一.產品介紹
神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)豆(dou)(dou)產(chan)于山西省忻州(zhou)市(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)縣,種(zhong)植歷史悠(you)久。據歷史文獻記(ji)載,黑(hei)(hei)(hei)豆(dou)(dou)為(wei)(wei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)縣繳納公糧(liang)主要(yao)品種(zhong),且每(mei)年(nian)保持(chi)在(zai)(zai)10萬斤左(zuo)右。據《神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)縣志》記(ji)載,神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)豆(dou)(dou)種(zhong)植面積1975年(nian)為(wei)(wei)28830畝(mu)、1980年(nian)為(wei)(wei)16282畝(mu)、1985年(nian)為(wei)(wei)50675畝(mu),現在(zai)(zai)每(mei)年(nian)保持(chi)在(zai)(zai)5萬畝(mu)以上。神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)豆(dou)(dou)腐遠(yuan)近聞名,豆(dou)(dou)香十(shi)足、久燴不(bu)爛,是(shi)每(mei)日(ri)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)人餐桌(zhuo)上必不(bu)可少的一道菜(cai),神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)豆(dou)(dou)便是(shi)主要(yao)原料,當地有(you)句俗(su)話說(shuo)“神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)人不(bu)可一日(ri)無(wu)豆(dou)(dou)”之說(shuo);神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)豆(dou)(dou)的又(you)一妙用(yong)是(shi)釀造老黑(hei)(hei)(hei)醬,幾乎家家自(zi)釀;還有(you)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)豆(dou)(dou)豆(dou)(dou)芽,新人結婚時要(yao)將黑(hei)(hei)(hei)豆(dou)(dou)豆(dou)(dou)芽撒在(zai)(zai)婚車上和新娘包袱里,寓意(yi)著生根發芽、繁衍(yan)生息;神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)人還有(you)在(zai)(zai)冬至(zhi)炒黑(hei)(hei)(hei)豆(dou)(dou)“咬雜(za)病”之風俗(su)。2003年(nian)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)縣被(bei)山西省政府確(que)定為(wei)(wei)全省優質小雜(za)糧(liang)重點(dian)縣。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
1.地(di)(di)貌和(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)情況(kuang):神(shen)池縣(xian)地(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘陵區(qu),山(shan)丘起伏(fu)、溝壑縱(zong)橫(heng),平均(jun)海拔(ba)在(zai)(zai)(zai)1500米(mi)(海拔(ba)范圍1200—2500米(mi)),洪濤山(shan)脈自西北向東南(nan)延伸,關涔山(shan)脈縱(zong)立南(nan)沿,兩大山(shan)脈形(xing)成中部(bu)小塊緩坡平地(di)(di),全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)總的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)貌特點(dian)是平川(chuan)少,山(shan)地(di)(di)丘陵多(占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)國土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)88%),地(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)貌復雜(za)。全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)可耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積84.69萬畝(mu),人均(jun)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)近10畝(mu),全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型分(fen)為(wei)四個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(棕(zong)壤(rang)、栗褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、風砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),主要土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類為(wei)栗褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),占(zhan)(zhan)總面(mian)(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)98.08%,分(fen)布于海拔(ba)1600—2000米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