一.產品介紹
官灘棗(zao)(zao)是襄(xiang)汾(fen)縣(xian)(xian)的(de)農(nong)業三大(da)(da)品牌(官灘棗(zao)(zao)、太平(ping)米(mi)醋、連(lian)村粉條(tiao))之(zhi)一,因其原(yuan)產地在襄(xiang)汾(fen)縣(xian)(xian)官灘村而得名(ming),官灘棗(zao)(zao)的(de)栽(zai)培距今已有(you)(you)800年(nian)的(de)歷史,據道光五年(nian)太平(ping)縣(xian)(xian)志記載(zai):“棗(zao)(zao),有(you)(you)晉棗(zao)(zao)之(zhi)名(ming),多食易齒黃,舊志,太平(ping)宜棗(zao)(zao),其樹(shu)盈野,居人有(you)(you)半年(nian)糧之(zhi)謠”。官灘棗(zao)(zao)果(guo)(guo)實中大(da)(da),長(chang)(chang)柱圓(yuan)形,平(ping)均(jun)單果(guo)(guo)重11克;果(guo)(guo)皮深紅色,肉(rou)厚、肉(rou)粘、油(you)性(xing)大(da)(da),耐(nai)貯藏。1997年(nian),山西省(sheng)首屆干果(guo)(guo)經濟林產品評獎展銷會上,被認定(ding)為(wei)“山西省(sheng)十大(da)(da)名(ming)棗(zao)(zao)”;2001年(nian),臨汾(fen)市(shi)啟動平(ping)川“121”工程后(hou),襄(xiang)汾(fen)縣(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)委、縣(xian)(xian)政(zheng)府(fu)抓住有(you)(you)利時機(ji),掀起大(da)(da)種棗(zao)(zao)的(de)熱(re)潮,截(jie)止2008年(nian),全縣(xian)(xian)適宜官灘棗(zao)(zao)生長(chang)(chang)的(de)鄉(xiang)村,保有(you)(you)棗(zao)(zao)樹(shu)達(da)15萬株(zhu),年(nian)產量達(da)到1500噸。
二.自然(ran)生態(tai)環境(jing)和人文歷史因素
1、自然生(sheng)態環境:官(guan)灘棗產地自然條件優越,土(tu)壤主要(yao)為(wei)沙(sha)壤土(tu),土(tu)層(ceng)深厚、肥沃(wo),排水透氣(qi)性(xing)良(liang)好(hao),pH值6.8-7.5,表層(ceng)有機質含量7.12g/㎏,全氮(dan)平均為(wei)0.85g/㎏,有效(xiao)磷平均為(wei)11.82㎎/㎏,速效(xiao)鉀平均為(wei)175.5㎎/㎏,地形(xing)為(wei)中間低向東西兩側呈階梯狀排列。氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)屬暖(nuan)溫帶大陸(lu)型氣(qi)候(hou)(hou),年均氣(qi)溫12.4℃,年平均降雨量550mm,年無(wu)霜期205天,年平均日照(zhao)時數(shu)2397小時以上(shang),十分適宜(yi)官(guan)灘棗的(de)生(sheng)長(chang)發育。
2、人文歷(li)(li)(li)史:官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)棗(zao)是襄(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)農業三(san)大(da)(da)(da)品牌(pai)(官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)棗(zao)、太(tai)平(ping)(ping)米醋、連村(cun)(cun)(cun)粉條)之一,因其(qi)(qi)原產地在襄(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)村(cun)(cun)(cun)而得名(ming)(ming),該村(cun)(cun)(cun)位于汾(fen)(fen)(fen)河下游東岸(an),古為鎮守汾(fen)(fen)(fen)河官(guan)(guan)員居(ju)住(zhu)(zhu)地之一,故(gu)有(you)此村(cun)(cun)(cun)名(ming)(ming);歷(li)(li)(li)代(dai)鎮守官(guan)(guan)兵為應(ying)災(zai)年(nian)(nian)所(suo)需,連年(nian)(nian)栽(zai)植棗(zao)樹,形(xing)成了(le)棗(zao)林(lin);官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)棗(zao)的(de)栽(zai)培距今已有(you)800年(nian)(nian)的(de)歷(li)(li)(li)史,據(ju)道光五年(nian)(nian)太(tai)平(ping)(ping)(襄(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)由汾(fen)(fen)(fen)城縣(xian)(xian)(xian)〈歷(li)(li)(li)史上為太(tai)平(ping)(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)〉與襄(xiang)陵縣(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)并而成)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)志(zhi)記載:“棗(zao),有(you)晉棗(zao)之名(ming)(ming),多食易(yi)齒黃,舊志(zhi),太(tai)平(ping)(ping)宜棗(zao),其(qi)(qi)樹盈野,居(ju)人有(you)半年(nian)(nian)糧之謠”。棗(zao),民間稱(cheng)其(qi)(qi)為鐵桿(gan)莊稼。