一.產品介紹
沁水黑木(mu)耳,也叫野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黑木(mu)耳,它(ta)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長于國(guo)家級森林(lin)自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)—歷山。林(lin)區(qu)自(zi)(zi)然生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)優良,環境保(bao)護(hu)(hu)嚴(yan)密,大氣(qi)(qi)清(qing)潔,空氣(qi)(qi)濕潤(run),土地肥沃,光線(xian)充足,闊葉林(lin)資(zi)源豐富。由于獨特的(de)(de)地理(li)環境生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)(de)黑木(mu)耳,具有(you)形(xing)似(si)“燕”,狀如“飛”,肉(rou)質(zhi)厚,口感(gan)滑嫩等(deng)特點(dian),內含(han)多種人體必須的(de)(de)鈣質(zhi),粗纖(xian)維(wei)(wei),蛋白(bai)質(zhi)和(he)維(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素,尤(you)其是鈣、磷、鐵的(de)(de)含(han)量,是糧(liang)、蛋、菜(cai)、肉(rou)等(deng)無可比擬的(de)(de),經常食用,有(you)益健康。
二(er).自然(ran)生態(tai)環(huan)境和(he)人(ren)文歷史(shi)因(yin)素
1、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)情況:土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤分(fen)(fen)布為4種類型:一(yi)、宜(yi)(yi)牧土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤,包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)山地(di)(di)(di)(di)草(cao)甸和部分(fen)(fen)棕壤土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),分(fen)(fen)布于(yu)沁(qin)(qin)水(shui)的舜(shun)王(wang)坪(ping)和與陽城接(jie)連(lian)的圣王(wang)坪(ping)。二、宜(yi)(yi)林(lin)(lin)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤:包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)棕壤土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、淋溶褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),分(fen)(fen)布于(yu)沁(qin)(qin)水(shui)中條山地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶。三,宜(yi)(yi)農、林(lin)(lin)、牧綜合利用的土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤,包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)性(xing)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和紅粘(zhan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),分(fen)(fen)布于(yu)沁(qin)(qin)河(he),固(gu)縣(xian)(xian)河(he)兩大(da)(da)水(shui)系之間的低(di)(di)山土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘(qiu)及黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘(qiu)陵(ling)地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶。四、宜(yi)(yi)農土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤:包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)粘(zhan)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、石灰性(xing)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、脫潮(chao)(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮(chao)(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、石灰性(xing)新積土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等,分(fen)(fen)布于(yu)沁(qin)(qin)河(he)兩岸的一(yi)、二級階地(di)(di)(di)(di),是農作(zuo)物高產的主要(yao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤,也是森林(lin)(lin)生長的宜(yi)(yi)林(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶。全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤有機(ji)含量1.8%,全(quan)氮(dan)含量0.093%,全(quan)速磷9.98ppm,全(quan)速鉀128.88ppm,有機(ji)質鉀肥有余、氮(dan)、磷養分(fen)(fen)不足,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤PH值6.8—8.2,呈(cheng)中性(xing)至微堿性(xing)。沁(qin)(qin)水(shui)縣(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢西(xi)北(bei)(bei)高,東南低(di)(di)。四周群山環繞,西(xi)部大(da)(da)山更為險峻,海拔(ba)(ba)1400米(mi)以上(shang),最(zui)高峰為西(xi)南邊界舜(shun)王(wang)坪(ping),海拔(ba)(ba)2321.8米(mi)。境(jing)內(nei)山多林(lin)(lin)密,山巒(luan)重疊,溝壑(he)縱橫,高差懸殊,丘(qiu)陵(ling)平川(chuan)相間,中條山主峰就在沁(qin)(qin)水(shui)縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)內(nei),該區(qu)己被(bei)列為國(guo)家級森林(lin)(lin)自然保(bao)擴區(qu)。主要(yao)關隘口(kou)有縣(xian)(xian)東境(jing)內(nei)界胡(hu)底鄉老馬嶺(ling)口(kou)和縣(xian)(xian)西(xi)境(jing)界龍(long)港(gang)鎮的東塢嶺(ling)口(kou),均(jun)為本縣(xian)(xian)交通要(yao)道(dao),主要(yao)河(he)流(liu)(liu)為沁(qin)(qin)河(he),由北(bei)(bei)而南貫穿全(quan)縣(xian)(xian),河(he)水(shui)流(liu)(liu)量較大(da)(da),年徑流(liu)(liu)量17.8億立方米(mi)。沁(qin)(qin)河(he)上(shang)游(you)植(zhi)被(bei)覆(fu)蓋率大(da)(da),河(he)流(liu)(liu)含沙量年均(jun)每立方米(mi)6.95公斤,為山西(xi)省8大(da)(da)河(he)流(liu)(liu)中含沙量最(zui)少的河(he)流(liu)(liu)。沁(qin)(qin)河(he)兩岸地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢;平坦、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤肥沃(wo)、為全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)主要(yao)農作(zuo)區(qu),宜(yi)(yi)林(lin)(lin)區(qu)遍布全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)內(nei)。