)中低山(shan)和(he)丘陵地(di)(di)區(qu);棕(zong)壤(rang)占(zhan)(zhan)總面(mian)(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)0.3%,主要分(fen)布在(zai)(zai)(zai)海拔(ba)2300米(mi)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)地(di)(di)上(shang)部(bu),風砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占(zhan)(zhan)總面(mian)(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)1.23%,主要分(fen)布在(zai)(zai)(zai)西部(bu)平川(chuan)局部(bu)地(di)(di)區(qu),潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占(zhan)(zhan)總面(mian)(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)0.39%,主要分(fen)布在(zai)(zai)(zai)縣(xian)川(chuan)河源頭和(he)海拔(ba)1500米(mi)左右的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)澗交(jiao)接(jie)洼地(di)(di)。按全(quan)(quan)國第二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查,神(shen)池土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)總的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)是“缺(que)磷少氮鉀(jia)有(you)(you)(you)余”,全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)養份(fen)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)是有(you)(you)(you)機質6.6-8.5g/kg、全(quan)(quan)氮0.4-0.5g/kg、有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)磷3-5mg/kg、速(su)效(xiao)鉀(jia)100mg/kg以(yi)上(shang),屬三(san)級以(yi)上(shang)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di),非常適宜黑豆生長。
2.水(shui)(shui)文情況:全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)四條大的季(ji)節性(xing)河流(liu)(liu)(liu),朱家(jia)川河全(quan)(quan)長(chang)(chang)60公里,由本(ben)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)西部賀職鄉(xiang)(xiang)出(chu)境(jing),經(jing)五(wu)寨、保德入(ru)黃(huang)河,流(liu)(liu)(liu)域面(mian)(mian)積(ji)163萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu);縣(xian)(xian)(xian)川河全(quan)(quan)長(chang)(chang)35公里,由本(ben)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)西北長(chang)(chang)畛鄉(xiang)(xiang)出(chu)境(jing),經(jing)偏關、保德入(ru)黃(huang)河,流(liu)(liu)(liu)域面(mian)(mian)積(ji)95萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu);野豬口河全(quan)(quan)長(chang)(chang)19公里,由本(ben)鄉(xiang)(xiang)石湖(hu)村出(chu)境(jing),經(jing)朔州入(ru)桑(sang)干河;澗口河在(zai)境(jing)內東部,全(quan)(quan)長(chang)(chang)5公里,由龍泉(quan)鎮(zhen)大溝兒澗出(chu)境(jing),經(jing)寧武縣(xian)(xian)(xian)入(ru)恢河,最后(hou)流(liu)(liu)(liu)入(ru)桑(sang)干河,流(liu)(liu)(liu)域面(mian)(mian)積(ji)10萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)。四條季(ji)節性(xing)河流(liu)(liu)(liu),徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)多集中在(zai)雨(yu)季(ji),7、8、9三個月的洪水(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)占到全(quan)(quan)年徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)的70%,各河流(liu)(liu)(liu)總(zong)洪水(shui)(shui)量(liang)大1.15米3/秒,因為(wei)是(shi)季(ji)節性(xing)河流(liu)(liu)(liu),所以(yi)夏季(ji)出(chu)現洪水(shui)(shui)高峰,河床洪水(shui)(shui)濤濤,當地(di)農民形象地(di)概括為(wei)“有(you)雨(yu)山洪發,雨(yu)過河床干”。神池縣(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)十分(fen)貧乏,全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)靜(jing)儲量(liang)為(wei)6.16億噸(dun),動儲量(liang)為(wei)5.9萬(wan)(wan)噸(dun)/晝夜,埋深在(zai)100米左右,且分(fen)布不均,多集中于(yu)朱家(jia)川河和縣(xian)(xian)(xian)川河兩河流(liu)(liu)(liu)域,適合黑豆生長(chang)(chang)。
