產地環境
產區地(di)勢(shi)復(fu)雜,西高東(dong)低,海拔(ba)為(wei)500—1200m,坡度為(wei)30度左右,山間有(you)零星盆(pen)地(di),鄰近的(de)(de)(de)川、湘兩省屬云貴(gui)高原東(dong)斜坡向四川盆(pen)地(di)及湘西丘陵的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)渡地(di)帶(dai)。氣(qi)候溫(wen)暖濕潤,年(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)溫(wen)為(wei)15.5—21度,年(nian)(nian)降水量為(wei)1030一(yi)1355mm,80%的(de)(de)(de)降水量集中(zhong)在4一(yi)10月份,無霜期為(wei)250一(yi)290 d。河流主要屬烏江水系,河網密度大。土(tu)壤多為(wei)酸性黃壤土(tu)及紅壤土(tu)。農(nong)作物一(yi)年(nian)(nian)二、三熟,主要有(you)水稻(dao)、玉米、甘薯、小麥(mai)、油菜等。農(nong)業副產品豐富,為(wei)山羊的(de)(de)(de)發展提(ti)供(gong)了良好的(de)(de)(de)飼料條件(jian)。
生長性能貴州白山羊(yang)(yang)初生(sheng)重,公羔(gao)平均為(wei)(wei)1.7kg,母(mu)羔(gao)平均為(wei)(wei)1.6kg;3月齡公羔(gao)平均為(wei)(wei)8.1kg,3月齡母(mu)羔(gao)平均為(wei)(wei)7.5kg;周歲公羊(yang)(yang)平均為(wei)(wei)19.6kg,相當(dang)于(yu)成年(nian)(nian)公羊(yang)(yang)的60.22%,周歲母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)平均為(wei)(wei)18.3kg,相當(dang)于(yu)成年(nian)(nian)母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)的56.18%。成年(nian)(nian)公羊(yang)(yang)體重平均為(wei)(wei)32.8kg,成年(nian)(nian)母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)平均為(wei)(wei)30.8kg。
生產性能貴州白(bai)山羊肉(rou)(rou)質(zhi)細嫩(nen),肌肉(rou)(rou)間有(you)脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)分布,膻(shan)味輕。一般在秋、冬兩季(ji)屠(tu)宰。成年羯羊體重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)47.53kg,胴(dong)(dong)體重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)23.26kg,內(nei)(nei)(nei)臟(zang)脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)4.27kg,凈(jing)(jing)肉(rou)(rou)重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)19.02kg,屠(tu)宰率(lv)(包括(kuo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)臟(zang)脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang))平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)57.92形,凈(jing)(jing)肉(rou)(rou)率(lv)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)40.02%;一歲揭羊體重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)24.11kg,胴(dong)(dong)體重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)11.45kg,內(nei)(nei)(nei)臟(zang)脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)1.40kg,凈(jing)(jing)肉(rou)(rou)重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)8.83kg,屠(tu)宰率(lv)(包括(kuo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)臟(zang)脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang))平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)53.30%,凈(jing)(jing)肉(rou)(rou)率(lv)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)36.60%。
皮板品質貴州(zhou)白(bai)山羊的皮(pi)板厚(hou)薄均勻,柔(rou)韌、纖維(wei)致密,毛孔細小,拉力強,張幅(fu)面(mian)積(ji)在3000~6000平(ping)方厘米之間,干皮(pi)重為500~700g。
繁殖性能貴州白(bai)(bai)(bai)山羊性成熟早,母羊初(chu)情期(qi)在3~4月齡,發情周期(qi)為(wei)(wei)17~20d,發情持續期(qi)為(wei)(wei)2d。5個(ge)月齡就(jiu)開(kai)始(shi)配(pei)種。公(gong)羊一(yi)歲后(hou)閹割肥育,故(gu)產(chan)(chan)區(qu)很少見(jian)到飼養大公(gong)羊。貴州白(bai)(bai)(bai)山羊常年產(chan)(chan)羔,1~3月份產(chan)(chan)羔占(zhan)全年的一(yi)半(ban)。母羊產(chan)(chan)后(hou)45d即可發情配(pei)種,能年產(chan)(chan)兩胎。從1~7胎(4歲左右)產(chan)(chan)羔率(lv)逐漸(jian)上升,為(wei)(wei)124.27~180.0%,7胎后(hou)下降。貴州白(bai)(bai)(bai)山羊平均產(chan)(chan)羔率(lv)為(wei)(wei)273.60%,年繁殖存活率(lv)平均為(wei)(wei)243.19%。