2、水(shui)(shui)(shui)文情況:全縣(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)總量(liang)高達9.88億立(li)方(fang)(fang)米,人(ren)均(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)擁有量(liang)2000立(li)方(fang)(fang)米,是山西(xi)省(sheng)人(ren)均(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)的4.3倍(bei),是山西(xi)的富水(shui)(shui)(shui)區。沁河洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)由(you)暴雨形成。水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的年(nian)(nian)內(nei)分配(pei),汛期7-10月約占(zhan)全年(nian)(nian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的62%,水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)年(nian)(nian)際變化較大(da)(da),實測最大(da)(da)年(nian)(nian)來水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)19.68億立(li)方(fang)(fang)米,最小年(nian)(nian)來水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)3.34億立(li)方(fang)(fang)米,相(xiang)差(cha)5.9倍(bei)。境內(nei)張峰水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫位于沁水(shui)(shui)(shui)縣(xian)鄭(zheng)莊鎮張峰村西(xi)北1.5公里處的沁河干流上,水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫控制流域面積4990平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公平(ping),庫容5.05億立(li)方(fang)(fang)米。森(sen)林含儲(chu)了豐富的水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan),
3、氣候情(qing)況:為調節氣候、保持(chi)水(shui)土、保護植被、增加森(sen)林自繁(fan)能力提(ti)供了(le)得(de)天(tian)獨(du)厚的(de)條件。沁(qin)水(shui)縣(xian)西(xi)高東(dong)低,氣候因地形(xing)復雜,差異顯著。沁(qin)水(shui)縣(xian)屬(shu)典(dian)型的(de)暖(nuan)溫帶半(ban)干旱大陸季風氣候,特點是(shi)(shi):冬天(tian)風多(duo)雨少(shao),夏季潮濕多(duo)雨,西(xi)部(bu)涼(liang)爽,東(dong)部(bu)溫和,年(nian)(nian)氣溫嚴(yan)均在10.3℃左右,l月(yue)(yue)零下4.8℃,7月(yue)(yue)23℃,全年(nian)(nian)平均日照(zhao)時(shi)數2629 .9小時(shi),年(nian)(nian)積溫≥14℃有效積溫3412.6℃,年(nian)(nian)均降(jiang)水(shui)量643.7mm,霜凍期為10月(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)旬(xun)至(zhi)次年(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)旬(xun),無霜期173天(tian),日照(zhao)充(chong)足,空氣優(you)良,是(shi)(shi)典(dian)型的(de)山區農業縣(xian)氣候帶。是(shi)(shi)森(sen)林生長的(de)風水(shui)寶地。
4、人(ren)文(wen)歷史情況(kuang);沁水(shui)縣是(shi)(shi)黃(huang)河中(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)游(you)農耕文(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發樣(yang)地(di)之一,根據史料考證(zheng),司馬遷在《史記(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)記(ji)載“舜(shun)耕歷山(shan),漁雷澤……”。沁水(shui)黑木耳采(cai)收(shou)歷史悠久,自(zi)古以來(lai)被人(ren)們(men)稱為(wei)“山(shan)珍”。黑本耳是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)高(gao)(gao)級膠質食(shi)用(yong)菌,含有較為(wei)全面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)成分,尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)鐵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含量比其(qi)(qi)它菌類高(gao)(gao)很多(duo),可(ke)作(zuo)為(wei)貧(pin)血的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輔助(zhu)治療(liao)食(shi)品(pin)。現代中(zhong)(zhong)醫認為(wei)黑木耳有補氣益(yi)智、補血活血、護膚美容、滋陰潤(run)燥,養(yang)胃潤(run)腸(chang)等功效。是(shi)(shi)人(ren)們(men)飲(yin)食(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)素中(zhong)(zhong)之葷,經(jing)常食(shi)用(yong),可(ke)增強(qiang)人(ren)體免疫力,是(shi)(shi)食(shi)補的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)佳品(pin)。沁水(shui)黑木耳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)收(shou)和(he)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護早巳受到當地(di)政府的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)度重(zhong)視,對(dui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)進(jin)行持續保護性開發生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan),當地(di)人(ren)民(min)把(ba)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)環境保護,資源保護當作(zuo)自(zi)己神(shen)圣(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義務。國家林(lin)業部門還(huan)把(ba)該區(qu)(qu)劃為(wei)國家原(yuan)(yuan)始森林(lin)自(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)來(lai)重(zhong)點保護。沁水(shui)土特產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)原(yuan)(yuan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)保護協(xie)會成員山(shan)西豐田食(shi)品(pin)有限責任公司生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綠色(se)食(shi)品(pin)野生黑木耳,2007年(nian)經(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)綠華夏有機食(shi)品(pin)認證(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)心批準為(wei)“有機食(shi)品(pin)”,這些產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)料都是(shi)(shi)來(lai)源于(yu)此(ci)地(di)。2007年(nian),沁水(shui)野生黑木耳被山(shan)西省列為(wei)“山(shan)西省名優農產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)”。
