羅(luo)田(tian)(tian)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi),指中國(guo)湖北(bei)省大別山(shan)區羅(luo)田(tian)(tian)縣產(chan)(chan)的(de)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi),是中國(guo)地(di)理標志產(chan)(chan)品(pin)。羅(luo)田(tian)(tian)為"中國(guo)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)之鄉"。羅(luo)田(tian)(tian)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)是世界唯一自然脫澀的(de)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)品(pin)種(zhong),秋天成熟后,不需加工(gong),可直接(jie)食用。羅(luo)田(tian)(tian)縣三里(li)畈(fan)鎮鏨(zan)字石(shi)村出產(chan)(chan)的(de)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)更(geng)是珍品(pin),其特點是個大色(se)艷,身圓(yuan)底方(fang)(fang),皮薄肉厚,甜(tian)(tian)脆可口。別的(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)出產(chan)(chan)的(de)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)一般有籽粒八顆以上,而鏨(zan)子石(shi)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)不超過三顆籽,所以既方(fang)(fang)便(bian)食用,更(geng)方(fang)(fang)便(bian)加工(gong)。
產地環境
羅(luo)田縣位于大(da)(da)(da)別山南麓,總(zong)面(mian)積321萬(wan)畝,屬(shu)亞熱帶季風(feng)區(qu),氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)溫(wen)和(he),陽光(guang)充足,雨量充沛,光(guang)水熱同步,自(zi)然(ran)條件(jian)很好(hao)(hao)。年平(ping)均(jun)溫(wen)度(du)16.4℃,降雨量1300-1600毫米,無霜(shuang)期181-231天,極(ji)為(wei)(wei)適(shi)宜(yi)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)生(sheng)長發育要(yao)求。羅(luo)田不僅具有適(shi)宜(yi)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)生(sheng)長發育的(de)基本氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)條件(jian),而且由(you)于地(di)(di)勢、地(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)、地(di)(di)貌(mao)和(he)森林植(zhi)被的(de)自(zi)然(ran)調節作用,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)更具獨特優(you)勢的(de)區(qu)域環境。一(yi)是地(di)(di)勢北高南低,對(dui)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)資源(yuan)可以進行(xing)(xing)再(zai)分配(pei),自(zi)行(xing)(xing)調節,使甜(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)生(sheng)長發育期內(nei)溫(wen)室巨變較小(xiao)。二是地(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)貌(mao)差異大(da)(da)(da),小(xiao)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)小(xiao)環境較多,適(shi)宜(yi)栽(zai)植(zhi)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)的(de)面(mian)積大(da)(da)(da)。三(san)是森林覆蓋率高,達到68.8%,植(zhi)被條件(jian)好(hao)(hao),自(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)態優(you)良(liang),對(dui)提高甜(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)果(guo)實光(guang)澤,降低果(guo)皮(pi)厚度(du)都(dou)十分有利。四是晝夜溫(wen)差大(da)(da)(da),有利于果(guo)實的(de)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)。羅(luo)田柿(shi)產區(qu)溫(wen)差比(bi)(bi)平(ping)原(yuan)地(di)(di)區(qu)要(yao)大(da)(da)(da),甜(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)果(guo)實膨(peng)大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)熟期為(wei)(wei)7-9月,其晝夜溫(wen)差一(yi)般都(dou)在10℃以上,比(bi)(bi)平(ping)原(yuan)大(da)(da)(da)4℃以上,這對(dui)柿(shi)果(guo)糖(tang)分轉化和(he)營養積累(lei)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)有利,是羅(luo)田甜(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)品質優(you)良(liang)、味道鮮美的(de)一(yi)個重要(yao)原(yuan)因。五是土(tu)壤(rang)適(shi)宜(yi)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)生(sheng)長,羅(luo)田土(tu)壤(rang)多為(wei)(wei)片麻巖風(feng)化形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)沙壤(rang)土(tu),透水、通氣(qi)(qi)性能良(liang)好(hao)(hao),微酸性和(he)中性,有利于柿(shi)樹根系生(sheng)長,柿(shi)樹壽命長,盛果(guo)期長,豐產性好(hao)(hao)。
