一.產品介紹
石(shi)屏(ping)青(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)以體軀被毛(mao)青(qing)色(se)為(wei)特征,是(shi)長期自(zi)然(ran)選擇和飼(si)養(yang)(yang)馴(xun)(xun)化形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肉(rou)毛(mao)兼用型地(di)方品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。約(yue)有二(er)百(bai)五(wu)十多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)歷(li)史(shi),由于(yu)該(gai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)情溫(wen)馴(xun)(xun),當地(di)人稱之為(wei)“憨綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)”。我州在2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畜禽品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)調查(cha)時,根據產(chan)地(di)、外(wai)貌(mao)特征命名(ming)為(wei)石(shi)屏(ping)青(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),經(jing)省(sheng)(sheng)州多次組織專(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)組親臨石(shi)屏(ping)縣作詳細調查(cha),認定(ding)為(wei)云(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)特有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珍稀種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)畜資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)。 石(shi)屏(ping)青(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)屬(shu)于(yu)目(mu)前(qian)(qian)所報道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)我國(guo)地(di)方綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)毛(mao)色(se)優(you)美,體形適中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。根據毛(mao)色(se)青(qing)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)貌(mao)特征,并經(jing)“毛(mao)化學(xue)成(cheng)分”檢測,推(tui)(tui)定(ding)在該(gai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)(qun)(qun)中(zhong)(zhong)含有毛(mao)質青(qing)色(se)基因。該(gai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)具(ju)有行動靈(ling)活(huo)、善(shan)爬坡攀巖、耐寒(han)(han)、耐粗飼(si),適應性(xing)強(qiang),抗病力強(qiang),飼(si)養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)本低等(deng)優(you)點(dian)。雖然(ran)屬(shu)于(yu)未經(jing)選育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原生(sheng)態羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),但具(ju)有較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屠宰率(lv)、凈(jing)肉(rou)率(lv),皮薄(bo),肉(rou)色(se)鮮紅,肉(rou)質細膩(ni),無(wu)膻味(wei),味(wei)香(xiang)可口,營養(yang)(yang)豐富,在生(sheng)產(chan)上具(ju)有較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用及經(jing)濟(ji)開發利(li)用前(qian)(qian)景。但石(shi)屏(ping)青(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)從(cong)何地(di)而來,如何演變到目(mu)前(qian)(qian)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尚無(wu)據可考。據乾隆二(er)十四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1759年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))《石(shi)屏(ping)州志(卷三)》毛(mao)部記(ji)載:“馬、牛(niu)、羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)……”,推(tui)(tui)測約(yue)有二(er)百(bai)五(wu)十多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)歷(li)史(shi)。據當地(di)彝族(zu)(zu)老人講,祖祖輩輩就飼(si)養(yang)(yang)該(gai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。由于(yu)主產(chan)區(qu)是(shi)彝族(zu)(zu)聚集的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高寒(han)(han)山(shan)區(qu),交通不便,彝族(zu)(zu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)眾(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)婚(hun)喪嫁娶及舉行各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重要活(huo)動都(dou)要宰羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),婦女喜歡用青(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)皮做墊背(bei)、用毛(mao)氈子(zi)御寒(han)(han)防雨防潮。