一.自然(ran)生態(tai)環境和人文(wen)歷史因素
1、土(tu)壤地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)情況:互助(zhu)縣(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處黃土(tu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)原的(de)(de)最(zui)西部,青藏高(gao)(gao)(gao)原和(he)黃土(tu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)原的(de)(de)過渡地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai)(dai),具有(you)(you)兩大高(gao)(gao)(gao)原的(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)特(te)點(dian)。地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢北(bei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)南(nan)低(di)(di),最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)點(dian)為巴扎藏族(zu)鄉的(de)(de)北(bei)溝腦(nao)嶺(ling)(ling),海(hai)拔4484米,最(zui)低(di)(di)點(dian)在高(gao)(gao)(gao)寨鎮(zhen)的(de)(de)曹家堡(bao)村,海(hai)拔2100米。祁連山(shan)(shan)支脈達坂山(shan)(shan)一青石嶺(ling)(ling)橫貫(guan)縣(xian)境東北(bei)部,山(shan)(shan)北(bei)為互助(zhu)河谷,山(shan)(shan)南(nan)是溫(wen)水谷地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),形成(cheng)北(bei)西西一南(nan)東東走向的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)嶺(ling)(ling)與河谷平行(xing)相間(jian)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)特(te)征(zheng),構(gou)成(cheng)全縣(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)基本格(ge)架。縣(xian)境地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢起伏,高(gao)(gao)(gao)差懸殊,山(shan)(shan)川(chuan)相間(jian),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)比(bi)較復雜,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)可分為高(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)、中山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(俗稱腦(nao)山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu))、低(di)(di)山(shan)(shan)丘陵地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(俗稱淺山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu))、河谷地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(俗稱川(chuan)水地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu))四個類型。各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)由北(bei)向南(nan)呈階梯(ti)狀分布,自(zi)然(ran)景觀垂(chui)直(zhi)變化,光熱水土(tu)等(deng)自(zi)然(ran)資(zi)源(yuan)亦受其影(ying)響而垂(chui)直(zhi)分布。復雜性(xing)和(he)多樣(yang)性(xing)的(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)環境,使農(nong)業生產呈立體布局(ju),具有(you)(you)工農(nong)業生產全面發展的(de)(de)有(you)(you)利條(tiao)件(jian)。
2、水(shui)文情況:縣(xian)境(jing)內有?湟水(shui)、互(hu)助河、沙塘(tang)溝河、哈(ha)拉(la)直(zhi)溝河、紅崖(ya)子(zi)溝河、下圈河馬溝大(da)小天然河流(liu)6條,均(jun)屬(shu)黃河流(liu)域、湟水(shui)水(shui)系,全長289.5公里。除(chu)流(liu)經的湟水(shui)與互(hu)助河外(wai),其(qi)它河流(liu)短而小,流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)大(da),境(jing)內全縣(xian)地表水(shui)總徑流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)2億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(不(bu)含湟水(shui)和(he)互(hu)助河)。