一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
1、位置氣(qi)候:靈(ling)武市深(shen)居內陸腹地,位于(yu)寧夏平原中部,北(bei)緯38°,海拔(ba)1250米。是(shi)盛產優質水果的“黃金緯度”。屬于(yu)典(dian)型的大陸性季風氣(qi)候,其特點(dian)為(wei):春遲秋早(zao),四季分明(ming)、日照(zhao)充足、熱量(liang)豐富、蒸發強(qiang)烈、氣(qi)候干燥(zao)、晴天多(duo)、雨(yu)雷少,全年(nian)(nian)日照(zhao)時數3080.2小時,平均無霜期(qi)157天,植物生長期(qi)持續(xu)170天,年(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)溫8.8℃,年(nian)(nian)均降水量(liang)206.2~255.2mm。
2、土壤(rang)水文:靈武(wu)(wu)(wu)長(chang)棗種植區地(di)貌可分為西部(bu)引(yin)黃(huang)灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)(gai)平原區和(he)東部(bu)毛烏(wu)素(su)沙(sha)(sha)地(di)丘陵(ling)區,土壤(rang)為壤(rang)土、沙(sha)(sha)壤(rang)土、沙(sha)(sha)土或易耕(geng)荒地(di),土壤(rang)質地(di)偏沙(sha)(sha),通(tong)透性(xing)和(he)耕(geng)性(xing)較(jiao)好。pH值(zhi)7.5~8.5,地(di)下(xia)水位(wei)1.5m以下(xia),土壤(rang)全鹽含(han)量低于1.0‰,土壤(rang)有機質含(han)量中等。靈武(wu)(wu)(wu)市得天獨厚的(de)(de)自然條件(jian)與(yu)引(yin)黃(huang)河水灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)(gai)便利條件(jian)造就了靈武(wu)(wu)(wu)長(chang)棗獨一無二的(de)(de)地(di)方特有品(pin)質。
二.地域范圍
靈武(wu)(wu)長棗農產品地(di)理標志地(di)域保護范圍為:靈武(wu)(wu)市(shi)現轄行政區域,包括(kuo)臨河鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、東(dong)(dong)塔鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、郝家(jia)橋鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、崇興鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、馬(ma)家(jia)灘鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、梧桐(tong)樹鄉(xiang)(xiang)、白(bai)土(tu)崗鄉(xiang)(xiang),靈武(wu)(wu)園藝試驗場、大泉林(lin)場、北沙窩林(lin)場、白(bai)芨(ji)灘林(lin)場、靈武(wu)(wu)農場。地(di)處東(dong)(dong)徑(jing)106°11′~105°52′,北緯37°35′~38°21′之間(jian),南(nan)北長98公(gong)里,東(dong)(dong)西寬54公(gong)里,市(shi)域總面積4010平方千米(mi),種植面積9467公(gong)頃,年產量(liang)16000t。
三.產品品質特性特征
1、外(wai)在感官特征:靈武長棗為(wei)鮮食品(pin)種,果(guo)(guo)實呈長橢圓形(xing)或圓柱形(xing)、略扁,梗洼深(shen)廣,果(guo)(guo)肩平整;果(guo)(guo)皮紫紅色,完(wan)熟果(guo)(guo)面帶紫斑;果(guo)(guo)皮薄,果(guo)(guo)肉綠白色,質地質密酥(su)脆,汁(zhi)液多,酸甜適口。縱徑(jing)(jing)平均(jun)在4cm左右,最大達6cm,橫(heng)徑(jing)(jing)(寬面)2.5cm左右,平均(jun)單(dan)果(guo)(guo)重12g左右。
2、衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)指標:靈武長棗果(guo)實(shi)衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)指標應符(fu)合GB14891.5-1997《輻照(zhao)新(xin)鮮(xian)水果(guo)、蔬(shu)菜類衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)標準》中3.4的規定。
3、檢驗(yan)規(gui)則:按DB64/T419《鮮靈(ling)武長(chang)棗(zao)》執(zhi)行(xing)。
四.特定生產方式
1、產(chan)(chan)地選擇與特殊內(nei)容規定:生產(chan)(chan)地域(yu)內(nei)無工業(ye)和(he)城市污(wu)染源,種(zhong)植區選擇離工礦(kuang)區和(he)公路鐵路干(gan)線,生態條件良好的(de)地區。土(tu)(tu)質以壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)、沙壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)、礫質壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)、沙土(tu)(tu)為主,要求土(tu)(tu)層深厚,灌、排(pai)水條件良好。
2、品種選擇與(yu)特(te)定(ding)要求(qiu):選用優質、高產、抗(kang)病、抗(kang)逆性強、商品性好、本地長期種植的靈武(wu)長棗1號、2號優系品種。
3、栽培管理:
①苗(miao)(miao)木:采用根蘗苗(miao)(miao)和(he)嫁接苗(miao)(miao),育苗(miao)(miao)按DB64/T417《靈武長棗苗(miao)(miao)木繁育技術規程》執行。
②建園:選(xuan)擇土(tu)(tu)層深厚(hou)、土(tu)(tu)壤肥沃(wo),排灌、交通條件便利的地塊。以(yi)地下水位1.5m以(yi)下、熟土(tu)(tu)層30cm以(yi)上、PH值7.5~8.5,有機質(zhi)含量(liang)較高的沙壤土(tu)(tu)或(huo)輕壤土(tu)(tu)為宜。
③栽植:南(nan)北行(xing)向種植,株(zhu)行(xing)距(ju)3m×4m、2m×3m,栽植密度每(mei)公頃825株(zhu)~1650株(zhu)。定植前(qian)一年大(da)穴培(pei)肥,樹穴長、寬、高80cm×80cm×80cm,株(zhu)施腐熟(shu)農家肥25kg加磷(lin)酸二銨或復合肥0.5kg。定干50cm~70cm,漆封(feng)剪口,樹盤覆膜。大(da)田(tian)種植按(an)DB64/T418《靈武(wu)長棗栽培(pei)技(ji)術規程》執行(xing),設施種植按(an)DB64/T530《靈武(wu)長棗日(ri)光溫室(shi)促(cu)成栽培(pei)技(ji)術規程》執行(xing)。