由于(yu)受(shou)當地(di)彝族(zu)(zu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)、生(sheng)活(huo)、風俗習慣及自(zi)然(ran)環境條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,經(jing)過長期自(zi)然(ran)選擇和飼(si)養(yang)(yang)馴(xun)(xun)化,形成(cheng)了體型外(wai)貌(mao)較為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)屏(ping)青(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)獨(du)特地(di)方品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。石(shi)屏(ping)青(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)(hu)工(gong)作受(shou)到各(ge)級部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度(du)(du)重視,2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)列入(ru)云(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)畜禽遺(yi)(yi)傳資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)保護(hu)(hu)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)列入(ru)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)畜禽遺(yi)(yi)傳資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)保護(hu)(hu)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。石(shi)屏(ping)縣畜牧技(ji)術推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)站參與(yu)實(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《紅河(he)州畜禽遺(yi)(yi)傳資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)調查(cha)與(yu)保護(hu)(hu)項(xiang)目(mu)》,其中(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)屏(ping)青(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)源(yuan)獲2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)云(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)農(nong)業(ye)技(ji)術推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)等(deng)獎。《石(shi)屏(ping)青(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)遺(yi)(yi)傳資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)調查(cha)與(yu)保護(hu)(hu)項(xiang)目(mu)》榮獲2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)紅河(he)州科技(ji)進步三等(deng)獎。2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)已在哨(shao)沖(chong)鎮水瓜沖(chong)村委會拖(tuo)龍黑(hei)村建青(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)保種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)場一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個,石(shi)屏(ping)青(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)(hu)工(gong)作將得到進一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加強(qiang)。
二.自然生(sheng)態環境和(he)人(ren)文歷史因(yin)素
(1)土壤(rang)地(di)(di)貌情(qing)況:養殖區土壤(rang)類型以水稻土、沖積(ji)土、赤紅壤(rang)、山(shan)地(di)(di)紅壤(rang)、砂(sha)壤(rang)土和羊肝石(shi)土為(wei)主。地(di)(di)形西北高東南低(di)中間凹,山(shan)脈走(zou)向多由(you)西南至東北。東北部是(shi)老黑山(shan),南部是(shi)大冷山(shan),西北部是(shi)坡(po)龍山(shan)、尼白木克山(shan),中部是(shi)硯(yan)瓦山(shan)、筆架山(shan),山(shan)川相間,高差(cha)較大,群(qun)山(shan)迭起,山(shan)清水秀。山(shan)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)占(zhan)全縣(xian)土地(di)(di)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)95%;平(ping)(ping)地(di)(di)有石(shi)屏(ping)(ping)縣(xian)壩(ba)、寶秀壩(ba)、壩(ba)心壩(ba)、龍朋壩(ba)等四個較大的(de)壩(ba)子(zi),平(ping)(ping)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)僅占(zhan)全縣(xian)土地(di)(di)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)5%。境內最高海拔2551.3米(mi)(mi),最低(di)海拔259米(mi)(mi),石(shi)屏(ping)(ping)青綿(mian)羊最適宜(yi)在海拔2000米(mi)(mi)的(de)山(shan)區養殖。
(2)水文情況(kuang):養殖(zhi)區屬(shu)紅河(he)和(he)(he)珠江流域之間的分水嶺地帶(dai),共有河(he)溝35條,水資(zi)源(yuan)豐富(fu),水質清(qing)潔,沒(mei)有人(ren)為和(he)(he)工(gong)礦污染。主(zhu)河(he)流紅河(he)由西北向東南(nan)貫(guan)穿縣境(jing),境(jing)內有云(yun)南(nan)省九(jiu)大(da)高原湖(hu)(hu)泊之一的異(yi)龍湖(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)赤瑞(rui)湖(hu)(hu)兩個(ge)(ge)天然(ran)湖(hu)(hu)泊,水面(mian)達43.4平方公里,蓄水量1.12億立方米,有水庫、壩塘381個(ge)(ge),蓄水量3260立方米。