三.地域范圍
沁(qin)水(shui)黑木耳(er)生產于山西(xi)省晉(jin)城市(shi)沁(qin)水(shui)縣(xian)(xian),地域(yu)保(bao)護范圍:山西(xi)省沁(qin)水(shui)縣(xian)(xian)的中村鎮、土(tu)沃鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、張(zhang)村鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、龍港鎮、樊村河鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、蘇莊(zhuang)(zhuang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、鄭(zheng)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)鎮、端氏(shi)鎮、加豐鎮、鄭(zheng)村鎮、胡底鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、固縣(xian)(xian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、十(shi)里鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、柿莊(zhuang)(zhuang)鎮等14個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮,涉及(ji)251個(ge)行政(zheng)村。保(bao)護范圍地理坐標位于東經(jing)112°47′-115°55′,北緯35°24′-36°04′。東西(xi)長約(yue)150公里,南北寬約(yue)55公里,保(bao)護范圍面積(ji)1170平方公里。
四.產品品質特性特征
1、外在感官特(te)征:色澤:沁水黑木(mu)耳(er)(er)耳(er)(er)正面(mian)黑褐(he)色,有光澤,有光亮感,耳(er)(er)背面(mian)暗灰(hui)色。形態大小:形如“燕”、狀如“飛”耳(er)(er)片完整,不能通(tong)過直徑(jing)3cm的(de)篩眼。耳(er)(er)片厚度:大于或(huo)等于1mm。雜質:小于或(huo)等于0.3%。氣味(wei):具有本區域黑木(mu)耳(er)(er)特(te)有的(de)氣味(wei)、無異味(wei)。無拳耳(er)(er)、流耳(er)(er)、霉爛耳(er)(er)、蟲蛀耳(er)(er)和流失耳(er)(er)。
2、內在品質指標:沁水黑木耳內在綜合指標為:產品氨基酸值(zhi)為10.31g/100g,高(gao)于普通產品均值(zhi)9.22g/100g。蛋白質為(wei)11.3g/100g,明(ming)顯高于普通產品(pin)均值7g/100g。維生素B為0.08mg/100g,高于普通產品均值0.0016ug/100g。維(wei)生素B2為1.02mg/100g,高于普通(tong)產品均值0.05mg/100g。碳(tan)水化合物為67.2g/100g,明(ming)顯高于(yu)普通(tong)產品6g/100g。6、磷元素含量(liang)為0.18g/100g,高于(yu)普通(tong)產品均值0.012g/100g。鉀元素為8520mg/Kg,高于普通產品均值520mg/Kg。鎂元素(su)含量較高(gao)為1640mg/Kg,高(gao)于普通(tong)產品均(jun)值570mg/Kg.鈣元素含量較高為1900mg/Kg,高于普通產(chan)品(pin)均值340mg/Kg。鐵元素含量較高為(wei)800mg/Kg,高于普(pu)通產品均值(zhi)55mg/Kg.鋅元(yuan)素含量較高(gao)為14.1mg/Kg,高(gao)于普(pu)通產(chan)品均值5.3mg/Kg。
3、安(an)全要求(qiu):沁水黑(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳(er)嚴格按照國家農業(ye)部頒布的(de)綠色(se)(se)(se)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(AA級(ji))標準體系組織(zhi)生產(chan)。具(ju)體標準如下:NYT391-2000綠色(se)(se)(se)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)產(chan)地(di)環境技(ji)術要求(qiu),NY/T093-2000綠色(se)(se)(se)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)農藥(yao)(yao)使(shi)用準則(ze),NY/T304-2000綠色(se)(se)(se)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)肥(fei)料使(shi)用準則(ze),在生產(chan)野生黑(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳(er)過(guo)程(cheng)中,嚴格保(bao)護生態環境,不使(shi)用任何農藥(yao)(yao)、化學合成肥(fei)料和農家垃圾肥(fei)料,農產(chan)品(pin)質量保(bao)持原(yuan)生態品(pin)質。
五.特定生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)式
1、產地(di)(di)選(xuan)擇與要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu):黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳(er)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產基地(di)(di)環(huan)境要(yao)符(fu)合(he)中華人(ren)民共和國農業部(bu)行(xing)業標準NY/T391-2000,即《綠色(se)食品產地(di)(di)環(huan)境質(zhi)量標準》,產品基地(di)(di)周圍(wei)10公里(li)以內無(wu)任何污染企業和污染源。對(dui)森林進行(xing)安全保護(hu),不(bu)許隨(sui)意砍(kan)伐(fa),不(bu)準帶火入(ru)山,防(fang)止火災的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng),不(bu)準進入(ru)林區放牧,防(fang)止破壞植被(bei),有計劃(hua)有組織的(de)(de)(de)組織農戶在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)雨后適(shi)(shi)時劃(hua)區采收(shou),防(fang)止爭搶資源,影響持續發(fa)展計劃(hua)實(shi)施。黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳(er)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)包括營養(yang)、溫度(du)(du)(du)、水(shui)分(fen)、空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)、光線(xian)和酸堿度(du)(du)(du)。