④整形(xing)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian):采(cai)(cai)用(yong)紡錘形(xing)樹形(xing)。春季(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)間:3月至4月上(shang)(shang)旬。修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa):短截(jie)(jie)、疏(shu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、拉枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、刻(ke)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)。夏季(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)間:整個(ge)生(sheng)長期(qi)。修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa):抹(mo)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)、拿枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)、拉枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。具(ju)體(ti)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)按DB/T418《靈武(wu)長棗(zao)(zao)栽培(pei)技術規程》執(zhi)行。定(ding)植當年(nian)(nian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian):8月之(zhi)前(qian)(qian),30cm以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)新(xin)生(sheng)棗(zao)(zao)頭全部(bu)摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)。幼樹修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(1-3年(nian)(nian)):修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)(yi)迅速擴冠為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),強調扶壯中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)干(gan)(gan)(gan)。選(xuan)留(liu)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)強壯的(de)中(zhong)桿,保證中(zhong)桿的(de)絕對優勢(shi),在(zai)其40cm以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),采(cai)(cai)取短截(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)1~2節培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),輔(fu)之(zhi)抹(mo)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)選(xuan)留(liu)定(ding)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)選(xuan)留(liu)3~4個(ge)骨(gu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間距(ju)15cm~20cm,螺旋排列(lie),每主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)7~15個(ge)永久性(xing)二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長度根據(ju)長勢(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang),翌年(nian)(nian)不做延長修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。底層(ceng)3個(ge)左(zuo)右(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),為(wei)臨時(shi)性(xing)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu),后(hou)期(qi)隨著(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)增(zeng)加,逐(zhu)(zhu)步清除底層(ceng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)提(ti)高主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)。修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)以(yi)(yi)短截(jie)(jie)、抹(mo)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)、摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)、開(kai)角為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。開(kai)角:以(yi)(yi)春、秋拉枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),結(jie)合夏季(ji)拿枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),角度70°~90°;摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin):根據(ju)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)長勢(shi)決定(ding)摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)長度,旺長留(liu)、弱短留(liu),枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)木(mu)質(zhi)化(hua)前(qian)(qian)結(jie)束摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin),一(yi)(yi)般留(liu)7~9個(ge)永久性(xing)二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)。初果期(qi)樹修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(4-6年(nian)(nian)):修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)(yi)調整枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)、增(zeng)加產量(liang)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。對未達到主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數量(liang)要求的(de),繼續培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);完成整形(xing)的(de),逐(zhu)(zhu)年(nian)(nian)疏(shu)除過(guo)密(mi)或(huo)過(guo)低枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)以(yi)(yi)抹(mo)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)選(xuan)留(liu)定(ding)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),短截(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)輔(fu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。下部(bu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長度在(zai)1.2m~1.9m,上(shang)(shang)部(bu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)9個(ge)~15個(ge)永久性(xing)二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin),一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)成功,5年(nian)(nian)左(zuo)右(you)完成整形(xing)。