一.產品介紹
交城梨(li)棗是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國稀有(you)名貴(gui)鮮食優良品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong),該(gai)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)營養豐富(fu)、肉厚(hou)質(zhi)脆,汁多(duo)味甜、品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)上(shang)乘(cheng)、風味獨特(te),平均單果(guo)重30克左右,最大(da)單果(guo)可達(da)85克、被(bei)世(shi)人譽為(wei)天下(xia)第一棗。該(gai)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)經中(zhong)國科學院生(sheng)物(wu)、物(wu)理研(yan)究(jiu)所和(he)中(zhong)國農(nong)科院生(sheng)物(wu)研(yan)究(jiu)等(deng)單位聯合檢測(ce),該(gai)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)營養豐富(fu)、具有(you)較高滋補(bu)藥用(yong)價值和(he)保健功能。特(te)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)梨(li)棗中(zhong),含有(you)兩種(zhong)抗癌物(wu)質(zhi)--硒(Se)和(he)環磷酸(suan)腺苷(gan)。每克含環磷酸(suan)腺苷(gan)(C-AMP)525毫克微(wei)摩爾(nmol/g)被(bei)譽為(wei)棗中(zhong)之王。并含有(you)能活血化(hua)淤軟化(hua)血管(guan)、降脂、降壓的蘆丁和(he)對(dui)人體有(you)益的多(duo)種(zhong)糖力二十多(duo)種(zhong)氨基酸(suan)。Vc含量高達(da)600毫克/百克。是(shi)(shi)柑(gan)桔的12-30倍(bei)(bei),蘋果(guo)的79-120倍(bei)(bei)。既(ji)是(shi)(shi)天然純綠色果(guo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、又是(shi)(shi)營養品(pin)(pin)(pin)和(he)保健食品(pin)(pin)(pin)。
二.自然(ran)生態環境和人(ren)文歷(li)史因素(su)
1、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地貌情(qing)況(kuang):交城梨棗分布范圍(wei)內土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)表層有(you)機質(zhi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.37%,最低的有(you)0.7%,全氮(dan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.074%,最低的有(you)0.042%,速(su)效磷平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)11.00ppm,最低2.5ppm,速(su)效鉀平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)119ppm,最低23ppm,平(ping)(ping)(ping)川土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)肥力(li)高有(you)機質(zhi)含(han)量在1.4%-2.0%之間。全氮(dan)含(han)量平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)0.094%,速(su)效磷平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)17.8ppm,速(su)效鉀平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)112ppm。主要土(tu)(tu)(tu)體性狀有(you)耕種(zhong)(zhong)洪(hong)積(ji)淺色草甸土(tu)(tu)(tu),耕種(zhong)(zhong)洪(hong)積(ji)褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)性土(tu)(tu)(tu)和淡褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu),質(zhi)地為(wei)(wei)(wei)輕壤(rang)(rang)到中壤(rang)(rang)類型,土(tu)(tu)(tu)層深(shen)厚。
2、水(shui)文情(qing)況:梨棗樹有抗旱、耐(nai)澇的(de)特點(dian)。交城梨棗分布(bu)范圍屬文峪河流域,水(shui)質清潔無污染,灌溉(gai)條件良(liang)好,一般年(nian)份降水(shui)400mm以(yi)上;土壤(rang)持(chi)水(shui)量60%~80%。適宜(yi)梨棗栽(zai)培(pei)。
3、氣(qi)(qi)候特點:交城梨棗分布范圍(wei)屬(shu)黃(huang)土高原大陸性氣(qi)(qi)候,多旱少雨(yu),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降雨(yu)量(liang)(liang)400-680mm,主要集中在7、8、9三個(ge)月。全年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日照(zhao)(zhao)時數2741.8小(xiao)時,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)生理幅(fu)射量(liang)(liang)達(da)66.7千卡/厘(li)米,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均日照(zhao)(zhao)百分率62%。熱(re)量(liang)(liang)資源由東南向西(xi)北遞降,山(shan)區溫差較(jiao)(jiao)大,晝夜氣(qi)(qi)溫變化明(ming)顯,平(ping)川氣(qi)(qi)候較(jiao)(jiao)溫和,冬季氣(qi)(qi)溫變化幅(fu)度(du)相對較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao),平(ping)川及邊山(shan)區年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均溫度(du)略高于10℃ ,無霜期165天,≥10℃ 積溫3700 ,山(shan)區平(ping)均溫度(du)在4-10℃ 之間,無霜其120-150天。