境(jing)內河川污染(ran)較少(shao),水(shui)質良好,酸堿度均(jun)在(zai)7.5~8.6之間。地表水(shui)實際變化和(he)季節性變化幅(fu)度較大(da)。一般夏秋季為(wei)豐(feng)水(shui)期,降水(shui)集(ji)中,地下水(shui)綜合補給量(liang)(liang)(liang)共1.06億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)。總儲量(liang)(liang)(liang)3.6億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi),可利用(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)0.77億(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)。
3、氣候(hou)情況:互助縣境(jing)內(nei)最高(gao)海(hai)拔4484米(mi),最低海(hai)拔2100米(mi),屬大陸寒溫帶氣候(hou),冬季(ji)受西伯利(li)亞季(ji)風和寒流(liu)影(ying)響,夏季(ji)受東南沿海(hai)臺風影(ying)響。年(nian)(nian)均氣溫1.5~2.8℃,最低-15.7~-29.5℃。年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)雨量(liang)(liang)453~595mm,年(nian)(nian)日(ri)照時(shi)數為2581.7小時(shi),無霜期114天,年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水量(liang)(liang)477.4毫米(mi),年(nian)(nian)蒸發(fa)(fa)量(liang)(liang)1198.3毫米(mi),年(nian)(nian)相對濕度63%,年(nian)(nian)平均風速0.9米(mi)/秒,其優點是氣候(hou)干燥,日(ri)照時(shi)間長、光資源豐富,日(ri)照時(shi)數長,太陽(yang)輻射(she)強,晝夜溫差大,夏季(ji)降(jiang)雨集(ji)中,雨熱同季(ji)。具有發(fa)(fa)展高(gao)原特(te)色農業的優越(yue)條件(jian),適合于(yu)種植蠶豆。
4、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境:互助縣(xian)是青海省農業大(da)縣(xian),境內(nei)(nei)無(wu)大(da)型工礦(kuang)企業,對大(da)氣、水源(yuan)、土壤的(de)污染很(hen)輕,而且對原始生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保護力度(du)很(hen)大(da),境內(nei)(nei)水源(yuan)清潔,空氣明亮,是生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)無(wu)公害、綠色、有機農產(chan)品的(de)理想地區(qu)。
二.地域范圍
互助(zhu)(zhu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)位于(yu)青海(hai)(hai)省東北(bei)(bei)部,北(bei)(bei)依達(da)(da)坂山(shan)與(yu)(yu)門源回族(zu)自治(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)相接,東北(bei)(bei)與(yu)(yu)甘肅省天(tian)祝藏族(zu)自治(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和永登縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)毗鄰(lin),東南(nan)與(yu)(yu)樂都縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)接壤,南(nan)以湟水與(yu)(yu)平安縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為界,西(xi)鄰(lin)互助(zhu)(zhu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),西(xi)南(nan)與(yu)(yu)西(xi)寧(ning)市相連。境內有(you)省道(dao)寧(ning)互公(gong)路(lu)、民門公(gong)路(lu);專用路(lu)機場(chang)公(gong)路(lu)。地(di)(di)理坐標為北(bei)(bei)緯36°30'~37°9',東經101°46'~102°45'之間。全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)轄(xia)屬(shu)19個(ge)(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen),全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)東西(xi)長(chang)86千米(mi),南(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬64千米(mi) ,縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)域(yu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)3424平方(fang)公(gong)里(合513.6萬(wan)畝(mu)),占海(hai)(hai)東地(di)(di)區(qu)總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)的18.85%。