修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)以(yi)(yi)抹(mo)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)、開(kai)角為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。盛果期(qi)樹修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(7年(nian)(nian)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)):修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)(yi)更新(xin)老(lao)化(hua)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),優化(hua)結(jie)果枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)。徹底清除底層(ceng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),將主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)調整到80cm以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang),3年(nian)(nian)左(zuo)右(you)完成老(lao)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更新(xin),之(zhi)后(hou)每年(nian)(nian)更新(xin)2個(ge)左(zuo)右(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間距(ju)調整到20cm以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang),也可(ke)分層(ceng)排布,層(ceng)間距(ju)50cm左(zuo)右(you),樹高2.5m~3m。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更新(xin)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)及要點:主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更新(xin)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa),一(yi)(yi)是(shi)對枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齡5年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)質(zhi)量(liang)較差的(de)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu),如位(wei)置偏高長勢(shi)過(guo)旺、角度小而不宜開(kai)張、二(er)(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粗壯多次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)抹(mo)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)留(liu)樁等主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),采(cai)(cai)取一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)疏(shu)除或(huo)留(liu)10cm短樁更新(xin);二(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)對5年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)質(zhi)量(liang)較好的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),可(ke)采(cai)(cai)取基部(bu)留(liu)預備枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式進行逐(zhu)(zhu)步更新(xin);三是(shi)利用(yong)棗(zao)(zao)樹春季(ji)前(qian)(qian)期(qi)抹(mo)芽(ya)(ya)(ya),選(xuan)留(liu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)上(shang)(shang)新(xin)生(sheng)棗(zao)(zao)頭,培(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)新(xin)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
⑤肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)管理:均衡施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),前(qian)促后(hou)控。基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):秋季果實采收后(hou)至灌(guan)(guan)冬水(shui)前(qian),以農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)為主(zhu)(zhu),混加少量(liang)的(de)氮素化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)每666.7平方米施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)3000kg~5000kg。溝(gou)(gou)(gou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為主(zhu)(zhu),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)部位(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)樹冠(guan)投(tou)影外20cm左右處(chu)。溝(gou)(gou)(gou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)挖(wa)條(tiao)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)或(huo)環狀溝(gou)(gou)(gou),幼齡樹環狀溝(gou)(gou)(gou),成齡樹條(tiao)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)為主(zhu)(zhu),溝(gou)(gou)(gou)深40cm~50cm,寬40cm,長(chang)隨(sui)樹冠(guan)冠(guan)幅。將腐熟的(de)農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)或(huo)商品(pin)有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)與(yu)陽土拌勻施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)入溝(gou)(gou)(gou)內,填平。追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):每年2次(ci)(ci),第(di)一次(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)萌(meng)(meng)芽至開(kai)花前(qian),以氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu);第(di)二次(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)果實膨大期(qi),以磷(lin)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)以當地的(de)土壤條(tiao)件(jian)和施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)特點確(que)定(ding)。