官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)棗(zao)鮮棗(zao)果實中大(da)(da)(da),長柱圓形(xing),平(ping)(ping)均(jun)單(dan)果重11克;果皮深紅(hong)色(se),肉(rou)厚、果核小,味(wei)甜、汁少(shao);制干(gan)棗(zao)果肉(rou)呈紅(hong)糖(tang)(tang)色(se),油性大(da)(da)(da),肉(rou)粘、拉開(kai)可(ke)見糖(tang)(tang)絲多,耐貯藏。 1997年(nian)(nian),山西(xi)(xi)省首屆干(gan)果經濟(ji)林(lin)產品評獎展(zhan)銷會上,被認定(ding)為“山西(xi)(xi)省十大(da)(da)(da)名(ming)(ming)棗(zao)”;2001年(nian)(nian),臨汾(fen)(fen)(fen)市啟(qi)動平(ping)(ping)川“121”工(gong)程后,襄(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)委、縣(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)府抓住(zhu)(zhu)有(you)利時機,掀(xian)起大(da)(da)(da)種官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)棗(zao)的(de)熱潮,截止2008年(nian)(nian),全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)適宜官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)棗(zao)生長的(de)鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun),保有(you)棗(zao)樹達15萬(wan)株,年(nian)(nian)產量達到1500噸。
三.地域范圍
官灘棗產(chan)地(di)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)山西省襄(xiang)汾(fen)縣東南角的汾(fen)河下(xia)游兩岸,介于(yu)(yu)(yu)東經(jing)111°21′-115°55′,北緯35°56′-37°18′之間,海(hai)拔420-550米。地(di)域保護涉及襄(xiang)汾(fen)縣2個鄉鎮(zhen)18個行政(zheng)村(cun)(cun),具體是(shi)新城鎮(zhen):官灘村(cun)(cun)、柴(chai)莊(zhuang)村(cun)(cun)、蒙亨村(cun)(cun)、伯(bo)玉(yu)村(cun)(cun)、伯(bo)社(she)村(cun)(cun)、曲里(li)村(cun)(cun)、丁村(cun)(cun)、敬村(cun)(cun)、柴(chai)寺村(cun)(cun)、陳郭村(cun)(cun),南賈鎮(zhen):萬王村(cun)(cun)、裴村(cun)(cun)、蒼(cang)頭村(cun)(cun)、下(xia)魯村(cun)(cun)、上魯村(cun)(cun)、東劉村(cun)(cun)、下(xia)尉村(cun)(cun)、大柴(chai)村(cun)(cun)。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質特(te)性(xing)特(te)征
1、外在(zai)感官:果(guo)(guo)面(mian)潔凈,無機(ji)械損傷、病蟲果(guo)(guo)和霉(mei)爛,無不正常異味,平均果(guo)(guo)重(zhong)11克。鮮(xian)棗(zao)長柱(zhu)圓形,干(gan)棗(zao)深紅色,有亮(liang)光,果(guo)(guo)肉(rou)拉(la)開(kai)可見(jian)糖絲(si)。
2、內在(zai)品(pin)質:鮮棗,果肉(rou)厚,綠(lv)白(bai)色(se),肉(rou)質致密,味(wei)甜(tian)、汁少(shao);干棗含(han)糖(tang)65.%以上,肉(rou)質金黃(huang),拉開可見糖(tang)絲(si)、絲(si)長不易斷,有糖(tang)香味(wei)者(zhe),品(pin)質上等。
3、安(an)全要求:棗產(chan)品(pin)(pin)符(fu)合(he)中華人(ren)民共和國農(nong)業(ye)行業(ye)標(biao)準《無(wu)公害(hai)食品(pin)(pin) 棗》的安(an)全指(zhi)標(biao),在包裝(zhuang),標(biao)識上須符(fu)合(he)農(nong)業(ye)部(bu)《農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)包裝(zhuang)和標(biao)識管(guan)理辦法(fa)》,進入市場的必須遵守《農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量安(an)全法(fa)》及其它法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)規(gui)的有(you)關規(gui)定。
五(wu).特定生產方式
1、產(chan)地(di)選擇:棗樹園地(di)宜選擇生態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)良好,遠離污染源,土(tu)壤土(tu)層深厚(hou)、肥沃、排(pai)水(shui)透氣性良好,pH值(zhi)6.8-7.5的沙壤土(tu)或壤土(tu),平地(di)或坡(po)度小(xiao)于(yu)10°的陽坡(po),生態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)符(fu)合NY/5013-2006《無公(gong)害食品(pin) 林果類產(chan)品(pin)產(chan)地(di)環境(jing)條件》。
2、品種選擇:官灘棗適(shi)應性廣(guang),抗逆(ni)性好,較(jiao)耐干(gan)旱,適(shi)宜栽(zai)植在(zai)灘涂地(di)和沿河(he)流域(yu)階(jie)地(di)。