耕地(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)109.8萬(wan)畝(mu),草山(shan)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)103萬(wan)畝(mu),互助(zhu)(zhu)蠶(can)豆分布(bu)在互助(zhu)(zhu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)紅崖(ya)子溝、哈拉直溝、塘川(chuan)等19個(ge)(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen),以上鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)2100-4400米(mi)以內都屬(shu)于(yu)互助(zhu)(zhu)蠶(can)豆種植(zhi)和保護的范圍,種植(zhi)規模達(da)(da)9萬(wan)畝(mu)。
三.產(chan)品品質特(te)性特(te)征(zheng)
1、獨特的感官特征:互(hu)助蠶豆籽(zi)粒粒大皮薄、飽滿均勻,質堅硬,表皮光滑,有光澤(ze),無(wu)蟲蛀,且變色慢,耐貯(zhu)藏,商品(pin)率高;籽(zi)粒呈乳白色或淡(dan)(dan)黃色,氣(qi)微,味(wei)淡(dan)(dan),煮飪品(pin)質好,適宜干炒、膨化(hua)、油炸,是各類(lei)休(xiu)閑食(shi)品(pin)、調味(wei)品(pin)的理(li)想生(sheng)產(chan)原料(liao)。
2、獨(du)特的內在品質指(zhi)標(biao):互助(zhu)蠶(can)豆蛋白質含量(liang)≥20.0%、多糖含量(liang)≥0.5%、鈣含量(liang)≥800.0mg/kg,蛋白質含量(liang)較高,營(ying)養豐富,符合現代消費者對營(ying)養保健食品選擇需求(qiu)。
3、安全要求(qiu)互助(zhu)蠶豆產地(di)環(huan)境(jing)質量(liang)、產地(di)空(kong)氣質量(liang)符合GB3095-1996有關要求(qiu)的一級標準,土壤環(huan)境(jing)質量(liang)符合GB15618-1995規定(ding)的二(er)級標準,生(sheng)產過程嚴(yan)格按找(zhao)互助(zhu)縣蠶豆無公(gong)害生(sheng)產的相關規定(ding)和要求(qiu)進行。
四(si).特定生產方式(shi)
互助蠶(can)豆品(pin)(pin)種是能充分(fen)體現互助縣生態(tai)優勢的(de)產(chan)(chan)地(di)品(pin)(pin)種、具有抗逆性、抗倒伏性強、優質、高產(chan)(chan)、穩產(chan)(chan)的(de)蠶(can)豆品(pin)(pin)種,按照物(wu)候期、形態(tai)特征、生物(wu)學特性、經濟性狀等進行栽培管(guan)理。
1、產(chan)(chan)地(di)選擇(ze)(ze)與特殊(shu)內容(rong)規定(ding)。互助蠶豆產(chan)(chan)地(di)選擇(ze)(ze)在無污染和(he)生態(tai)條件良好的(de)地(di)區,產(chan)(chan)地(di)遠離工礦區和(he)公(gong)路(lu)鐵路(lu)干線,避開工業和(he)城市污染源的(de)影響,同時具有可持(chi)續的(de)生產(chan)(chan)能(neng)力。
2、品種與特定要求(qiu):
2.1、品(pin)(pin)種:互助蠶(can)豆(dou)品(pin)(pin)種主要包(bao)括(kuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)9號(hao)(hao)、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)10號(hao)(hao)、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)12號(hao)(hao)、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)13號(hao)(hao)、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)蠶(can)14號(hao)(hao)等,其(qi)中:青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)12號(hao)(hao)蠶(can)豆(dou)種植面積(ji)占蠶(can)豆(dou)總面積(ji)的80%以上。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)12號(hao)(hao)蠶(can)豆(dou)是青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)省農林科(ke)學院作物所于1990年(nian)以青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)3號(hao)(hao)×馬(ma)牙(ya)為母本(ben),74-75×英國176為父本(ben)經(jing)有(you)(you)(you)性雜交選育而成。2005年(nian)1月10日(ri)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)省第六屆農作物品(pin)(pin)種審定委(wei)員(yuan)會第五次會議審定通過。莖始莢(jia)(jia)高24.48厘(li)(li)米,主莖結(jie)莢(jia)(jia)9.80個(ge),單(dan)(dan)株有(you)(you)(you)效莢(jia)(jia)14.60個(ge)。莢(jia)(jia)果著生狀(zhuang)態半直(zhi)立型(xing)。