
2、育苗:種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)用2%的(de)(de)福爾馬林(lin)溶(rong)液或1%的(de)(de)硫酸銅溶(rong)液浸泡種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)10min~15min,取出洗(xi)凈后(hou)放(fang)入20℃~25℃的(de)(de)水中浸泡7h~9h。將(jiang)(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)置于溫(wen)度為25℃~28℃、濕(shi)度為60%~70%的(de)(de)環(huan)境下(xia)(xia)催芽,待種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)露(lu)觜發(fa)芽后(hou)于25℃~28℃的(de)(de)溫(wen)度環(huan)境下(xia)(xia)將(jiang)(jiang)細沙(sha)和(he)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)按(an)重量比細沙(sha):種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)=1kg:(1.25±0.25)g的(de)(de)比例混(hun)勻。播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期,按(an)每10㎡的(de)(de)苗床(chuang)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2g~3g的(de)(de)標準將(jiang)(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)均勻撒播于苗床(chuang)表(biao)面。在苗床(chuang)上鋪設遮陰度為65%~75%的(de)(de)遮蔭(yin)網(wang),待種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)出苗后(hou)20天(tian)揭開遮蔭(yin)網(wang),進(jin)行間苗、定苗、除草、防(fang)(fang)治病蟲、煉(lian)苗等。注意病蟲害防(fang)(fang)治,如果遇到13℃以下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)低溫(wen)天(tian)氣,應采(cai)用保(bao)溫(wen)材料進(jin)行保(bao)溫(wen),防(fang)(fang)止凍(dong)害。
2.1、育苗(miao)期間苗(miao)床持水量:
(1)出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi):從(cong)播種到(dao)第(di)一片(pian)真(zhen)葉出(chu)現時,稱為(wei)出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)床土(tu)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)保持在(zai)(zai)田(tian)間持水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)65%~75%。十(shi)字(zi)期(qi):當第(di)三片(pian)真(zhen)葉出(chu)現,第(di)一、二(er)片(pian)真(zhen)葉與兩(liang)片(pian)子葉相互交叉(cha)成(cheng)(cheng)十(shi)字(zi)形時,稱為(wei)十(shi)字(zi)期(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)床土(tu)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)保持在(zai)(zai)田(tian)間持水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)75%~85%。伸根(gen)期(qi):幼苗(miao)(miao)從(cong)第(di)三片(pian)真(zhen)葉生(sheng)出(chu)到(dao)第(di)七(qi)片(pian)真(zhen)葉生(sheng)出(chu)止(zhi),稱為(wei)生(sheng)根(gen)期(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)床土(tu)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)保持在(zai)(zai)田(tian)間持水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)60%~70%。成(cheng)(cheng)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi):從(cong)第(di)七(qi)真(zhen)葉生(sheng)出(chu)到(dao)煙苗(miao)(miao)適于移栽大(da)田(tian)止(zhi),稱為(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)床土(tu)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)保持在(zai)(zai)田(tian)間持水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)50%~60%。
3、大(da)田(tian)移栽(zai):一(yi)般選擇十(shi)二(er)月中旬,陰(yin)(yin)天(tian)或陰(yin)(yin)雨(yu)天(tian)移栽(zai),晴天(tian)移栽(zai)應避(bi)開強烈(lie)的(de)太陽光。大(da)田(tian)移栽(zai)前30天(tian)進(jin)行平(ping)整土(tu)(tu)地(di)、深(shen)耕、細耙等(deng)整地(di)工(gong)作。以(yi)100cm~110cm的(de)行距為(wei)標(biao)準(zhun)開種(zhong)(zhong)植溝。選取大(da)小整齊一(yi)致,無病蟲,根(gen)系(xi)發達,有6片(pian)~8片(pian)真葉、莖高8cm~12cm、葉色(se)濃綠的(de)健壯煙(yan)苗(miao)(miao),以(yi)每(mei)畝1500株~2100株種(zhong)(zhong)植,栽(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi),煙(yan)莖要直(zhi)立,煙(yan)根(gen)應舒展,根(gen)與土(tu)(tu)要密切(qie)接觸,栽(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)深(shen)度,以(yi)填(tian)土(tu)(tu)高出(chu)原苗(miao)(miao)2cm~3cm,用細土(tu)(tu)填(tian)蓋(gai),手指(zhi)將根(gen)際(ji)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)稍壓實(shi),后(hou)澆足定根(gen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。栽(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou),第13天(tian)按(an)25公斤(jin)每(mei)畝的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)追施三元復合肥。栽(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou),第28天(tian)按(an)30公斤(jin)每(mei)畝的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)追施三元復合肥。