3、生產過程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li):生產過程(cheng)(cheng)要采取多(duo)項技術,如園(yuan)地選擇、栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)、栽(zai)(zai)培管(guan)理(li)、科學施肥、合理(li)間作(以棗-麥(mai)間作為主)、適度密植(zhi)(成(cheng)片棗園(yuan)采用(yong))、整形修(xiu)剪、花期化(hua)控、病蟲害綜合防治、果實采收、人工(gong)烘(hong)干、貯藏等。
(1)生(sheng)產基地(di)的(de)選(xuan)擇要(yao)求:要(yao)有(you)良好的(de)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境(jing),生(sheng)產基地(di)必須遠離污染(ran)源,該(gai)地(di)域的(de)大氣、土(tu)壤(rang)、灌(guan)溉水等應(ying)該(gai)經檢測符(fu)合(he)國家(jia)標(biao)準,土(tu)壤(rang)質地(di)適(shi)合(he)棗樹生(sheng)長,有(you)灌(guan)溉條件,有(you)機肥料來源充足,農民群眾(zhong)栽培管理(li)技術比較(jiao)先(xian)進,生(sheng)產積極(ji)性高。
(2)有懂技(ji)(ji)術的管(guan)理人(ren)(ren)員(yuan):棗(zao)樹豐產生產是一(yi)項技(ji)(ji)術性較強的工(gong)作,管(guan)理人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)要(yao)具有一(yi)定文化水平,特別是基(ji)地負責人(ren)(ren)和(he)技(ji)(ji)術人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)要(yao)鉆研業務,有豐富的生產實踐(jian)經(jing)驗(yan)。
(3)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)管(guan)理(li)(li):首(shou)先是土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)管(guan)理(li)(li),在(zai)(zai)(zai)秋季棗(zao)(zao)果采(cai)(cai)收后至(zhi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)封(feng)凍前,棗(zao)(zao)園行(xing)間(jian)和(he)樹(shu)(shu)盤要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)耕(geng)翻,深度為(wei)20厘米(mi)左右,目的是使土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)疏松和(he)熟(shu)化,改善土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)理(li)(li)化性狀(zhuang),提高土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)吸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)保(bao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)能力,有(you)(you)利于冬季積雪,減少(shao)和(he)消(xiao)滅部分土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的越冬害蟲(chong)。其次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)除草,在(zai)(zai)(zai)棗(zao)(zao)樹(shu)(shu)生(sheng)長期間(jian),降雨和(he)灌溉(gai)以后,要及時中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)松土(tu)(tu)(tu)保(bao)墑和(he)清除雜(za)草,一般(ban)全年中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)除草4-5次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),使土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)經(jing)常(chang)保(bao)持疏松和(he)無(wu)雜(za)草狀(zhuang)態(tai)。第(di)(di)三是澆水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),根(gen)據(ju)棗(zao)(zao)樹(shu)(shu)生(sheng)育規(gui)律,有(you)(you)澆水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)條件的棗(zao)(zao)園一般(ban)年份應進(jin)(jin)行(xing)四次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),第(di)(di)一次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)萌芽前進(jin)(jin)行(xing),第(di)(di)二次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)盛花期進(jin)(jin)行(xing),第(di)(di)三次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