莢(jia)(jia)長10.92厘(li)(li)米,莢(jia)(jia)寬2.22厘(li)(li)米。單(dan)(dan)株雙(多(duo))莢(jia)(jia)數(shu)1.60個(ge),每莢(jia)(jia)2.20粒(li)(li),主莖著莢(jia)(jia)密度(du)0.43莢(jia)(jia)/花節。成熟莢(jia)(jia)黑(hei)色。種皮有(you)(you)(you)光(guang)澤、半透明,臍黑(hei)色。粒(li)(li)乳白色、中厚形。單(dan)(dan)株粒(li)(li)數(shu)14.51粒(li)(li),單(dan)(dan)株產(chan)量28.76粒(li)(li),百(bai)粒(li)(li)重198.20克。春性,中晚熟品(pin)(pin)種,在互助地區生育期113±2天,全生育期143±2天。中抗褐斑(ban)病(bing)、輪紋病(bing)、赤斑(ban)病(bing)。
2.2、種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)質量符合國家要求:嚴(yan)格實行種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)處理,對蠶豆種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)進行篩選(xuan)(xuan),剔(ti)除病(bing)籽、霉籽、癟籽、蟲蛀等(deng)。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)用物(wu)理方(fang)法消(xiao)毒(du),如溫湯浸種(zhong)(zhong)消(xiao)毒(du),以(yi)減少種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)帶(dai)病(bing)菌。選(xuan)(xuan)種(zhong)(zhong)時應(ying)選(xuan)(xuan)出(chu)飽滿大粒,無病(bing)蟲害,無霉粒,純度達95%以(yi)上,另外,將選(xuan)(xuan)好的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)播(bo)前進行曬種(zhong)(zhong)3天,提(ti)高(gao)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的發芽(ya)率和發芽(ya)勢,保(bao)證(zheng)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)出(chu)苗齊、全、壯。
3、生產(chan)過程(cheng)管理:包括農業投入品方面的特殊使用規定。
3.1、合理倒茬、深耕(geng)(geng)整(zheng)地(di)。蠶豆不宜連作(zuo),因(yin)此(ci)要選擇選擇地(di)勢平(ping)(ping)(ping)坦、排(pai)灌方便、耕(geng)(geng)層深厚、肥力中(zhong)等或上等水平(ping)(ping)(ping)、中(zhong)性或微堿性小麥或馬(ma)鈴薯茬口(kou),避(bi)免以豆類作(zuo)物和油(you)菜為(wei)前(qian)作(zuo)。整(zheng)地(di)要做到(dao)早(zao)耕(geng)(geng)、深耕(geng)(geng)、細耙,為(wei)根系的(de)生長發(fa)育,根瘤菌的(de)生存環境打下(xia)良(liang)好的(de)基礎(chu)。秋季(ji)及時進(jin)行深耕(geng)(geng)翻(fan),做到(dao)蓄水保(bao)墑,秋水春用(yong),冬(dong)季(ji)及時鎮壓保(bao)墑。早(zao)春土(tu)壤(rang)解凍20厘 米左右時進(jin)行平(ping)(ping)(ping)整(zheng)土(tu)地(di),使土(tu)壤(rang)達到(dao)地(di)平(ping)(ping)(ping)、土(tu)細墑足(zu)、上虛下(xia)實的(de)待播狀態。為(wei)早(zao)出(chu)苗,出(chu)齊苗,保(bao)壯苗創造良(liang)好條件。
3.2、科學(xue)施肥(fei)。根據作(zuo)物的(de)需肥(fei)特(te)性,科學(xue)施肥(fei)應(ying)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)三(san)點:(l)基肥(fei)中(zhong)應(ying)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)重施磷;
(2)在(zai)苗期根瘤尚未形成(cheng)和活動(dong)之(zhi)前,或在(zai)肥力(li)不足的(de)土壤上應施適(shi)量的(de)氮肥;
(3)苗期和初花期用0.03~0.05%的鉬酸銨(an)溶(rong)液進(jin)行噴施。
3.3.3、適(shi)時早(zao)播(bo)(bo)(bo),合(he)理密植。蠶(can)(can)豆幼苗(miao)耐寒,種(zhong)(zhong)子萌發(fa)和出苗(miao)需要(yao)(yao)的溫度較(jiao)低,應抓住有(you)利時期適(shi)時早(zao)播(bo)(bo)(bo),早(zao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)早(zao)生(sheng)根,早(zao)出苗(miao),早(zao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)光合(he)作(zuo)用,延長生(sheng)長期,降低結莢(jia)部位,能減少(shao)花(hua)莢(jia)脫落,促進(jin)早(zao)熟。要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)地溫達3~4℃,土壤解凍10~12厘米(mi)時播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式。