(3)氣(qi)候(hou)情況:養殖區屬云南(nan)(nan)省高(gao)(gao)(gao)原(yuan)亞熱(re)帶山地氣(qi)候(hou)區,由于(yu)地處高(gao)(gao)(gao)原(yuan),低緯、北(bei)回歸線橫穿南(nan)(nan)部(bu)地區,地勢垂(chui)直差(cha)異顯(xian)著(zhu),同(tong)時(shi)受西(xi)南(nan)(nan)印度(du)洋和東南(nan)(nan)太平洋及西(xi)北(bei)大陸(lu)干暖(nuan)氣(qi)流的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang),季風氣(qi)候(hou)較(jiao)為(wei)典型,具有“四季皆(jie)有夏,一雨變成秋(qiu)”的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)候(hou)特點。歷(li)年(nian)(nian)(nian)最高(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)溫(wen)32℃,最低氣(qi)溫(wen)-3.9℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)18℃;最熱(re)月(yue)(7月(yue))平均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)27.7℃,最冷月(yue)(1月(yue))平均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)9.1℃;≥10℃的(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)積溫(wen)5950.0℃,無霜期316天;年(nian)(nian)(nian)日照(zhao)時(shi)數(shu)2200小(xiao)時(shi),日照(zhao)百(bai)分率為(wei)52%,有效(xiao)率達83%;年(nian)(nian)(nian)輻射量135.2千卡/厘米;最高(gao)(gao)(gao)降(jiang)雨量1200毫米,最低降(jiang)雨量800毫米,年(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)降(jiang)雨量961.5毫米,其(qi)中5~10月(yue)份降(jiang)雨量占全年(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)雨量的(de)(de)(de)81.3%。
三.地域范圍
石(shi)屏(ping)青綿羊主產于(yu)紅河(he)哈尼族彝族自治州石(shi)屏(ping)縣境(jing)內,涉及異龍鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、寶秀(xiu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、壩心鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、龍朋鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、哨沖鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、龍武鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、牛街鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、大橋(qiao)鄉(xiang)、新城鄉(xiang)9 個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),地理坐(zuo)標為東經102°08′—102°43′,北緯23°19′—24°06′之間,南北長88公里(li)、東西寬59公里(li),養殖區域范圍(wei)3037平方公里(li),年存欄50000只。
四.產品品質特性特征
(1)外在(zai)感(gan)官(guan)特(te)征(zheng)體形:石屏(ping)青(qing)(qing)綿羊體格中(zhong)等,結(jie)構勻稱(cheng),體質結(jie)實(shi),近于(yu)長方形。具有行動靈(ling)(ling)活、善爬坡(po)攀巖的獨特(te)性能。 毛(mao)色(se):石屏(ping)青(qing)(qing)綿羊以體軀(qu)(qu)被毛(mao)青(qing)(qing)色(se)為(wei)(wei)(wei)特(te)征(zheng),被毛(mao)覆(fu)蓋(gai)良好,頸(jing)、背(bei)、體側被毛(mao)以青(qing)(qing)色(se)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主,占85%,棕褐色(se)占15%。頭部、腹下(xia)、前(qian)肢(zhi)腕關節以下(xia)、后肢(zhi)飛節以下(xia)毛(mao)短而粗,為(wei)(wei)(wei)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)刺毛(mao)。被毛(mao)油(you)汗(han)適(shi)中(zhong),平(ping)均(jun)毛(mao)長7.41cm,膚色(se)為(wei)(wei)(wei)白色(se)。 頭:頭大小適(shi)中(zhong),額寬,呈三角形。鼻梁隆(long)起,耳(er)小靈(ling)(ling)活不下(xia)垂,眼小有神(shen);公(gong)母(mu)羊均(jun)無(wu)須,多為(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)角(占90%),少(shao)量有角(占10%)或退化角,角較粗,呈倒八(ba)字,灰(hui)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)。頸(jing):頸(jing)長短粗細適(shi)中(zhong),無(wu)肉垂、無(wu)皺(zhou)褶(zhe)。 體軀(qu)(qu):胸寬深、肋微拱起,背(bei)腰平(ping)直,尻部稍(shao)斜,后軀(qu)(qu)稍(shao)高,腹平(ping)不下(xia)垂。 四肢(zhi):四肢(zhi)細長,蹄質堅硬結(jie)實(shi),多為(wei)(wei)(wei)黑(hei)(hei)色(se),少(shao)量灰(hui)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)。
(2)內在(zai)品(pin)質(zhi)指標(biao):石屏青綿(mian)羊皮薄,肉色鮮紅,肉質(zhi)細膩,無膻味(wei),味(wei)香可口,營(ying)養豐富。其中,蛋白質(zhi)含(han)量≥18.5%、粗脂肪含(han)量≤25%、氨基(ji)酸總量≥17.5%、水分含(han)量≤78%。
(3)質量安全規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding):明確登(deng)記產品市場準入所遵循(xun)的國(guo)(guo)家(jia)強制性(xing)技術規(gui)(gui)范(fan)名稱、具體(ti)內容和相(xiang)關法(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)。嚴(yan)格按中華人民共和國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)標準GB9961-2001《鮮凍胴(dong)體(ti)羊肉》執行(xing)。