營養(yang)主要(yao)包括碳源和氮源兩部(bu)分(fen),同時在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)發(fa)育(yu)(yu)過程(cheng)中還需(xu)(xu)少量的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)機鹽類,如鉀、鎂、磷、鐵、鈣等(deng)(deng)。溫度(du)(du)(du)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)5-35℃均可(ke)(ke)生(sheng)長(chang)繁殖(zhi),但最(zui)適(shi)(shi)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)(du)是(shi)20 -28℃。水(shui)分(fen)是(shi)發(fa)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)必需(xu)(xu)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian),要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)相對(dui)濕(shi)度(du)(du)(du)應在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)90%以上(shang),木(mu)(mu)耳(er)干(gan)重(zhong)可(ke)(ke)吸收(shou)15倍的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)分(fen)保護(hu)耳(er)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)柔(rou)軟狀態2-3天,干(gan)干(gan)濕(shi)濕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)分(fen)管理是(shi)符(fu)合(he)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳(er)生(sheng)長(chang)發(fa)育(yu)(yu)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)。空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中只要(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)氧氣(qi)(qi)充足的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia),菌(jun)系(xi)代謝才旺盛,如透氣(qi)(qi)不(bu)良則影響黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳(er)質(zhi)量。光對(dui)木(mu)(mu)耳(er)的(de)(de)(de)色(se)澤有關,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)光線(xian)充足的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia),耳(er)體(ti)顏色(se)深,長(chang)得健壯,肥(fei)厚,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)400勒以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)光照條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)實(shi)體(ti)才是(shi)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)。因(yin)此木(mu)(mu)耳(er)必須(xu)有花(hua)花(hua)太陽的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境。酸堿度(du)(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)1000納摹(mo)/升(PH6)左右為宜(yi)(yi)。黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳(er)生(sheng)于朽木(mu)(mu)上(shang),樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種選(xuan)擇有殼斗(dou)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)栓皮櫟,柞櫟、麻櫟、青岡,金(jin)縷梅科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)楓樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)。通(tong)常(chang)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)齡5—15年,直徑在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)6-14匣米的(de)(de)(de)朽木(mu)(mu)是(shi)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳(er)較適(shi)(shi)合(he)生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)之一。自然(ran)界里(li),除(chu)含松脂,醚(mi)、醇等(deng)(deng)殺(sha)苗物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)松、柏、杉等(deng)(deng)針(zhen)葉(xie)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),以及含有少量芳香性殺(sha)菌(jun)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)闊葉(xie)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),如樟科(ke),安息香料科(ke)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種外,其它一般(ban)闊葉(xie)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)朽木(mu)(mu)都可(ke)(ke)生(sheng)產黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳(er)。場地(di)(di)選(xuan)擇:耳(er)場空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)流通(tong)速度(du)(du)(du)較慢、靠近水(shui)源、濕(shi)度(du)(du)(du)大、雜草少、群(qun)山環(huan)繞的(de)(de)(de)山坳,早晨云霧遲(chi)遲(chi)不(bu)能(neng)散(san)去,坡(po)度(du)(du)(du)以30°以下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)緩坡(po)為宜(yi)(yi)。地(di)(di)表要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)砂(sha)石土地(di)(di)面(mian),這(zhe)種地(di)(di)面(mian)能(neng)提高木(mu)(mu)耳(er)的(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)(du)。如氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)干(gan)旱,不(bu)具(ju)備澆水(shui)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方,地(di)(di)表最(zui)好選(xuan)擇砂(sha)壤土,這(zhe)種土壤能(neng)保持水(shui)分(fen),提高環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)相對(dui)濕(shi)度(du)(du)(du),有利于木(mu)(mu)耳(er)生(sheng)長(chang)。