3.氣候(hou)情況(kuang):神池縣屬大(da)陸季風(feng)氣候(hou),干旱、高寒、溫差大(da)、無霜期(qi)短,年平(ping)均氣溫4.7℃,平(ping)均無霜期(qi)114天,平(ping)均降雨量487.7毫(hao)米,主要(yao)集中在7—9月份(fen)(fen),年平(ping)均蒸發(fa)量1921.1毫(hao)米,全(quan)年光照時數為2816.7小時,年太陽總輻射量144.03千卡/厘米,≥10℃的(de)總積溫為2300-2600℃,氣候(hou)以風(feng)大(da)、低溫、降水(shui)變率大(da),春旱年份(fen)(fen)多(duo),無霜期(qi)短為主要(yao)特點,總之氣候(hou)涼爽、降雨集中、西北(bei)風(feng)長年不(bu)斷、光照充足、晝夜溫差大(da)這樣的(de)氣候(hou)條件(jian)正好符合黑豆(dou)的(de)生產發(fa)育。
三.地域范圍
神池縣(xian)(xian)位于(yu)晉(jin)西(xi)北(bei)黃土高原,地處管(guan)涔山西(xi)北(bei)麓,東(dong)(dong)與(yu)朔州(zhou)市接(jie)壤,西(xi)與(yu)五寨縣(xian)(xian)毗連(lian),南距管(guan)涔隔寧(ning)武,北(bei)負洪(hong)濤界偏(pian)關縣(xian)(xian)、平魯區。地理坐標:東(dong)(dong)經111°42′—112°18′,北(bei)緯38°56′—39°24′,縣(xian)(xian)域面積(ji)(ji)1472平方公里(li)。神池黑豆地理標志產(chan)品保(bao)護范圍(wei)為山西(xi)省忻州(zhou)市神池縣(xian)(xian)境內的龍泉鎮(zhen)、義井鎮(zhen)、八角(jiao)鎮(zhen)、東(dong)(dong)湖鄉、太平莊鄉、虎北(bei)鄉、賀職(zhi)鄉、烈堡鄉、長畛鄉、大嚴備鄉等10個鄉鎮(zhen)241個行政村。近(jin)幾(ji)年(nian)黑豆年(nian)種植面積(ji)(ji)保(bao)持在(zai)3300公頃以上,年(nian)總(zong)產(chan)8000-10000噸(dun)。
四.產品品質(zhi)特性特征
1.外在品質(zhi):神池黑豆籽實大(da)而飽滿(man),呈(cheng)(cheng)卵(luan)圓形(xing)或近于(yu)球形(xing),色澤烏黑發亮,子葉呈(cheng)(cheng)黃綠色。
2.內在品質:神池(chi)黑豆(dou)中(zhong)蛋白(bai)質含(han)量(liang)高達38-42g/100g,人體(ti)(ti)(ti)必(bi)需的(de)亞油酸含(han)量(liang)為(wei)4-5g/100g、亞麻酸含(han)量(liang)為(wei)0.8-1.0g/100g;含(han)有18種(zhong)氨(an)基酸,特別是人體(ti)(ti)(ti)必(bi)需的(de)8種(zhong)氨(an)基酸,其中(zhong)賴氨(an)酸含(han)量(liang)可達2-3g/100g;每100g黑豆(dou)粉(fen)中(zhong)含(han)大豆(dou)異黃酮79.5-83.2mg、維生素E20.1-25.9mg、鈣158-187mg、磷548-598mg,還(huan)含(han)有人體(ti)(ti)(ti)必(bi)需的(de)維生素B1、B2、C、煙酸和豐富(fu)的(de)鋅、銅、鎂、鉬、硒、氟等微(wei)量(liang)元素;黑豆(dou)皮含(han)有花青素,花青素是很好(hao)的(de)抗氧化劑(ji)來源,能清除體(ti)(ti)(ti)內自由基。
3.質(zhi)量(liang)安(an)全規(gui)定(ding):符(fu)合《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業部(bu)辦(ban)(ban)公(gong)廳關于印發茄果(guo)類蔬菜等(deng)37類無公(gong)害農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)檢測(ce)目錄(lu)的(de)通知》農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)辦(ban)(ban)質(zhi)[2012]8號中(zhong)關于大豆的(de)指標(biao)(biao)、《中(zhong)華人民共和(he)國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業部(bu)行業標(biao)(biao)準—無公(gong)害食品(pin) 大豆 NY 5310-2005》,以及《GB4285農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)安(an)全使用準則》、《GB/T8321農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)合理(li)使用準則》等(deng)相關標(biao)(biao)準和(he)要求。
五.特定生產方式
1.加強抗旱耕(geng)作,保好墑情(qing)黑豆需(xu)要精細整地,保持土壤疏松(song)平(ping)整。在(zai)我縣各黑豆產區可以采取(qu)秋深耕(geng),冬鎮壓,春季頂凌粑磨,播后根(gen)據晌情(qing)進(jin)行(xing)碾壓等蓄水保墑辦法(fa)。
2.播(bo)前施(shi)(shi)足底(di)肥,精選(xuan)種(zhong)(zhong)子旱地(di)(di)黑(hei)豆(dou)必須重施(shi)(shi)底(di)肥,杜(du)絕(jue)白茬下種(zhong)(zhong),做到(dao)輕氮重磷補鉀。每畝施(shi)(shi)優(you)(you)質(zhi)農(nong)肥2000公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)、復合肥10-15公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)做底(di)肥;在現蕾(lei)開花期每畝追施(shi)(shi)尿(niao)素8-10公(gong)(gong)斤(jin),以(yi)滿足黑(hei)豆(dou)對養分(fen)的需求。方法上采用(yong)集中溝施(shi)(shi)。丘陵地(di)(di)區隨(sui)同(tong)犁種(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)次(ci)施(shi)(shi)入,緩(huan)坡地(di)(di)區在春季淺耕時施(shi)(shi)在犁溝內,隨(sui)后及時耙耱(mo)鎮(zhen)壓。