一.自然生(sheng)態環境和人文(wen)歷史因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌 全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)面積54.25萬(wan)畝,人均耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)近(jin)4.5畝,全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型(xing)分(fen)(fen)為五個(ge)(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)類(山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)草(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)、山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)棕壤(rang)(rang)、褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)、草(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)、水稻土(tu)(tu)(tu)),主要土(tu)(tu)(tu)類為褐土(tu)(tu)(tu),占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)面積的(de)(de)84.32%,分(fen)(fen)布于海(hai)拔900—2000米的(de)(de)低山(shan)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)和河(he)谷平(ping)川(chuan)區(qu)(qu)。按全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)國(guo)第二次(ci)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)普(pu)查,繁峙(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)特點(dian)是“缺磷少氮(dan)鉀有(you)余”,全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)養(yang)份狀況是有(you)機質1.62-3.23%、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)氮(dan)0.68-0.74%、有(you)效(xiao)磷0.056%、速效(xiao)鉀3-4.6毫克(ke)/100克(ke),屬(shu)二級(ji)以上耕地(di)(di)(di)(di),非(fei)常適宜黍子生長。 繁峙(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵區(qu)(qu),境內山(shan)巒重疊,丘(qiu)(qiu)陵起伏,東(dong)、南、北三(san)面環山(shan),滹沱河(he)由(you)東(dong)向西貫穿全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)河(he)谷中(zhong)部(bu)流向代(dai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),中(zhong)部(bu)狹(xia)長的(de)(de)河(he)流谷地(di)(di)(di)(di)為忻定盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)北部(bu)邊緣的(de)(de)一部(bu)分(fen)(fen),全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢由(you)西向東(dong)逐漸增高,平(ping)均海(hai)拔1000米,最高海(hai)拔3058米,最低700米。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)整個(ge)(ge)大(da)地(di)(di)(di)(di)呈彎(wan)弓形(xing)狀。境內地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)大(da)致(zhi)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為三(san)類:河(he)谷平(ping)川(chuan)區(qu)(qu)(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總(zong)(zong)面積的(de)(de)11.91%)、丘(qiu)(qiu)陵區(qu)(qu)(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總(zong)(zong)面積的(de)(de)24.55%)、石山(shan)區(qu)(qu)(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總(zong)(zong)面積的(de)(de)63.54%)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌特點(dian)是平(ping)川(chuan)少,山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵多(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)面積的(de)(de)88.09%),地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌復雜。
(2)水文情(qing)況: 全縣(xian)共有兩大(da)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu):滹(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)和青洋(yang)河(he)(he)(he)。滹(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)是海河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)域子牙河(he)(he)(he)水系主(zhu)要支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)之(zhi)一(yi),發源于縣(xian)境東部(bu)的(de)太戲山下,向(xiang)西(xi)流(liu)(liu)入(ru)代縣(xian),境內全長(chang)約80公里,有大(da)小支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)15條;青洋(yang)河(he)(he)(he)是大(da)清河(he)(he)(he)水系最上游的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)之(zhi)一(yi),由(you)神堂堡鄉(xiang)向(xiang)東南(nan)流(liu)(liu)入(ru)河(he)(he)(he)北省阜平縣(xian)。