4、人文歷(li)史情況:交(jiao)城梨(li)棗(zao)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)際上(shang)享有(you)(you)很高(gao)的(de)盛譽。1987年(nian)上(shang)過(guo)國(guo)(guo)宴,1990年(nian)又被指(zhi)定為(wei)(wei)十一屆亞運會(hui)特產(chan)(chan)品。交(jiao)城梨(li)棗(zao)在(zai)首屆國(guo)(guo)際醫(yi)藥、營養、保健(jian)產(chan)(chan)品博覽會(hui)上(shang)被評為(wei)(wei)“國(guo)(guo)際最(zui)高(gao)金獎”,并(bing)在(zai)“97”“99”“2001”中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)際農業博覽會(hui)上(shang)連續(xu)三(san)屆被認定為(wei)(wei)“名(ming)牌產(chan)(chan)品”。改革開(kai)放以來,山(shan)西省(sheng)委、省(sheng)政(zheng)府特別重視交(jiao)城梨(li)棗(zao)的(de)良種(zhong)開(kai)發,黨(dang)和國(guo)(guo)家(jia)領導(dao)人李瑞環、陳俊生、宋(song)平、宋(song)健(jian)、鄧南等(deng)領導(dao)同志(zhi)親臨交(jiao)城視察,都為(wei)(wei)開(kai)發梨(li)棗(zao)作過(guo)批示,并(bing)把交(jiao)城梨(li)棗(zao)命名(ming)為(wei)(wei)“國(guo)(guo)棗(zao)”,宋(song)平題詞“開(kai)發國(guo)(guo)棗(zao),大有(you)(you)可為(wei)(wei)”。先(xian)后(hou)列入(ru)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)級(ji)、省(sheng)級(ji)星火項目(mu)予以支(zhi)持。由(you)于(yu)種(zhong)植(zhi)梨(li)棗(zao)已經(jing)給農民帶來了(le)實實在(zai)在(zai)的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)效益,所以棗(zao)樹“早(zao)密(mi)豐”栽培技術(shu)已經(jing)在(zai)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)各地棗(zao)區(qu)廣泛推廣應(ying)用并(bing)取(qu)得了(le)顯著的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)效益。目(mu)前,梨(li)棗(zao)產(chan)(chan)業已成為(wei)(wei)交(jiao)城縣(xian)振興(xing)農村經(jing)濟(ji),實現小康(kang)目(mu)標(biao)的(de)支(zhi)柱(zhu)產(chan)(chan)業。
三.地域范圍
交城犁棗分布于交城縣中南部(bu),呂梁山東側,晉中盆地西部(bu)邊緣,介于東經111°17′-111°2′和北緯37°28′-37°54′之間。分布面積1822.11平方(fang)公里,海拔高(gao)度800-1200米;分布于交城縣天寧鎮、夏(xia)家營(ying)鎮、西營(ying)鎮、洪(hong)相(xiang)鄉、嶺(ling)底鄉、西社鎮等地。總(zong)(zong)生產面積3.5萬(wan)(wan)畝,年(nian)生產總(zong)(zong)量(liang)1000萬(wan)(wan)公斤。
四.產(chan)品品質特性特征
1、鮮棗(zao)(zao)品質特征:各等級梨(li)棗(zao)(zao)都應果(guo)實完全良(liang)好,新(xin)鮮潔(jie)凈,無(wu)異(yi)常氣(qi)味,不(bu)帶不(bu)正常的外(wai)來水份,細心采(cai)摘,充分(fen)發育,具有適于市場和貯藏要求的成熟度(du);無(wu)霉爛、無(wu)蟲果(guo)、無(wu)病果(guo)、無(wu)裂果(guo)、無(wu)傷棗(zao)(zao)、果(guo)面干凈衛生,著色(se)程度(du)半紅至(zhi)全紅。
2、產(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)安全規定:參照中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人民共和國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)衛(wei)生標(biao)(biao)準GB2762-81《食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)汞(gong)允許(xu)量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準》、GB5127《食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)敵敵畏、樂果(guo)、馬拉(la)硫磷(lin)、對(dui)硫磷(lin)允許(xu)殘(can)留量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準》、GB-4788-84《食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)甲拌磷(lin)、殺螟硫磷(lin)、倍硫磷(lin)殘(can)留量(liang)衛(wei)生標(biao)(biao)準》、GB4810-84《食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)總砷允許(xu)量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準》、GB4809-84《食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)氟允許(xu)限量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準》有關(guan)規定執(zhi)行。