根據不同(tong)的土壤類型和(he)氣候(hou)特點,選(xuan)用(yong)不同(tong)的優(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)。這里(li)所說的優(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong),是指經過(guo)保(bao)純防雜的優(you)(you)良(liang)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。只有這樣才(cai)能(neng)減少病蟲害,減輕品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的退化,一(yi)般2—3年應更換一(yi)次(ci)。在我縣適宜(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)植的品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)有農(nong)家(jia)大粒黑(hei)豆(dou),羊(yang)眼(yan)睛黑(hei)豆(dou)等。
3.拌(ban)(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)早(zao)播(bo),保證質量(liang)黑豆(dou)拌(ban)(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)用55%的甲拌(ban)(ban)磷200毫(hao)升加水(shui)3-4斤,倒在(zai)80斤-100斤黑豆(dou)種(zhong)(zhong)子上,進行拌(ban)(ban)種(zhong)(zhong),要(yao)輕伴,防止脫皮,拌(ban)(ban)好后(hou)放(fang)在(zai)陰涼處(chu)晾干,避免太陽暴(bao)曬,晾干后(hou)裝(zhuang)袋備用。黑豆(dou)早(zao)播(bo)可(ke)以(yi)充分利用土壤解凍后(hou)的返漿水(shui),提高出苗率;早(zao)播(bo)還可(ke)以(yi)闖過最(zui)末一(yi)(yi)次晚霜危(wei)害(hai);早(zao)播(bo)可(ke)延長(chang)(chang)苗子生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)時間(jian),使(shi)營(ying)養體生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)好,為(wei)后(hou)期開花結果創造良好條件(jian)。一(yi)(yi)般我縣在(zai)4月(yue)25日(ri)至5月(yue)5日(ri)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)方式可(ke)采用耬播(bo)或機(ji)播(bo),播(bo)深(shen)以(yi)1.5-2寸左右(you)為(wei)宜(yi)。
4.因(yin)地(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)宜,合理密植要按(an)照地(di)(di)(di)力條件和品種特性確(que)定合理密度,一(yi)般(ban)下等地(di)(di)(di)播量(liang)5—7斤,畝(mu)保苗(miao)(miao)1—1.2萬株(zhu)(zhu);中等地(di)(di)(di)播7—8斤,畝(mu)保苗(miao)(miao)1.2—1.5萬株(zhu)(zhu);上等地(di)(di)(di)播8—10斤畝(mu)留(liu)苗(miao)(miao)1.5—1.8萬株(zhu)(zhu)。
5.加強(qiang)田間管理我縣黑豆(dou)均(jun)采用地(di)膜覆蓋種(zhong)植(zhi),一般在(zai)中(zhong)等肥(fei)力水平的地(di)塊上(shang)種(zhong)植(zhi)。特別是稍(shao)粘重土壤在(zai)播后(hou)(hou)遇雨時(shi)就(jiu)會(hui)形(xing)成(cheng)膜孔板結,要(yao)及時(shi)放(fang)苗(miao)(miao),防止(zhi)造成(cheng)嚴(yan)重的缺苗(miao)(miao)斷壟(long)。黑豆(dou)出苗(miao)(miao)后(hou)(hou)30-50天內地(di)表未被覆蓋,此時(shi)氣(qi)候干燥,雜草(cao)也(ye)正是盛發時(shi)期,黑豆(dou)此時(shi)根系生(sheng)長較強(qiang),地(di)上(shang)部分卻生(sheng)長緩慢,這時(shi)應抓緊(jin)時(shi)間中(zhong)耕除草(cao),鋤凈壟(long)間雜草(cao),防止(zhi)雜草(cao)和幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)爭奪(duo)養分,抑制幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)生(sheng)長。
6.提高認(ren)識,防病(bing)(bing)防蟲目前,由于抗(kang)病(bing)(bing)品種的(de)(de)推廣,黑豆病(bing)(bing)害基本可(ke)以(yi)控制。但(dan)黑豆田的(de)(de)豆芫菁和(he)金龜子仍不(bu)同程度的(de)(de)發(fa)生,應(ying)注意防治(zhi)。每畝用(yong)20%的(de)(de)速滅殺丁乳(ru)油(you)25—50ml兌水80—100公斤噴(pen)霧即(ji)可(ke)。
7.適(shi)期(qi)早收,防止返青黑(hei)(hei)(hei)豆(dou)(dou)適(shi)時早收有一定增產(chan)作(zuo)(zuo)用,一般可增產(chan)5%,而且黑(hei)(hei)(hei)豆(dou)(dou)后期(qi)雨多(duo)時,往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)發生返青現象,造成減產(chan)。因(yin)此在(zai)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)豆(dou)(dou)莖(jing)下(xia)部葉變(bian)黃,部分脫落(luo),有75%的莢果變(bian)黃褐色(se),子粒多(duo)數搖動(dong)時沙(sha)沙(sha)作(zuo)(zuo)響時及時受(shou)獲。