滹(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)和青洋(yang)河(he)(he)(he)以及(ji)滹(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)峨河(he)(he)(he)是長(chang)流(liu)(liu)水河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu),其他(ta)河(he)(he)(he)是季節(jie)性河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)。縣(xian)內滹(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)階地為極富(fu)水區(qu),兩邊山溝(gou)(gou)溝(gou)(gou)谷(gu)出口處的(de)洪積扇地帶為富(fu)水區(qu),山前丘陵區(qu)為中等富(fu)水區(qu)。地下水靜位儲量(liang)25.79億(yi)立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)/年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),調節(jie)儲量(liang)1.08億(yi)立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)/年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),動(dong)儲量(liang)3.12億(yi)立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)/年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),開采儲量(liang)4.2億(yi)立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)/年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),最大(da)控制(zhi)深度(du)100-172.17米(mi)(mi)。各類地下水質優良,屬輕碳酸鈣鎂型水質,非(fei)常適合飲用與灌(guan)溉,優質豐富(fu)的(de)地下水資源非(fei)常有利于黍子的(de)生長(chang)。
(3)氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)情(qing)況: 繁峙縣(xian)屬于暖溫(wen)(wen)帶半干旱(han)大(da)(da)(da)陸(lu)性氣(qi)候(hou)(hou),一年(nian)四季(ji)分明(ming),春季(ji)干旱(han)、低溫(wen)(wen)、風(feng)(feng)大(da)(da)(da),夏(xia)季(ji)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)、多(duo)(duo)雨、日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)長(chang),秋季(ji)少雨、天(tian)高(gao)晴爽,冬(dong)季(ji)寒冷(leng)、少雪、多(duo)(duo)風(feng)(feng)。各地年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)5.4℃-9.8℃,全年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)水(shui)量為(wei)(wei)350-1000毫米(mi),無(wu)霜(shuang)期為(wei)(wei)90—160天(tian)。一月(yue)最(zui)冷(leng),平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)0— -4.7℃,七月(yue)最(zui)熱,平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)24℃—27.4℃,10℃以上的(de)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)積溫(wen)(wen)2091.5— 3455.1℃。歷年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)總時數為(wei)(wei)2906.5小(xiao)時,最(zui)多(duo)(duo)年(nian)可達3153.2小(xiao)時,最(zui)少年(nian)為(wei)(wei)2527.1小(xiao)時,作(zuo)物生長(chang)季(ji)節(jie)4-9月(yue)份(fen)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)1588.3小(xiao)時。年(nian)太(tai)陽(yang)總輻射能為(wei)(wei)144.3千(qian)卡/厘(li)米(mi)2,比相鄰的(de)五臺縣(xian)、代縣(xian)分別(bie)多(duo)(duo)11.4和3.2千(qian)卡/厘(li)米(mi)2,分別(bie)比北(bei)京、長(chang)江(jiang)中下游一帶多(duo)(duo)9.3和29.3千(qian)卡/厘(li)米(mi)2。氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)以風(feng)(feng)大(da)(da)(da)、低溫(wen)(wen)、降(jiang)水(shui)變率(lv)大(da)(da)(da),春旱(han)年(nian)份(fen)多(duo)(duo),無(wu)霜(shuang)期短為(wei)(wei)主要特點(dian),總之氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)涼爽、降(jiang)雨集中、西北(bei)風(feng)(feng)長(chang)年(nian)不斷、光照(zhao)(zhao)充足、晝夜(ye)溫(wen)(wen)差大(da)(da)(da)這樣的(de)氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)條件正(zheng)好(hao)符合黍(shu)子的(de)生長(chang)發育(yu)。
二.地域范圍