五.特(te)定生(sheng)產(chan)方式
1、產地選擇:土(tu)層深厚(hou)、通(tong)透性好(hao)、較肥沃(wo)砂(sha)壤(rang)土(tu),土(tu)壤(rang)含鹽(yan)量(liang)在0.3%以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下;土(tu)壤(rang)有(you)機質含量(liang)1%以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang);pH值6.5-8.2;地下水(shui)位3m以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下;海拔高度(du)1200m以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下的地區(qu)(qu)為宜。要求全年(nian)(nian)日照時(shi)數2300h以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang),建園時(shi)要采用寬行密株(zhu)方(fang)式。年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)溫8℃以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。全年(nian)(nian)無(wu)霜期160d以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的地區(qu)(qu)均(jun)能栽培(pei)。棗(zao)樹(shu)有(you)抗旱、耐澇的特點。一(yi)般年(nian)(nian)份降水(shui)400mm以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang);土(tu)壤(rang)持水(shui)量(liang)60%-80%。微風(feng)、小風(feng)可(ke)改變棗(zao)園溫濕度(du),有(you)利(li)于結果(guo)和果(guo)實發育。風(feng)級過(guo)大時(shi),會造成風(feng)害。建園時(shi)必(bi)須進(jin)行防(fang)(fang)風(feng)林(lin)帶的營造。邊(bian)山丘陵區(qu)(qu)建園,作業(ye)區(qu)(qu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)2h平方(fang)米-3h平方(fang)米為好(hao),平地棗(zao)園以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)3h平方(fang)米-6h平方(fang)米為宜。作業(ye)區(qu)(qu)形(xing)狀(zhuang)宜采用2:1或(huo)5:2的長方(fang)形(xing)。棗(zao)園防(fang)(fang)護林(lin)帶建設(she),采用喬木(mu)(mu)和灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)結合(he)的方(fang)式進(jin)行。林(lin)帶內株(zhu)距1m-1.5m,行距1.5m-2m。防(fang)(fang)護林(lin)樹(shu)種,喬木(mu)(mu)用楊(yang)、柳(liu)等,灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)用紫穗槐、荊條等。防(fang)(fang)護林(lin)帶栽植應距離棗(zao)樹(shu)10m以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang),大風(feng)地區(qu)(qu)兩行喬木(mu)(mu)中間加栽一(yi)行灌(guan)木(mu)(mu),喬灌(guan)比1:1。
2、品種選(xuan)擇及栽(zai)(zai)培要(yao)求:選(xuan)用一(yi)(yi)級(ji)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)或二(er)(er)級(ji)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)。嫁接苗(miao)(miao)(miao)品種純(chun)度(du)(du)達98%以上(shang)(shang)(shang),歸圃苗(miao)(miao)(miao)品種純(chun)度(du)(du)達90%以上(shang)(shang)(shang)。首先要(yao)根(gen)(gen)據(ju)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)密度(du)(du),測定(ding)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)點,并(bing)作(zuo)標(biao)記(ji),栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)坑(keng)(keng)要(yao)求長、寬、深各80cm,挖坑(keng)(keng)時(shi)將表土(tu)(tu)與(yu)心(xin)土(tu)(tu)分放兩(liang)旁。每(mei)坑(keng)(keng)施(shi)有機(ji)肥50kg、過(guo)磷酸鈣或復合(he)肥1kg,和表土(tu)(tu)拌勻后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)施(shi)入坑(keng)(keng)中(zhong)下(xia)部,邊埋邊踩(cai)實,呈饅頭形(xing)。然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)將苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木埋至(zhi)原(yuan)出土(tu)(tu)部位以上(shang)(shang)(shang)3cm左右(you)(you)。