2、品(pin)種選擇與特定(ding)要求(qiu):滬耳(er)3號,上海(hai)農料院食用菌研究所(suo)近年育出的品(pin)種,菌絲生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長的適(shi)宜溫(wen)(wen)度(du)25-28℃,子(zi)實(shi)體生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長適(shi)宜溫(wen)(wen)度(du)13-17℃,朵型較大,耳(er)片直徑在l0厘(li)米(mi)以上,色澤(ze)較深,出耳(er)整(zheng)齊,抗霉能力強,產量高,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物轉化(hua)率(lv)可達lOO%以上,適(shi)于代料栽培。滬耳(er)5號:上海(hai)農科(ke)院食用菌研究所(suo)育出的品(pin)種,菌絲生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長適(shi)溫(wen)(wen)25℃左(zuo)右,子(zi)實(shi)體生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長適(shi)溫(wen)(wen)10-20℃。朵大、色黑、肉質厚、適(shi)于袋料栽培。
3、生產過程(cheng)管理:耳(er)(er)場清理:段(duan)本進場之前用(yong)(yong)生石灰粉撤于地面,用(yong)(yong)量(liang)每畝(mu)100-150千克。清除雜(za)菌和(he)害蟲,減少(shao)病蟲害的發生。有(you)條件時耳(er)(er)場要輪休(xiu),這對(dui)(dui)防止雜(za)菌蔓延有(you)利。耳(er)(er)樹(shu)的采伐:耳(er)(er)樹(shu)砍伐期對(dui)(dui)黑木(mu)耳(er)(er)的生長有(you)一定關系,要求(qiu)在(zai)冬(dong)至到立春之間比較(jiao)適宜,砍伐時注意保護樹(shu)皮,防止撕(si)裂脫(tuo)落,保持(chi)樹(shu)干完好完整(zheng),同時要剃枝(zhi)、截段(duan)、架(jia)曬。人工(gong)接種(zhong):這是木(mu)耳(er)(er)生長中(zhong)的重要環節。接種(zhong)時間一般在(zai)2-3月份,此(ci)時氣溫通常是8-10℃。接種(zhong)方法(fa)有(you)木(mu)塊(kuai)菌種(zhong)和(he)木(mu)屑菌種(zhong)兩個類型。接種(zhong)的密度視具(ju)體(ti)情況而定。定植期管理與耳(er)(er)期管理要科學(xue)合理,并做好起(qi)架(jia),起(qi)架(jia)的方法(fa)是用(yong)(yong)1.5米(mi)長的段(duan)木(mu)作(zuo)橫(heng)粱,兩頭(tou)用(yong)(yong)叉狀樹(shu)樁把(ba)它撐起(qi),把(ba)耳(er)(er)木(mu)從兩側交(jiao)錯靠(kao)在(zai)橫(heng)粱上,構(gou)成人字形的耳(er)(er)架(jia)。
4、采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)加工:采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou):成熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)充分展(zhan)開(kai),開(kai)始(shi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)邊,頗色由深變淺(qian),腹面(mian)產生(sheng)(sheng)白(bai)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)袍子粉,肉質肥厚,耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)根收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮,變細(xi),觸動(dong)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)時(shi)可看出(chu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)顫動(dong)。只要(yao)具(ju)備這些特征(不(bu)(bu)論耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)),就說明已成熟,要(yao)及(ji)時(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)要(yao)求(qiu):不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)季節生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黑(hei)(hei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)有(you)所不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。入伏(fu)前生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)黑(hei)(hei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)稱(cheng)為(wei)春(chun)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),其(qi)(qi)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)色澤,朵大(da)(da),肉厚,吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)大(da)(da),質量(liang)(liang)(liang)最好(hao);入伏(fu)到立(li)秋(qiu)之間(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)黑(hei)(hei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)稱(cheng)為(wei)伏(fu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),其(qi)(qi)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)色淺(qian),肉薄,吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),質量(liang)(liang)(liang)差:于立(li)秋(qiu)以后(hou)(hou)生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)黑(hei)(hei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)稱(cheng)為(wei)秋(qiu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),其(qi)(qi)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)型稍小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),肉中(zhong)等(deng),吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),質量(liang)(liang)(liang)次(ci)于春(chun)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)春(chun)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)和(he)秋(qiu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)要(yao)求(qiu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)大(da)(da)留小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),這時(shi)氣(qi)溫較(jiao)低,有(you)利于黑(hei)(hei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)正常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang),留下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)等(deng)長(chang)大(da)(da)以后(hou)(hou)再采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。