株施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)0.25kg~0.75kg/次(ci)(ci)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)方法(fa)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)樹冠(guan)投(tou)影外圍挖(wa)穴或(huo)開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)(gou),幼樹挖(wa)穴,3~4個,結果樹開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)(gou),溝(gou)(gou)(gou)深10cm~20cm,寬20cm,長(chang)度隨(sui)樹冠(guan)冠(guan)幅。肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)均勻撒(sa)入溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(穴)埋土,灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)。葉(xie)面噴(pen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):全年4~5次(ci)(ci),在(zai)(zai)(zai)生長(chang)前(qian)期(qi)2次(ci)(ci),以氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu);后(hou)期(qi)2~3次(ci)(ci),以磷(lin)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu)。常(chang)用肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)及濃度:尿(niao)素0.3%~0.5%,磷(lin)酸二氫鉀(jia)0.2%~0.3%,硼砂(sha)0.1%~0.3%,沼液等。最(zui)后(hou)一次(ci)(ci)頁面噴(pen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)距(ju)果實采收期(qi)20天(tian)以上。灌(guan)(guan)水(shui):一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)萌(meng)(meng)芽前(qian)、花前(qian)、幼果膨大期(qi)、封凍前(qian)各灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)一次(ci)(ci),其它,根(gen)據墑情確(que)定(ding)灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)次(ci)(ci)數。提倡采用滴灌(guan)(guan)、小管出流(liu)等節(jie)水(shui)灌(guan)(guan)溉措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。
⑥花果管理:按DB64/T418《靈武(wu)長棗栽培技術規程》執行。盛花期(qi)噴布赤霉素控制在2次以(yi)內。
⑦病(bing)蟲害(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi):實施無公害(hai)、綠色病(bing)蟲害(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)控技(ji)術,堅持“預防(fang)(fang)(fang)為主,綜(zong)合防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)”的(de)原則,綜(zong)合運用(yong)各種防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)措施,優先采(cai)用(yong)農業措施、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)方(fang)法(fa),配合施用(yong)高效、低毒(du)、低殘留的(de)化(hua)學農藥(yao),在(zai)化(hua)學防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)上抓棗樹休(xiu)眠(mian)期(qi)、蟲害(hai)發生(sheng)初期(qi)、蟲體裸(luo)露期(qi)、轉移為害(hai)期(qi)的(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi),在(zai)大發生(sheng)前3~5d提前防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi),在(zai)一天(tian)中盡量(liang)選擇上午(wu)10h前和下午(wu)4h后噴藥(yao)。具(ju)體防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)按DB64/T531《靈(ling)武(wu)長棗主要(yao)有害(hai)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)控技(ji)術規(gui)程(cheng)》執行。
4、產(chan)(chan)品收(shou)(shou)獲及產(chan)(chan)后(hou)處理的(de)(de)規定:在農藥安(an)全間(jian)隔期(qi)(qi)后(hou)適時(shi),采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou),采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)所用工具要(yao)清潔(jie)、衛(wei)生、無污(wu)染。①果(guo)實(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou):靈武長棗在脆(cui)熟期(qi)(qi)中后(hou)期(qi)(qi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)時(shi)間(jian)9月下(xia)旬至10月上旬。鮮果(guo)貯(zhu)藏1月以上,果(guo)面著色70﹪~90﹪采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou),鮮食棗果(guo)全紅果(guo)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)時(shi)要(yao)戴柔質手套,采(cai)(cai)(cai)果(guo)的(de)(de)盛具表面要(yao)柔軟。采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)(zhai)時(shi)輕摘(zhai)(zhai)輕放,防止一切人為或(huo)機械(xie)傷害(hai),保證果(guo)實(shi)完(wan)整無損(sun)傷。用于較長時(shi)間(jian)貯(zhu)藏棗果(guo),帶果(guo)柄采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)(zhai)。
五.包裝標識相關規定
1、包(bao)裝(zhuang):內包(bao)裝(zhuang)用(yong)符(fu)合食品衛生要求的材料,與(yu)靈(ling)武長棗接觸不易(yi)產生摩(mo)擦傷。外包(bao)裝(zhuang)用(yong)紙箱裝(zhuang),包(bao)裝(zhuang)定量誤差應符(fu)合國家質量技術監督檢驗總(zong)局令(2005)第75號(hao)。
2、運(yun)輸(shu):長途運(yun)輸(shu)應采用(yong)冷藏車或冷藏集裝箱運(yun)輸(shu),不(bu)得與(yu)有毒有害及(ji)有異味的物品一(yi)起運(yun)輸(shu)。搬運(yun)時(shi)應輕拿輕放(fang),不(bu)得拋摔。
3、貯(zhu)(zhu)存:貯(zhu)(zhu)存時應(ying)采用冷藏或氣調貯(zhu)(zhu)藏。不得(de)與有(you)毒有(you)害及有(you)異味(wei)的物品共同存放。產品堆放應(ying)離地(di)面20cm以上,離墻(qiang)10cm以上。具體(ti)按DB64/T419—2005《鮮靈武(wu)長棗(zao)》執行(xing)。