栽(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)時(shi)應做到三埋、兩(liang)踩(cai)、一(yi)(yi)提苗(miao)(miao)(miao),苗(miao)(miao)(miao)正、根(gen)(gen)展(zhan)、行(xing)(xing)(xing)對齊(qi)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木大小不整(zheng)齊(qi)時(shi),應進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分級(ji)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)。栽(zai)(zai)前(qian)(qian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木處(chu)理(li)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)短(duan)剪(jian)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)枝、修根(gen)(gen)、浸水(shui)(shui)、生(sheng)根(gen)(gen)粉、泥漿等(deng)處(chu)理(li)。栽(zai)(zai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)當(dang)順樹(shu)(shu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)兩(liang)旁整(zheng)修兩(liang)條節埝,形(xing)成1m寬營養保護(hu)帶(dai)。栽(zai)(zai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及時(shi)澆(jiao)足(zu)水(shui)(shui)分,水(shui)(shui)滲后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),待地(di)面稍干(gan)(gan)時(shi)淺鋤(chu)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci),并(bing)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)地(di)膜覆蓋。以后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)每(mei)次(ci)(ci)澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)或大雨后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及時(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耕鋤(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)。定(ding)干(gan)(gan)標(biao)準(zhun)60cm左右(you)(you)。從栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)到發(fa)芽(ya)前(qian)(qian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。春(chun)季定(ding)干(gan)(gan)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及時(shi)采(cai)取苗(miao)(miao)(miao)干(gan)(gan)套塑料袋,袋寬10cm,長70cm-80cm的(de)塑料袋,上(shang)(shang)(shang)端高出樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)(gan)5cm-7cm,下(xia)端埋入土(tu)(tu)中(zhong)。棗(zao)(zao)樹(shu)(shu)發(fa)芽(ya)時(shi),在袋中(zhong)部打兩(liang)個(ge)1cm的(de)小孔(kong)(kong)放風,隔(ge)1d將孔(kong)(kong)撕(si)大些,5d左右(you)(you)袋內(nei)溫(wen)度(du)(du)與(yu)外(wai)界溫(wen)度(du)(du)相近時(shi)于傍晚或陰天(tian)去掉塑料袋。棗(zao)(zao)樹(shu)(shu)主要(yao)害蟲(chong)是棗(zao)(zao)癭蚊(wen)、棗(zao)(zao)步曲、棗(zao)(zao)粘(zhan)蟲(chong)、食芽(ya)象甲、浮塵子。防(fang)治(zhi)方法:在采(cai)取農業防(fang)治(zhi)基礎上(shang)(shang)(shang),噴灑3000倍(bei)敵殺(sha)死或1000倍(bei)25%殺(sha)蟲(chong)星(xing)等(deng)農藥(yao),可(ke)起到良好的(de)防(fang)治(zhi)效(xiao)果。展(zhan)葉后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)至(zhi)落葉前(qian)(qian),全年噴藥(yao)3-4次(ci)(ci),每(mei)次(ci)(ci)噴藥(yao)時(shi)可(ke)混入適量葉面肥,如(ru)農家(jia)寶、葉面寶、0.4%尿素、0.3%磷酸二(er)(er)氫鉀等(deng)。間作(zuo)物宜選(xuan)擇與(yu)棗(zao)(zao)樹(shu)(shu)共生(sheng)期短(duan),肥水(shui)(shui)矛盾小的(de)低桿(gan)作(zuo)物,如(ru)豆類、瓜類、綠肥或部分中(zhong)藥(yao)材等(deng)。生(sheng)長季節視降(jiang)雨情況進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)2-3次(ci)(ci)澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)和中(zhong)耕鋤(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao),做到天(tian)旱地(di)不旱,園地(di)無雜草(cao)(cao)(cao)。
