一.自然生態(tai)環境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao) 全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)可耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)54.25萬畝(mu)(mu),人均(jun)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)近4.5畝(mu)(mu),全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型分(fen)為(wei)五(wu)個土(tu)(tu)類(山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)、山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)棕(zong)壤(rang)(rang)、褐土(tu)(tu)、草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)、水稻土(tu)(tu)),主要土(tu)(tu)類為(wei)褐土(tu)(tu),占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)84.32%,分(fen)布于海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)900—2000米(mi)的(de)(de)低山(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)陵地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)和河(he)谷(gu)(gu)平(ping)川(chuan)區(qu)。按全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)國第二次土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)普查,繁峙縣(xian)(xian)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)總(zong)的(de)(de)特(te)點是(shi)“缺(que)磷少(shao)氮鉀(jia)有(you)余(yu)”,全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)養(yang)份(fen)狀況是(shi)有(you)機(ji)質1.62-3.23%、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)氮0.68-0.74%、有(you)效磷0.056%、速效鉀(jia)3-4.6毫克/100克,屬二級以上耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),非(fei)常適宜黍(shu)子生長。 繁峙縣(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)丘(qiu)陵區(qu),境內山(shan)(shan)巒(luan)重疊,丘(qiu)陵起伏,東(dong)、南、北三面(mian)環山(shan)(shan),滹沱河(he)由(you)東(dong)向(xiang)西貫穿全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)河(he)谷(gu)(gu)中部(bu)流向(xiang)代縣(xian)(xian),中部(bu)狹長的(de)(de)河(he)流谷(gu)(gu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)為(wei)忻定盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)北部(bu)邊(bian)緣的(de)(de)一部(bu)分(fen),全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢由(you)西向(xiang)東(dong)逐漸增(zeng)高(gao),平(ping)均(jun)海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)1000米(mi),最高(gao)海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)3058米(mi),最低700米(mi)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)整個大地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)呈彎弓形(xing)狀。境內地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)大致可分(fen)為(wei)三類:河(he)谷(gu)(gu)平(ping)川(chuan)區(qu)(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)11.91%)、丘(qiu)陵區(qu)(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)24.55%)、石山(shan)(shan)區(qu)(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)63.54%)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)總(zong)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)特(te)點是(shi)平(ping)川(chuan)少(shao),山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)丘(qiu)陵多(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)國土(tu)(tu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)88.09%),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)復(fu)雜。