而采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)伏(fu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)則要(yao)求(qiu)大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)一(yi)(yi)齊收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。因為(wei)伏(fu)天(tian)氣(qi)溫高,害蟲多,細(xi)菌繁殖快(kuai),如不(bu)(bu)及(ji)時(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),會遭受害蟲,或(huo)細(xi)菌腐(fu)生(sheng)(sheng)而引起(qi)流耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian):最好(hao)選(xuan)擇在(zai)雨過(guo)大(da)(da)晴的(de)(de)(de)(de)早晨或(huo)晴天(tian)早晨露水(shui)(shui)(shui)未干(gan)(gan)時(shi),這時(shi)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)子實(shi)潮軟不(bu)(bu)會因耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)干(gan)(gan)燥而弄碎(sui)。如遇上連綿陰雨也要(yao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)以免(mian)損失。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)時(shi)抓住整(zheng)朵子實(shi)體(ti),連耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)根一(yi)(yi)起(qi)摘下(xia)來(lai)。如采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)摘不(bu)(bu)盡(jin),容(rong)易發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)爛耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)根,孳生(sheng)(sheng)雜菌。要(yao)求(qiu)勤采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),使(shi)之不(bu)(bu)產生(sheng)(sheng)流耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)注意保(bao)護耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)芽,以利于繼續生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。每(mei)次(ci)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)后(hou)(hou)需(xu)(xu)將(jiang)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)朽(xiu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)翻面(mian),使(shi)均(jun)勻吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)潮氣(qi)和(he)陽光,增(zeng)加出(chu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)面(mian)。并將(jiang)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)朽(xiu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)上下(xia)倒轉,使(shi)原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)朽(xiu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)下(xia)端接受陽光,減(jian)少腐(fu)爛,促使(shi)其(qi)(qi)多結耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)下(xia)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黑(hei)(hei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),必(bi)須(xu)及(ji)時(shi)放在(zai)曬(shai)席上或(huo)鋪有(you)塑料窗紗的(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)框內,置烈日下(xia)1-2天(tian)即可曬(shai)干(gan)(gan),遇雨天(tian)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)須(xu)及(ji)時(shi)烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)。烘(hong)時(shi)通風要(yao)好(hao),勿使(shi)溫度過(guo)高(不(bu)(bu)超(chao)過(guo)60℃),防止烤焦或(huo)雜溶(rong)腐(fu)爛。在(zai)烘(hong)、曬(shai)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),開(kai)始(shi)時(shi)不(bu)(bu)宜多翻,以免(mian)卷(juan)(juan)成拳耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)影響質量(liang)(liang)(liang).半干(gan)(gan)以后(hou)(hou)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)翻動(dong),這樣朵形美觀,耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)不(bu)(bu)會卷(juan)(juan)曲在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起(qi)。干(gan)(gan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準是含水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)13%左(zuo)右,干(gan)(gan)硬發(fa)脆(cui)。
5、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)記錄(lu)的(de)要求(qiu):建立地理標志農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)沁(qin)水黑木耳生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)檔案(an),應詳盡(jin)記錄(lu)產(chan)(chan)地環境、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)技術、病(bing)蟲害防(fang)治和采(cai)收加工(gong)等各環節所采(cai)取的(de)具體措(cuo)施。