觀測結果顯示(shi),選(xuan)育(yu)群和自繁(fan)群羊(yang)(yang)均具(ju)(ju)有(you)明顯的(de)早熟性(xing)能, 其各項指標(biao)符合貴(gui)州(zhou)白山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)品(pin)(pin)種繁(fan)殖生理(li)特(te)征, 說明貴(gui)州(zhou)白山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)品(pin)(pin)種繁(fan)殖生理(li)指標(biao)具(ju)(ju)有(you)穩定的(de)遺(yi)傳(chuan)性(xing)。
養殖技術
要(yao)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)好(hao)貴(gui)州白(bai)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),就(jiu)(jiu)得(de)從羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)抓起,羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)長(chang)至(zhi)幾周齡(ling)(ling)(ling)后(hou),母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)奶(nai)(nai)已(yi)不能(neng)滿足(zu)其(qi)營養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)需(xu)要(yao),因(yin)此需(xu)早期(qi)訓練(lian)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)吃草(cao)(cao)吃料(liao),進(jin)行補飼(si)(si)。一般從7-10日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)開(kai)始誘食,15-30日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)日(ri)(ri)喂50-70克(ke),30-60日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)達(da)到100克(ke),60-90日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)達(da)到200克(ke),保證羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)全(quan)活全(quan)壯,快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang),為早期(qi)斷奶(nai)(nai)和后(hou)期(qi)育肥(fei)(fei)打好(hao)基礎(chu)。早期(qi)斷奶(nai)(nai)在(zai)100日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)進(jin)行,最遲(chi)不要(yao)超過4月齡(ling)(ling)(ling),這(zhe)樣(yang)可縮短產(chan)羔(gao)間隔,增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)年(nian)限內所產(chan)胎數(shu),養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)戶在(zai)加(jia)強喂養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)同(tong)時,對(dui)于育種羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)管理方面,利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)肉用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)優(you)良品(pin)種公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)與本地(di)母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)開(kai)展二(er)元(yuan)(yuan)或三(san)元(yuan)(yuan)雜(za)交,生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)優(you)良雜(za)種羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),育肥(fei)(fei)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)商品(pin)肉羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。雜(za)種羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)不僅生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai),飼(si)(si)料(liao)報酬高,而(er)且(qie)肉質(zhi)好(hao)、鮮(xian)嫩、售價高,經濟效益好(hao)。要(yao)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)好(hao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),還(huan)有(you)就(jiu)(jiu)是要(yao)有(you)充足(zu)的(de)(de)飼(si)(si)料(liao),因(yin)此必須(xu)廣開(kai)飼(si)(si)料(liao)來源(yuan),保證白(bai)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)飼(si)(si)料(liao)常年(nian)不斷。在(zai)解決山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)飼(si)(si)料(liao)來源(yuan)問題上,廣大農(nong)民(min)在(zai)實踐(jian)中積累了豐富的(de)(de)經驗。他們的(de)(de)措施是:廣泛收集,種植放養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)和加(jia)工(gong)貯存(cun)。可以(yi)采集野(ye)草(cao)(cao),同(tong)時還(huan)需(xu)因(yin)地(di)制宜,種植一些高產(chan)青(qing)飼(si)(si)料(liao)草(cao)(cao),如優(you)優(you)玉米草(cao)(cao)、優(you)優(you)苜蓿(xu)等高產(chan)牧草(cao)(cao)品(pin)種。