繁峙縣(xian)位于晉北(bei)東部。東與(yu)(yu)靈丘交(jiao)界、西(xi)與(yu)(yu)代縣(xian)接(jie)壤,南與(yu)(yu)五(wu)臺(tai)縣(xian)和(he)河北(bei)省阜平縣(xian)相(xiang)連,北(bei)與(yu)(yu)應(ying)縣(xian)和(he)渾源為鄰。繁峙黃米地理標(biao)志產品(pin)保護范圍包括繁峙縣(xian)境內繁城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、下茹越(yue)(yue)鄉(xiang)、杏(xing)園鄉(xiang)、集義(yi)莊鄉(xiang)、光裕堡鄉(xiang)、砂(sha)河鎮(zhen)(zhen)等(deng)6個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)149個(ge)村(cun)(cun)(cun)。東至(zhi)砂(sha)河鎮(zhen)(zhen)上(shang)角峪村(cun)(cun)(cun),西(xi)至(zhi)繁城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)西(xi)魏村(cun)(cun)(cun),北(bei)至(zhi)下茹越(yue)(yue)蘇孟莊村(cun)(cun)(cun),南至(zhi)杏(xing)園鄉(xiang)公(gong)主村(cun)(cun)(cun),東經113°11′—113°38′,北(bei)緯39°08′—39°18′。近幾年(nian)黍子年(nian)種植面(mian)積保持在5260公(gong)頃以(yi)上(shang),年(nian)總產7100噸(dun)。
三.產品品質特性特征(zheng)
(1)外在感官特征: 新(xin)鮮黃(huang)(huang)米(mi)呈金黃(huang)(huang)色(se),米(mi)粒均勻團圓,黃(huang)(huang)米(mi)蒸(zheng)熟后、黃(huang)(huang)米(mi)磨面做(zuo)成的糕口 感軟筋(jin),味道清香(xiang)。
(2)內在(zai)品(pin)質指標(biao): 繁峙(zhi)黃(huang)米蛋白質含量在(zai)11.5%--13%之間,直鏈淀粉含量在(zai)1.6%--2.3%之間,鋅(Zn)含量在(zai)16.35mg/kg—27.73 mg/kg之間。
(3)安全要(yao)求(qiu) 繁峙(zhi)黃(huang)米(mi)產(chan)品(pin)符合無公害食品(pin)NY5305-2005粟米(mi)類(lei)產(chan)品(pin)產(chan)地環境條件,以及GB4285農藥安全使用準則等相(xiang)關標準和要(yao)求(qiu)。
四.特定生產方式
(1)整地(di):秋(qiu)收后(hou)及時深耕,深度15cm以(yi)上,春季地(di)表(biao)化凍4-8厘米時頂凌耙(pa)耱(mo),隨后(hou)磙地(di)鎮(zhen)壓(ya)。
(2)施足底肥:每畝(mu)施1000-1500公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)腐熟(shu)農(nong)家肥,化肥9-11公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(其(qi)中純(chun)N5.3-6.5,P2O53.7-4.5公(gong)斤(jin)(jin))作為基肥。
(3)選茬口(kou):選擇豆類(lei)、薯(shu)類(lei)、玉米等茬口(kou)進行3年(nian)以上輪作。
(4)選(xuan)種(zhong):選(xuan)擇晉黍3號(hao)(hao)、4號(hao)(hao)等相同品(pin)質特點,抗性和產量性狀優(you)的品(pin)種(zhong)。
(5)種(zhong)子處理(li):播種(zhong)前種(zhong)子用清水漂洗,清除(chu)秕粒雜(za)質(zhi),晾干后用40%拌(ban)種(zhong)雙可濕(shi)性(xing)粉劑(ji)按照種(zhong)子重量0.4%干拌(ban),防治黍子絲黑穗病。
(6)下種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期為(wei)5月20日-6月20日,播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法采用耬播,行距(ju)20-25cm,播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量每畝(mu)1-1.5kg,深度4—5cm,播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后整(zheng)壓。播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后遇雨(yu),雨(yu)后用輕耙(pa)及時耙(pa)地破除板結。
(7)中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)除(chu)草(cao):生育期間(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)2-3次(ci)(ci),第(di)(di)一次(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)3-4片葉時進行,結合間(jian)(jian)苗(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)5-6厘米深,徹底(di)清(qing)除(chu)雜草(cao);10-15天后進行第(di)(di)二次(ci)(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng),深8-10厘米,鋤盡行株間(jian)(jian)的雜草(cao)及野黍子,并進行適(shi)當培土;第(di)(di)三次(ci)(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)在(zai)(zai)抽穗(sui)前進行,深2-3厘米,根據田(tian)間(jian)(jian)雜草(cao)和(he)土壤情況靈活掌握。
(8)分次(ci)追(zhui)肥(fei):黍子生育期(qi)(qi)間追(zhui)肥(fei)1-2次(ci),第一次(ci)在(zai)(zai)分蘗至拔節期(qi)(qi)進(jin)行,每畝(mu)追(zhui)施(shi)尿(niao)素(su)10-15公斤,第二次(ci)在(zai)(zai)抽穗前(qian),每畝(mu)追(zhui)施(shi)尿(niao)素(su)6-10公斤。
(9)及時(shi)(shi)收獲(huo);9月下(xia)旬,上(shang)部籽粒(li)完(wan)全成(cheng)熟,下(xia)部籽粒(li)開始(shi)變黃時(shi)(shi),及時(shi)(shi)收獲(huo),收獲(huo)后(hou)曬干至水分低于13%時(shi)(shi),防潮防蟲儲存(cun)(cun),儲存(cun)(cun)期1年。
(10)加工。根(gen)據銷售情況去殼加工為(wei)黃米,加工為(wei)黃米后及(ji)時銷售食用,儲存(cun)期(qi)3個(ge)月。