還苗(miao)(miao)期煙(yan)田(tian)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量保(bao)(bao)持(chi)田(tian)間最(zui)大(da)持(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量的(de)70%~80%;伸根(gen)期煙(yan)田(tian)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)田(tian)間最(zui)大(da)持(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量的(de)55%~65%;旺長(chang)(chang)期煙(yan)田(tian)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)田(tian)間最(zui)大(da)持(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量的(de)75%;成熟期煙(yan)田(tian)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)田(tian)間最(zui)大(da)持(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量的(de)60%~70%。特別注意防(fang)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淹(yan),遇到(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淹(yan)情(qing)況(kuang)應立即排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。栽(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou),第16天(tian)在大(da)田(tian)上(shang)搭建高度為(wei)2.8m遮陰(yin)(yin)度為(wei)70%的(de)遮蔭網。當煙(yan)苗(miao)(miao)長(chang)(chang)到(dao)花軸出(chu)時(shi)進(jin)行打頂(ding)(ding),打頂(ding)(ding)后(hou)留葉數為(wei)22片(pian)~24片(pian);芽(ya)長(chang)(chang)5cm時(shi)進(jin)行抹杈。待煙(yan)葉適熟后(hou)按(an)部(bu)位自下而(er)上(shang)逐葉采收即可(ke)獲得(de)高品質(zhi)的(de)煙(yan)葉。栽(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)期間堅(jian)持(chi)中耕除草、培(pei)土(tu)(tu)和病蟲害防(fang)治(zhi)。
4、煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)采收(shou):在早上露水(shui)干后,根據煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)成(cheng)熟(shu)特征,按(an)部位(wei)自(zi)下而上逐葉(xie)(xie)采收(shou)或整株、或半株采收(shou),掌握(wo)“生(sheng)不采,熟(shu)不漏(lou)”的原則(ze),進(jin)行煙(yan)采摘。采收(shou)后的葉(xie)(xie)子要放在鋪有布(bu)的擔(dan)架上或放在比煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)稍大的筐里(li),及時(shi)送去晾煙(yan)房(fang)穿制(zhi),避免陽(yang)光暴(bao)曬,以免失水(shui)過(guo)多,影響調(diao)制(zhi)。腳葉(xie)(xie)采收(shou)后,每(mei)隔(ge)7天采收(shou)一(yi)次,每(mei)次采2片~4片葉(xie)(xie)。進(jin)入采摘階段,為(wei)防止煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)病害發生(sheng),需(xu)對(dui)煙(yan)田進(jin)行藥物(wu)防治。所用(yong)(yong)農(nong)藥為(wei)16%的代森鋅(xin)粉(fen)劑加硅(gui)燥土,其配比為(wei)1:4。每(mei)畝用(yong)(yong)量5kg。每(mei)次采摘煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)后噴施,直至采摘結束。
5、穿(chuan)(chuan)葉(xie)(xie)與掛竿(gan)(gan)(gan):將晾(liang)煙(yan)(yan)竿(gan)(gan)(gan)放在支架上(shang),每條(tiao)晾(liang)煙(yan)(yan)竿(gan)(gan)(gan)由(you)左至右(you)分成(cheng)兩段穿(chuan)(chuan)制兩段煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie),用線(xian)的一頭系(xi)在晾(liang)煙(yan)(yan)竿(gan)(gan)(gan)上(shang),由(you)左向(xiang)右(you)穿(chuan)(chuan)。讓葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)背面靠晾(liang)煙(yan)(yan)竿(gan)(gan)(gan),在距葉(xie)(xie)柄端 2cm左右(you)的主脈(mo)上(shang)橫向(xiang)穿(chuan)(chuan)過葉(xie)(xie)柄,下(xia)上(shang)兩片(pian)(pian)交替列在竹竿(gan)(gan)(gan)的兩旁,以下(xia)依次進(jin)行。每條(tiao)線(xian)穿(chuan)(chuan)50片(pian)(pian)~60片(pian)(pian)葉(xie)(xie)(根據葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)大小適當增減)。
6、雪茄煙(yan)(yan)(yan)外(wai)包(bao)皮(pi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)的(de)(de)調(diao)制(zhi):雪茄煙(yan)(yan)(yan)外(wai)包(bao)皮(pi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)的(de)(de)整個調(diao)制(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)一般需要(yao)25天~30天。調(diao)制(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)分(fen)為凋萎期(qi)(qi)(qi)、變(bian)(bian)黃(huang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)、變(bian)(bian)裼期(qi)(qi)(qi)和干(gan)筋期(qi)(qi)(qi)。調(diao)制(zhi)結果的(de)(de)優(you)劣(lie)與(yu)否取決于(yu)空氣溫度(du)、空氣濕(shi)度(du)、通風(feng)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)三個因素(su)(su)。其中(zhong)濕(shi)度(du)是影響(xiang)晾制(zhi)質量的(de)(de)關鍵因素(su)(su),因此在煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)晾制(zhi)的(de)(de)各階段(duan),以(yi)濕(shi)度(du)調(diao)控為主(zhu)。