主要品種
羅(luo)(luo)田(tian)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)是羅(luo)(luo)田(tian)當(dang)地(di)原生甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的總稱,在(zai)(zai)長(chang)期的自然變異進化和(he)(he)人工栽培選擇(ze)過程中(zhong),逐(zhu)漸形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)很多(duo)(duo)各具(ju)特色的優良(liang)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。具(ju)有(you)(you)栽培價值的地(di)方(fang)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)20多(duo)(duo)個,大(da)、中(zhong)、小果(guo)(guo)(guo)型品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)早(zao)、中(zhong)、晚熟品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)兼備,還有(you)(you)育(yu)苗采籽(zi)專用(yong)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)單雄性(xing)授粉(fen)樹品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)資源極為(wei)豐(feng)富,其(qi)主要(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you):羅(luo)(luo)田(tian)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)、秋焰甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(寶華、鄂柿(shi)1號、陰陽(yang)柿(shi))、寶蓋甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)、四方(fang)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)、小果(guo)(guo)(guo)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)、龍爪柿(shi)、金秋甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)、蜜糖(tang)柿(shi)。這些品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的共(gong)同(tong)特點是果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)含有(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)溶性(xing)單寧低,不(bu)需人工脫澀,不(bu)復生返澀;果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮薄,皮色橙紅光亮(liang),外表美(mei)觀亮(liang)麗;果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉(rou)甜(tian)(tian)脆細(xi)膩,含糖(tang)量在(zai)(zai)17-26%之間,味甜(tian)(tian)可(ke)(ke)口;果(guo)(guo)(guo)內無黑斑,無果(guo)(guo)(guo)心;果(guo)(guo)(guo)型多(duo)(duo)為(wei)扁(bian)園,無縱溝,無縊痕。此(ci)外,羅(luo)(luo)田(tian)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)生長(chang)勢(shi)很強,分枝能力(li)很旺(wang),樹冠(guan)形(xing)成(cheng)快(kuai),側枝分生多(duo)(duo),葉片肥(fei)大(da),葉色濃綠,葉肉(rou)厚實(shi)(shi),光合作用(yong)能力(li)強,結實(shi)(shi)早(zao),豐(feng)產性(xing)能好,根(gen)(gen)(gen)系發(fa)達(da),主根(gen)(gen)(gen)較深,側根(gen)(gen)(gen)特別長(chang),一(yi)般側根(gen)(gen)(gen)為(wei)樹冠(guan)的2倍,有(you)(you)的散生大(da)樹側根(gen)(gen)(gen)可(ke)(ke)達(da)樹冠(guan)的6-7倍。由于(yu)根(gen)(gen)(gen)系發(fa)達(da),生長(chang)旺(wang)盛(sheng)(sheng),因而羅(luo)(luo)田(tian)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)抗逆性(xing)強,耐(nai)瘠、耐(nai)旱、耐(nai)漬、耐(nai)寒(han),病(bing)蟲害少,適應性(xing)廣,生長(chang)壽(shou)命長(chang),盛(sheng)(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)期也(ye)很長(chang)。根(gen)(gen)(gen)據資料記載(zai)和(he)(he)羅(luo)(luo)田(tian)林業部門調查,一(yi)般壽(shou)命多(duo)(duo)在(zai)(zai)400年(nian)左右,盛(sheng)(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)期約在(zai)(zai)100年(nian)以上。這些豐(feng)富的品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)資源,是羅(luo)(luo)田(tian)縣發(fa)展羅(luo)(luo)田(tian)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)的獨有(you)(you)優勢(shi)和(he)(he)重(zhong)要(yao)物質基(ji)礎。