加(jia)工(gong)貯存(cun)方式,大體有(you)三(san)種:一是曬(shai)干貯存(cun):在(zai)夏秋(qiu)季節(jie),將羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)吃不完的(de)(de)青(qing)綠飼(si)(si)料(liao),曬(shai)成青(qing)干草(cao)(cao),供山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)枯(ku)草(cao)(cao)季節(jie)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。二(er)是制成青(qing)貯料(liao):將優(you)質(zhi)青(qing)草(cao)(cao)等進(jin)行青(qing)貯,在(zai)冬季代(dai)替青(qing)料(liao)喂羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。三(san)是窖藏部分新鮮(xian)的(de)(de)青(qing)飼(si)(si)料(liao)和多汁飼(si)(si)料(liao),以(yi)備補料(liao)之用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。貴(gui)州規(gui)模(mo)化飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)白(bai)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)場(chang)開(kai)始利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)設(she)施養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi),以(yi)往農(nong)戶養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)樁拴系,露(lu)天飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群往往出(chu)現夏壯、秋(qiu)肥(fei)(fei)、冬瘦、春(chun)乏的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)。所以(yi)若想增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)效益,就(jiu)(jiu)應推(tui)廣設(she)施養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi),建(jian)(jian)造(zao)布局(ju)結構(gou)合理的(de)(de)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)舍或暖(nuan)棚。這(zhe)樣(yang)無論在(zai)炎夏還(huan)是寒冬,羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群都有(you)一個舒適的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活環境,促其(qi)快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)與增(zeng)(zeng)重(zhong)。飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)設(she)施的(de)(de)合理建(jian)(jian)造(zao)與布局(ju),可大大降低疾病(bing)的(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)。把(ba)錢花在(zai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)舍建(jian)(jian)設(she)上比花錢買藥(yao)吃更經濟,何況(kuang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)過多會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)物(wu)殘留。
養殖戶在做好了羊的(de)喂養管(guan)(guan)理后,防病(bing)(bing)的(de)管(guan)(guan)理可不能(neng)少,因為(wei)疾病(bing)(bing)是(shi)養羊生產的(de)一大威脅(xie),應重點搞好傳染病(bing)(bing)的(de)預(yu)防接(jie)種工作,堅(jian)持預(yu)防為(wei)主的(de)原則。定期驅除羊體內外寄生蟲,注意圈(quan)舍的(de)衛生消(xiao)毒,在日常(chang)管(guan)(guan)理中經常(chang)觀察羊只(zhi)精神、飲食(shi)、糞便等(deng)是(shi)否正常(chang),做到(dao)沒病(bing)(bing)早(zao)防,有病(bing)(bing)早(zao)發現、早(zao)治療。
地理分布
貴州白(bai)山羊(yang)是貴州省優良(liang)的(de)地(di)方(fang)山羊(yang)品(pin)種之(zhi)一,原產(chan)于黔東(dong)北烏江中(zhong)下游(you)的(de)沿河、思南(nan)(nan)和(he)務川等縣,分(fen)布在貴州省的(de)遵(zun)義(yi)、銅仁兩(liang)地(di),黔東(dong)南(nan)(nan)苗族(zu)(zu)(zu)侗族(zu)(zu)(zu)自治(zhi)(zhi)州、黔南(nan)(nan)布依族(zu)(zu)(zu)苗族(zu)(zu)(zu)自治(zhi)(zhi)州也有分(fen)布。
養殖歷史
貴(gui)州(zhou)白山(shan)羊(yang)是一個古老(lao)的(de)山(shan)羊(yang)品種,據(ju)明嘉靖(公(gong)元1522—1567)年間《思南(nan)府志》記載:“羊(yang),皆山(shan)羊(yang),罕綿羊(yang)”。又據(ju)《史記》、《后漢(han)書(shu)》等記敘,在(zai)現今的(de)思南(nan)、印江(jiang)、沿河一帶,漢(han)代以(yi)前飼(si)養(yang)牲畜(chu)已(yi)具規模,黃牛、山(shan)羊(yang)已(yi)為當地主要家畜(chu)。由此可見,貴(gui)州(zhou)飼(si)養(yang)白山(shan)羊(yang)已(yi)有(you)悠久的(de)歷史。
價值
貴州白(bai)山羊肉質細嫩,肌肉間有脂肪分布(bu)。具(ju)有極高的營養價(jia)值。
該品(pin)種具有(you)產肉性能好(hao),繁(fan)殖力(li)強,板(ban)(ban)皮質量好(hao)等特性。貴(gui)州(zhou)白(bai)山羊肉質細(xi)嫩,肌肉間有(you)脂肪分布,板(ban)(ban)皮拉力(li)強而柔軟,纖維致(zhi)密。