各階段(duan)適宜的(de)(de)相對(dui)濕(shi)度(du)范圍分(fen)別(bie)為:凋萎期(qi)(qi)(qi)70%~80%,變(bian)(bian)黃(huang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)75%~85%,變(bian)(bian)褐期(qi)(qi)(qi)70%~80%,干(gan)筋期(qi)(qi)(qi)60%~70%。可(ke)通過掛煙(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)稀密度(du),門窗開(kai)關,升降(jiang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)桿等措施進行(xing)調(diao)控。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)含(han)水(shui)量在16%~17% 時(shi)(shi)(shi)下(xia)竿,按不同品種,不同部位,分(fen)類暫(zan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)裝箱。妥善放置(zhi)保管,保持煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)水(shui)分(fen),以(yi)備發(fa)酵(jiao)。調(diao)制(zhi)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)要(yao)做好觀(guan)察(cha)記(ji)錄(lu)。
7、煙葉發酵:
①自然(ran)發酵:自然(ran)發酵條件(jian)含水量為10%~13%,煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)溫度(du)為20℃~30℃,陳化時(shi)期約(yue)1年~3年左(zuo)右。注:經自然(ran)發酵的(de)煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)色澤鮮亮(liang),顏色變深(shen),香氣優(you)美,品質較為理想。
②人工發酵(jiao):人工發酵(jiao)的煙(yan)葉,色(se)澤,香氣、吸食味、勁(jing)頭及剌激性(xing)等(deng)方面(mian)均有明(ming)顯改善(shan),并(bing)且大幅度(du)縮(suo)短發酵(jiao)周(zhou)期。
③堆(dui)(dui)積發(fa)酵:通過噴水回潮或(huo)露水回潮兩種(zhong)方(fang)式增加(jia)(jia)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉水分和溫(wen)(wen)度(du),從而使煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉柔軟、有(you)韌(ren)性、易(yi)于松散,減(jian)少煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉加(jia)(jia)工過程中的損耗。將煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉堆(dui)(dui)在鋪有(you)草席的煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)架上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),一(yi)般(ban)100kg~200kg為一(yi)垛(duo)(duo),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)把的把頭向外(wai),由內(nei)向外(wai)逐(zhu)漸堆(dui)(dui)碼,上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)一(yi)層的煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)把的一(yi)半覆蓋(gai)在下一(yi)層的煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)把上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)垛(duo)(duo)中插入兩根管(guan)子,內(nei)置溫(wen)(wen)度(du)計,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)垛(duo)(duo)外(wai)面覆蓋(gai)棉被或(huo)草簾。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉一(yi)般(ban)經(jing)過4天~5天,垛(duo)(duo)內(nei)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)可(ke)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)升到規定(ding)的要求(qiu),外(wai)包煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)35℃~37℃、芯煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)36℃~40℃,當(dang)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)達到限定(ding)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)時,按外(wai)翻(fan)內(nei)、內(nei)翻(fan)外(wai)、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)翻(fan)下、下翻(fan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的原(yuan)則及時翻(fan)垛(duo)(duo),經(jing)過4次~5次翻(fan)垛(duo)(duo),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉水分逐(zhu)漸降(jiang)低到18%~20%,溫(wen)(wen)度(du)超過室溫(wen)(wen)5℃而不再升高時,發(fa)酵基本結束。
五.包裝標識相關規定
本規(gui)定地(di)域范(fan)圍內(nei)的(de)海(hai)(hai)南(nan)雪(xue)茄(qie)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品生產(chan)(chan)經營者(zhe),在產(chan)(chan)品或包(bao)裝上(shang)使用(yong)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品地(di)理(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)志,需向海(hai)(hai)南(nan)雪(xue)茄(qie)煙草種植協會提出(chu)申請,按(an)照相關要求規(gui)范(fan)生產(chan)(chan)和使用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)志,統一(yi)采(cai)用(yong)海(hai)(hai)南(nan)雪(xue)茄(qie)產(chan)(chan)品名稱和農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品地(di)理(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)志公共標(biao)(biao)(biao)識相結(jie)合(he)的(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)識標(biao)(biao)(biao)注方法(fa)。