(2)水(shui)文情況: 全縣(xian)(xian)共有兩(liang)大(da)(da)(da)河(he)(he)流:滹沱河(he)(he)和青洋(yang)(yang)河(he)(he)。滹沱河(he)(he)是(shi)(shi)海(hai)河(he)(he)流域子牙(ya)河(he)(he)水(shui)系主要支(zhi)(zhi)流之一,發源于縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)東部的(de)太戲山(shan)下,向西流入代縣(xian)(xian),境(jing)內(nei)全長(chang)約80公里,有大(da)(da)(da)小支(zhi)(zhi)流15條(tiao);青洋(yang)(yang)河(he)(he)是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)清河(he)(he)水(shui)系最上(shang)游的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)流之一,由神堂(tang)堡鄉向東南流入河(he)(he)北省阜(fu)平縣(xian)(xian)。滹沱河(he)(he)和青洋(yang)(yang)河(he)(he)以(yi)及滹沱河(he)(he)支(zhi)(zhi)流峨河(he)(he)是(shi)(shi)長(chang)流水(shui)河(he)(he)流,其他河(he)(he)是(shi)(shi)季(ji)節性河(he)(he)流。縣(xian)(xian)內(nei)滹沱河(he)(he)階(jie)地(di)(di)為極富(fu)水(shui)區(qu),兩(liang)邊山(shan)溝溝谷出口處的(de)洪積扇地(di)(di)帶為富(fu)水(shui)區(qu),山(shan)前丘陵區(qu)為中等(deng)富(fu)水(shui)區(qu)。地(di)(di)下水(shui)靜(jing)位儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)25.79億立(li)方米/年(nian),調節儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)1.08億立(li)方米/年(nian),動儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)3.12億立(li)方米/年(nian),開采儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)4.2億立(li)方米/年(nian),最大(da)(da)(da)控制深度100-172.17米。各類地(di)(di)下水(shui)質優(you)良,屬輕(qing)碳酸鈣鎂型水(shui)質,非常(chang)適合飲(yin)用與灌溉,優(you)質豐富(fu)的(de)地(di)(di)下水(shui)資源非常(chang)有利于黍子的(de)生(sheng)長(chang)。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候情況(kuang): 繁峙(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)屬(shu)于暖溫帶半干旱(han)大(da)陸性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候,一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)四(si)季(ji)(ji)分(fen)明,春季(ji)(ji)干旱(han)、低溫、風(feng)(feng)大(da),夏季(ji)(ji)高(gao)溫、多(duo)(duo)雨(yu)(yu)、日(ri)(ri)(ri)照長(chang)(chang),秋季(ji)(ji)少(shao)雨(yu)(yu)、天高(gao)晴(qing)爽,冬季(ji)(ji)寒冷、少(shao)雪、多(duo)(duo)風(feng)(feng)。各地(di)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫為(wei)(wei)5.4℃-9.8℃,全年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均降水量為(wei)(wei)350-1000毫米(mi),無霜期為(wei)(wei)90—160天。一(yi)月最(zui)冷,平(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫0— -4.7℃,七月最(zui)熱,平(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫24℃—27.4℃,10℃以(yi)上的(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均積溫2091.5— 3455.1℃。歷(li)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均日(ri)(ri)(ri)照總時數為(wei)(wei)2906.5小(xiao)時,最(zui)多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)可達3153.2小(xiao)時,最(zui)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)2527.1小(xiao)時,作(zuo)物生長(chang)(chang)季(ji)(ji)節4-9月份(fen)(fen)平(ping)(ping)均日(ri)(ri)(ri)照1588.3小(xiao)時。年(nian)(nian)(nian)太陽總輻射能(neng)為(wei)(wei)144.3千(qian)(qian)(qian)卡/厘米(mi)2,比相鄰的(de)五(wu)臺縣(xian)(xian)、代縣(xian)(xian)分(fen)別多(duo)(duo)11.4和(he)3.2千(qian)(qian)(qian)卡/厘米(mi)2,分(fen)別比北京、長(chang)(chang)江中下游(you)一(yi)帶多(duo)(duo)9.3和(he)29.3千(qian)(qian)(qian)卡/厘米(mi)2。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候以(yi)風(feng)(feng)大(da)、低溫、降水變率大(da),春旱(han)年(nian)(nian)(nian)份(fen)(fen)多(duo)(duo),無霜期短為(wei)(wei)主要(yao)特點(dian),總之氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候涼爽、降雨(yu)(yu)集(ji)中、西北風(feng)(feng)長(chang)(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)不斷(duan)、光照充足、晝夜溫差大(da)這樣的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候條(tiao)件正好符合黍子的(de)生長(chang)(chang)發(fa)育。
二.地域范圍