蠶(can)(can)豆適(shi)當深(shen)播(bo)(bo)(bo),深(shen)度適(shi)宜在8~12厘米(mi)為(wei)宜。播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)時應力(li)求(qiu)深(shen)淺一致。水地可(ke)采(cai)用人工手溜,也可(ke)機械點播(bo)(bo)(bo),要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)等行(xing)(xing)距(ju)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),行(xing)(xing)距(ju)35厘米(mi),株(zhu)(zhu)距(ju)16-17厘米(mi),畝(mu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)量為(wei)20-22.5公斤(jin)(jin),每(mei)畝(mu)保(bao)(bao)苗(miao)1.0~1.5 萬株(zhu)(zhu);半淺半腦山(shan)(shan)地采(cai)取寬窄行(xing)(xing)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),種(zhong)(zhong)8鏵隔2鏵,寬行(xing)(xing)50厘米(mi),窄行(xing)(xing)25厘米(mi),株(zhu)(zhu)距(ju)15厘米(mi),每(mei)畝(mu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)量為(wei)22.5-25公斤(jin)(jin),每(mei)畝(mu)保(bao)(bao)苗(miao)1.5~2.0萬株(zhu)(zhu)。腦山(shan)(shan)地區畝(mu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)量為(wei)25-30公斤(jin)(jin),畝(mu)保(bao)(bao)苗(miao)3.0~3.5萬株(zhu)(zhu)。3.4、田間(jian)管理:
(1)查苗(miao)補(bu)(bu)苗(miao):蠶豆出苗(miao)后應及時(shi)查苗(miao)或補(bu)(bu)種,補(bu)(bu)種時(shi)先挖穴灌水再點播(bo)催過芽的(de)(de)種子,或在(zai)苗(miao)多(duo)的(de)(de)地方,挖苗(miao)帶(dai)土移(yi)(yi)栽補(bu)(bu)苗(miao)。移(yi)(yi)補(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)苗(miao)要求(qiu)健(jian)壯,易成活和健(jian)壯生長。
(2)中耕除(chu)草:一(yi)般在出苗后2-3天,即(ji)可進(jin)行人工除(chu)草。減少養(yang)分消耗,疏松土壤(rang),增加地溫,促(cu)進(jin)養(yang)分的(de)分解轉化和根瘤的(de)及早(zao)形(xing)成(cheng)。
(3)適時澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui):適時澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)是保證蠶(can)豆(dou)早熟豐產的關鍵性(xing)之一,蠶(can)豆(dou)在現蕾期(qi)(qi)(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)花期(qi)(qi)(qi)需(xu)水(shui)(shui)量最多,結莢期(qi)(qi)(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)成熟期(qi)(qi)(qi)較少,川水(shui)(shui)地(di)要求(qiu)在蠶(can)豆(dou)現蕾前期(qi)(qi)(qi)、盛花期(qi)(qi)(qi)、終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)花期(qi)(qi)(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)莢期(qi)(qi)(qi)各透(tou)澆(jiao)一次(ci)水(shui)(shui)。
(4)追(zhui)肥:追(zhui)肥要視田間(jian)長(chang)勢靈(ling)活掌握(wo),應少(shao)量(liang)補充(chong),結(jie)(jie)合苗(miao)期(qi)(qi)澆(jiao)頭水畝施(shi)尿素3~4公(gong)(gong)斤。葉(xie)面追(zhui)肥可在中后(hou)期(qi)(qi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing),促(cu)進(jin)花(hua)粉萌發(fa),增加(jia)授粉率,減(jian)少(shao)落(luo)花(hua)落(luo)莢(jia),畝噴施(shi)0.5%的(de)(de)尿素和(he)0.1%的(de)(de)硼(peng)酸(suan)混合液50~75公(gong)(gong)斤。后(hou)期(qi)(qi)可結(jie)(jie)合防治蚜(ya)蟲,每畝噴施(shi)0.15公(gong)(gong)斤樂果,0.1公(gong)(gong)斤硼(peng)酸(suan),0.5公(gong)(gong)斤尿素,0.1公(gong)(gong)斤磷酸(suan)二氫鉀,兌水50公(gong)(gong)斤,8~10天噴一(yi)次。 適時(shi)(shi)(shi)摘(zhai)心打(da)(da)(da)頂(ding)(ding)。