3、生產過程管理: 春季和(he)秋季均可(ke)栽(zai)植。春栽(zai)在土壤解凍后(hou)至萌芽前(qian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing),以(yi)適(shi)當(dang)晚栽(zai)為(wei)宜。秋栽(zai)在落葉后(hou)至土壤封(feng)凍前(qian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing),以(yi)早栽(zai)為(wei)好(hao)。平(ping)(ping)川水地(di),株行(xing)(xing)(xing)距以(yi)2m×3m為(wei)宜,旱坡(po)(po)地(di)以(yi)2m-3m×4m-5m為(wei)宜。棗(zao)糧間作(zuo)以(yi)2m-3m×6m-10m為(wei)宜。平(ping)(ping)地(di)宜采(cai)用(yong)南北向長方形、品(pin)字形栽(zai)植,坡(po)(po)地(di)采(cai)用(yong)等高栽(zai)植,梯田采(cai)用(yong)回字形栽(zai)植。
4、產品(pin)(pin)收(shou)(shou)獲及處理: 鮮(xian)(xian)棗(zao)成熟(shu)(shu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一般分為(wei)(wei)白熟(shu)(shu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、半(ban)紅(hong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、脆熟(shu)(shu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三個時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。果(guo)實(shi)的(de)大小和形(xing)態(tai)基本(ben)(ben)形(xing)成,皮(pi)(pi)顏色(se)由綠轉為(wei)(wei)綠白色(se)。此(ci)時(shi)果(guo)實(shi)的(de)糖(tang)分積累(lei)最(zui)快,維(wei)生素(su)C的(de)含(han)量也不斷增加。作為(wei)(wei)蜜(mi)棗(zao)加工(gong)(gong)原料時(shi),該期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)適(shi)宜(yi)采(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。果(guo)皮(pi)(pi)著色(se)面積達到(dao)50%以上(shang),即進入半(ban)紅(hong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),此(ci)時(shi)糖(tang)分積累(lei)逐漸(jian)緩慢(man),風味和口(kou)感基本(ben)(ben)體現(xian)出該品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)應有的(de)特性。作為(wei)(wei)鮮(xian)(xian)棗(zao)貯藏,該期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)適(shi)宜(yi)采(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。果(guo)面全部著色(se),并逐漸(jian)由淺(qian)紅(hong)色(se)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)深紅(hong)色(se),糖(tang)分積累(lei)基本(ben)(ben)完成,維(wei)生素(su)C的(de)含(han)量基本(ben)(ben)達到(dao)最(zui)大值,且果(guo)皮(pi)(pi)光滑、硬(ying)度、風味品(pin)(pin)質達到(dao)最(zui)佳狀態(tai),此(ci)時(shi)為(wei)(wei)鮮(xian)(xian)食和加工(gong)(gong)酒棗(zao)適(shi)宜(yi)采(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。由于棗(zao)的(de)花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)長(chang),座果(guo)遲早(zao)和成熟(shu)(shu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不一致,所以在生產上(shang)應按照用(yong)(yong)途要(yao)求分期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)采(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)。采(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)方法:必(bi)須用(yong)(yong)人工(gong)(gong)采(cai)(cai)摘(zhai),采(cai)(cai)前剪(jian)短指甲,輕摘(zhai)輕放,以保證鮮(xian)(xian)棗(zao)的(de)質量,貯藏保鮮(xian)(xian)的(de)棗(zao)果(guo)要(yao)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)逆(ni)采(cai)(cai)方法帶上(shang)果(guo)柄。采(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)盛棗(zao)容(rong)器(qi),選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)潔凈衛生布袋、布包或(huo)柳(liu)籃、竹籃內鋪(pu)軟綿布料。
5、生產(chan)記(ji)錄要求: 在梨(li)棗(zao)生產(chan)過程中(zhong),嚴格(ge)記(ji)錄生產(chan)的各環節,各項(xiang)農(nong)事操作,農(nong)業投入品使用時期用量、次數,建立梨(li)棗(zao)生產(chan)可(ke)追溯(su)制度。