繁峙(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)位于晉北(bei)(bei)東(dong)部。東(dong)與(yu)靈丘交(jiao)界、西與(yu)代縣(xian)(xian)(xian)接壤,南(nan)與(yu)五臺縣(xian)(xian)(xian)和河(he)北(bei)(bei)省阜(fu)平縣(xian)(xian)(xian)相連,北(bei)(bei)與(yu)應縣(xian)(xian)(xian)和渾源為鄰。繁峙(zhi)黃米地理標志產品保(bao)護范(fan)圍包括繁峙(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)境內繁城鎮、下茹(ru)越鄉(xiang)、杏園鄉(xiang)、集義莊(zhuang)鄉(xiang)、光(guang)裕堡鄉(xiang)、砂(sha)河(he)鎮等6個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮149個(ge)村(cun)。東(dong)至砂(sha)河(he)鎮上(shang)角(jiao)峪村(cun),西至繁城鎮西魏村(cun),北(bei)(bei)至下茹(ru)越蘇孟(meng)莊(zhuang)村(cun),南(nan)至杏園鄉(xiang)公(gong)主村(cun),東(dong)經113°11′—113°38′,北(bei)(bei)緯39°08′—39°18′。近幾年(nian)黍子年(nian)種植面積保(bao)持在(zai)5260公(gong)頃以上(shang),年(nian)總產7100噸。
三(san).產品品質特性特征
(1)外在(zai)感(gan)官特征(zheng): 新鮮黃米呈金(jin)黃色,米粒均勻團圓,黃米蒸(zheng)熟后、黃米磨面(mian)做成(cheng)的糕(gao)口 感(gan)軟筋,味道清香。
(2)內在品質指標: 繁峙(zhi)黃米蛋白質含(han)量在11.5%--13%之(zhi)間(jian),直鏈淀粉(fen)含(han)量在1.6%--2.3%之(zhi)間(jian),鋅(Zn)含(han)量在16.35mg/kg—27.73 mg/kg之(zhi)間(jian)。
(3)安全要(yao)求 繁峙黃米產品(pin)(pin)符(fu)合無公害食(shi)品(pin)(pin)NY5305-2005粟(su)米類產品(pin)(pin)產地環境條件,以及GB4285農藥安全使用準(zhun)則等相關標(biao)準(zhun)和要(yao)求。
四.特定生產方式
(1)整地(di):秋收后(hou)及(ji)時深耕(geng),深度15cm以上,春(chun)季地(di)表化凍(dong)4-8厘米時頂(ding)凌耙耱,隨后(hou)磙地(di)鎮(zhen)壓。
(2)施足底肥(fei)(fei)(fei):每畝施1000-1500公斤(jin)腐熟農家肥(fei)(fei)(fei),化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)9-11公斤(jin)(其中(zhong)純N5.3-6.5,P2O53.7-4.5公斤(jin))作(zuo)為基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)。
(3)選茬(cha)口:選擇豆類(lei)、薯類(lei)、玉米等茬(cha)口進行3年以上輪作。
(4)選(xuan)種(zhong):選(xuan)擇(ze)晉黍3號(hao)、4號(hao)等相同品質特(te)點,抗性和產量(liang)性狀優的(de)品種(zhong)。
(5)種(zhong)子處理:播(bo)種(zhong)前種(zhong)子用清(qing)水漂洗,清(qing)除秕(bi)粒雜質,晾(liang)干后用40%拌種(zhong)雙可濕性(xing)粉(fen)劑按照(zhao)種(zhong)子重量0.4%干拌,防(fang)治黍子絲黑(hei)穗(sui)病(bing)。
(6)下種:播種期為(wei)5月20日(ri)(ri)-6月20日(ri)(ri),播種方法(fa)采(cai)用耬播,行距20-25cm,播種量(liang)每畝(mu)1-1.5kg,深度4—5cm,播種后(hou)整壓。播種后(hou)遇雨,雨后(hou)用輕耙及(ji)時耙地破除板結。
(7)中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)除草(cao)(cao):生育期間中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)2-3次,第(di)(di)一次在3-4片葉時進行(xing),結合間苗中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)5-6厘(li)(li)米(mi)深,徹底清除雜草(cao)(cao);10-15天后(hou)進行(xing)第(di)(di)二次中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng),深8-10厘(li)(li)米(mi),鋤(chu)盡(jin)行(xing)株間的雜草(cao)(cao)及野黍子,并進行(xing)適(shi)當培土(tu);第(di)(di)三(san)次中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)在抽(chou)穗前(qian)進行(xing),深2-3厘(li)(li)米(mi),根據(ju)田間雜草(cao)(cao)和土(tu)壤情況靈(ling)活掌握。
(8)分次追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei):黍子生育期間(jian)追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)1-2次,第一次在分蘗至拔(ba)節期進行,每畝追(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)尿素(su)10-15公(gong)斤,第二次在抽穗前,每畝追(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)尿素(su)6-10公(gong)斤。
(9)及時收獲;9月下旬,上部籽(zi)粒完全成(cheng)熟,下部籽(zi)粒開始變黃時,及時收獲,收獲后曬干至水分低于13%時,防(fang)潮(chao)防(fang)蟲儲(chu)存,儲(chu)存期1年(nian)。
(10)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)。根據銷(xiao)售情況去殼(ke)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)為(wei)黃米,加(jia)(jia)工(gong)為(wei)黃米后(hou)及時(shi)銷(xiao)售食(shi)用,儲(chu)存期3個月。