蠶(can)豆(dou)后(hou)期(qi)(qi)應采(cai)取摘(zhai)心打(da)(da)(da)頂(ding)(ding),可控制(zhi)徒長(chang),提(ti)高(gao)抗(kang)倒伏能力,減(jian)少(shao)病蟲發(fa)生和(he)養分(fen)消(xiao)耗,提(ti)高(gao)結(jie)(jie)莢(jia)率和(he)下部籽粒的(de)(de)飽滿度,達到增產(chan)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。川水地蠶(can)豆(dou)主莖(jing)花(hua)開(kai)至10~12層,分(fen)枝花(hua)開(kai)至8~10層時(shi)(shi)(shi)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)打(da)(da)(da)頂(ding)(ding),淺山(shan)地蠶(can)豆(dou)主莖(jing)花(hua)開(kai)至8~10層,分(fen)枝花(hua)開(kai)至4~6層時(shi)(shi)(shi)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)打(da)(da)(da)頂(ding)(ding),打(da)(da)(da)頂(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)只摘(zhai)除(chu)頂(ding)(ding)部一(yi)心一(yi)葉(xie)即可,以免打(da)(da)(da)頂(ding)(ding)過多,造成桿空心易霉爛(lan)。蠶(can)豆(dou)打(da)(da)(da)頂(ding)(ding)最好要求(qiu)在晴天早上八點至下午5點進(jin)行(xing)(xing),打(da)(da)(da)頂(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)同時(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)分(fen)行(xing)(xing)壓(ya)行(xing)(xing),增加(jia)田間(jian)通風透光。
3.5、病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)防治。豆(dou)科(ke)作(zuo)物(wu)植株(zhu)柔嫩多(duo)汁(zhi),易受(shou)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)為害(hai)(hai),必須(xu)對病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)進行防治。赤(chi)斑(ban)病(bing)(bing)(bing),輪紋病(bing)(bing)(bing),銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)(shi)蠶(can)豆(dou)作(zuo)物(wu)的主要病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai),嚴(yan)重時(shi)可(ke)(ke)減產10~15%。在開花至結(jie)莢期,每畝可(ke)(ke)用(yong)50%多(duo)菌靈可(ke)(ke)濕性粉(fen)劑0.15公(gong)斤(jin),兌水20~30公(gong)斤(jin)噴施,7-10天再噴一(yi)次(ci)(ci),即(ji)有效可(ke)(ke)控制赤(chi)斑(ban)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、輪紋病(bing)(bing)(bing)以及銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)的蔓延。豆(dou)蚜、豆(dou)芫青是(shi)(shi)豆(dou)科(ke)作(zuo)物(wu)上的主要害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong),在現蕾(lei)至結(jie)莢期,如發生時(shi),畝用(yong)20克的4.5%高(gao)效氯氰菊酯乳油(you),兌水20~30公(gong)斤(jin)噴施防治一(yi)次(ci)(ci)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)。
3.6、適(shi)時(shi)(shi)收獲。蠶豆上下(xia)部莢(jia)果不同時(shi)(shi)成(cheng)熟,必須注意適(shi)時(shi)(shi)收獲,當(dang)豆莢(jia)有75~80%成(cheng)熟時(shi)(shi),即大部分豆莢(jia)由黃(huang)變黑時(shi)(shi)收即可(ke),收獲時(shi)(shi)間宜在早上露水未干時(shi)(shi)進行,收后及時(shi)(shi)脫粒,以(yi)免霉粒造成(cheng)損失。
五.包裝標識相關規定
1、蠶(can)(can)豆(dou)包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)材(cai)料應(ying)符合《食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)用(yong)原紙衛生標準》(GB11680-1989) 和《糧食衛生標準》(GB2715)的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定,內(nei)包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)標志(zhi)符合《預(yu)包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)標簽通(tong)則(ze)》CGB7718-2011)的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定。