)果實膨大期進(jin)(jin)行(xing),第(di)(di)四次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)封(feng)凍前完成(cheng),如7—8月份遇到(dao)干旱天氣時,可(ke)適當增加(jia)澆水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu);灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)以浸透根(gen)系分布(bu)層(ceng)40—60厘米(mi)為(wei)準(zhun)(zhun),達到(dao)田間(jian)最大持水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的60%-70%,灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方(fang)法盡量(liang)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)地下輸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)道等節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灌溉(gai)措施(shi)(shi)(shi),灌溉(gai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的標準(zhun)(zhun)一定(ding)要符合GB5084-92《農(nong)田灌溉(gai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質量(liang)標準(zhun)(zhun)》。第(di)(di)四是整形修剪(jian),適宜豐產(chan)(chan)(chan)栽培(pei)的樹(shu)(shu)形為(wei)小冠疏層(ceng)形。第(di)(di)五(wu)是嚴格執行(xing)無(wu)公害農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)規(gui)程,在(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),采(cai)(cai)取以施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)腐熟(shu)有(you)(you)機肥為(wei)主,復合肥為(wei)輔的施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥原則;在(zai)(zai)(zai)病蟲(chong)害防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),采(cai)(cai)取以人工防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)和(he)物理(li)(li)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)基(ji)礎,生(sheng)物防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)核心,科學(xue)合理(li)(li)綜合應用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)物、物理(li)(li)、化學(xue)等防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)措施(shi)(shi)(shi),杜絕使用(yong)(yong)高毒、劇毒、高殘留(liu)農(nong)藥(yao),嚴格規(gui)定(ding)化學(xue)農(nong)藥(yao)使用(yong)(yong)劑量(liang)、使用(yong)(yong)品(pin)種、使用(yong)(yong)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu),嚴禁安全間(jian)隔(ge)期內用(yong)(yong)藥(yao);在(zai)(zai)(zai)全生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),嚴格執行(xing)NY5252-2004《無(wu)公害食品(pin) 棗(zao)(zao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技術(shu)規(gui)程》。
4、產(chan)品采(cai)收與保存:9月中(zhong)下(xia)旬,當果(guo)(guo)實已充分發育成熟,果(guo)(guo)皮(pi)呈品種特(te)有深紅(hong)色時(shi),采(cai)用人工竹(zhu)竿震落(luo)或手工采(cai)摘方式采(cai)收;需要制(zhi)干(gan)的,采(cai)后,立即于(yu)陰(yin)涼處(chu)(chu)攤開(kai),隨后分批進入(ru)烤房(fang),輕烤20-24小時(shi),再置陰(yin)涼處(chu)(chu)攤開(kai)陰(yin)干(gan),可保存1年(nian)以上;需要做(zuo)酒(jiu)棗的,手工采(cai)摘后,剔(ti)除破損(sun)、有蟲及不規格的,隨后于(yu)酒(jiu)中(zhong)速蘸1-2分鐘(zhong),取(qu)出(chu)置于(yu)磁壇(tan)或其它容器中(zhong),密閉保存,可保鮮存放至來年(nian)2-3月份。
5.生產(chan)(chan)記(ji)錄(lu)要求:在棗生產(chan)(chan)過程中,嚴格(ge)記(ji)錄(lu)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)各環節,各項農(nong)事操作,重點記(ji)錄(lu)農(nong)業投入品如化肥、農(nong)藥等的(de)使用時期、用量、次數,建(jian)立健全完整的(de)田間檔案。