商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)蠶(can)(can)豆(dou)運輸時應(ying)經植(zhi)物檢(jian)疫(yi)監督機構根據《植(zhi)物檢(jian)疫(yi)條例》檢(jian)疫(yi)合格,并出(chu)具檢(jian)疫(yi)證明。干蠶(can)(can)豆(dou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)保質(zhi)期不(bu)超過12個月,鮮(xian)蠶(can)(can)豆(dou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)保質(zhi)期不(bu)超過120天(tian),產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)不(bu)應(ying)與有毒、有害、有異味的(de)物品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)一同(tong)存放。互助蠶(can)(can)豆(dou)地(di)域(yu)保護范圍內(nei)的(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)基地(di),在互助蠶(can)(can)豆(dou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)上使用(yong)己獲登記保護的(de)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)地(di)理標志(zhi),須(xu)向互助土族自治縣種(zhong)子管理站提出(chu)申(shen)請,并按照相關規(gui)(gui)(gui)范生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)和使用(yong)標志(zhi),統(tong)一采用(yong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)名稱和農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)地(di)理標志(zhi)公共標示相結合的(de)標示標注方法。
2、符(fu)合下列條件的單位和個(ge)人,可以向登記證書(shu)持有人申(shen)請使用農產品(pin)地(di)理標志(zhi):
(1)生(sheng)產經營(ying)的農產品產自(zi)登記確定的地域(yu)范圍(wei);
(2)已取得登記農(nong)產(chan)品相(xiang)關的生產(chan)經營資質;
(3)能夠嚴格按照規定的(de)質(zhi)量技(ji)術規范組(zu)織開展生(sheng)產經營(ying)活動;
(4)具有地理標志農產品市場(chang)開發(fa)經營(ying)能力。
(5)經審核符合標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)使用條件的,農(nong)產品地理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)登記(ji)證書持有(you)人應當按照生產經營年度(du)與(yu)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)使用申(shen)請人簽(qian)訂農(nong)產品地理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)使用協(xie)議(yi),在協(xie)議(yi)中載明(ming)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)使用數量、范圍及相關(guan)責任義(yi)務。
(6)農產品地理標志(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)協議生效(xiao)后(hou),標志(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)人方可在(zai)農產品或者農產品包(bao)裝物上使用(yong)(yong)農產品地理標志(zhi),并可以(yi)使用(yong)(yong)登記的農產品地理標志(zhi)進(jin)行宣傳和參加展覽、展示及展銷活動。
(7)農產品(pin)地(di)(di)(di)理(li)標志(zhi)使(shi)用人應(ying)當建(jian)立農產品(pin)地(di)(di)(di)理(li)標志(zhi)使(shi)用檔案(an),如實記(ji)載地(di)(di)(di)理(li)標志(zhi)使(shi)用情(qing)況,自覺(jue)接受登記(ji)證書持(chi)有人的監督檢查,保證地(di)(di)(di)理(li)標志(zhi)農產品(pin)的品(pin)質(zhi)和信譽,正確規(gui)范地(di)(di)(di)使(shi)用農產品(pin)地(di)(di)(di)理(li)標志(zhi)。
(8)地(di)(di)理標志農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)生產(chan)(chan)經營者,應(ying)當建立質量(liang)控(kong)制追溯體系。農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)(di)理標志登記證書持有人(ren)(ren)和(he)標志使用人(ren)(ren),對地(di)(di)理標志農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)質量(liang)和(he)信譽負責。
(9)任何單位和個人不得偽造、冒(mao)用農產品地理標志(zhi)和登記證書。冒(mao)用農產品地理標志(zhi)的(de),依(yi)照《中華人民(min)共和國(guo)農產品質量安全法》第五(wu)十一條規定處罰。