形態特征
“雅連(lian)”,是三(san)角(jiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)(C.deltoidea C.Y.Cheng et Hsiao)的(de)干燥根(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)。三(san)角(jiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian),毛(mao)茛科(RANUNCULACEAE)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)屬(shu)(Coptis Salisb.),根(gen)(gen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se),不(bu)分枝或少分枝,節間(jian)明(ming)顯(xian),密生(sheng)多(duo)數細根(gen)(gen),具(ju)橫(heng)走的(de)匍匐莖(jing)(jing)(jing)。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)3-11枚;葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)輪廓卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),稍帶革質,長(chang)(chang)達16厘(li)米(mi),寬(kuan)達15厘(li)米(mi),三(san)全裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)均具(ju)明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)柄(bing)(bing);中央全裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)三(san)角(jiao)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)3-12厘(li)米(mi),寬(kuan)3-10厘(li)米(mi),頂端(duan)急尖或漸尖,4-6對羽狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)深(shen)(shen)裂(lie)(lie),深(shen)(shen)裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)彼此(ci)多(duo)少鄰接,邊(bian)緣(yuan)具(ju)極尖的(de)鋸齒(chi);側全裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)斜卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)三(san)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)3-8厘(li)米(mi),不(bu)等二裂(lie)(lie),表面(mian)(mian)沿(yan)脈被短柔毛(mao)或近(jin)無毛(mao),背面(mian)(mian)無毛(mao),兩面(mian)(mian)的(de)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)脈均隆起;葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄(bing)(bing)長(chang)(chang)6-18厘(li)米(mi),無毛(mao)。花(hua)(hua)葶(ting)1-2,比(bi)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)稍長(chang)(chang);多(duo)歧聚傘花(hua)(hua)序,有花(hua)(hua)4-8朵;苞片(pian)線狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing),三(san)深(shen)(shen)裂(lie)(lie)或櫛狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)羽狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)深(shen)(shen)裂(lie)(lie);萼片(pian)黃(huang)(huang)綠(lv)色(se)(se),狹卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)8-12.5毫(hao)米(mi),寬(kuan)2-2.5毫(hao)米(mi),頂端(duan)漸尖;花(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)約10枚,近(jin)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)3-6毫(hao)米(mi),寬(kuan)0.7-1毫(hao)米(mi),頂端(duan)漸尖,中部微(wei)變寬(kuan),具(ju)蜜槽;雄蕊約20,長(chang)(chang)僅(jin)為花(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)長(chang)(chang)的(de)1/2左(zuo)右;花(hua)(hua)藥黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se),花(hua)(hua)絲狹線形(xing)(xing)(xing);心(xin)皮(pi)9-12,花(hua)(hua)柱微(wei)彎。蓇葖長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)6-7毫(hao)米(mi),心(xin)皮(pi)柄(bing)(bing)長(chang)(chang)7-8毫(hao)米(mi),被微(wei)柔毛(mao)。3-4月開花(hua)(hua),4-6月結果。
特產四川峨眉及洪(hong)雅一帶。生海(hai)拔1600-2200米間(jian)的山地林下,常栽培,野生的已(yi)不多見。
生長環境
生海拔(ba)1600-2200米間(jian)的山地林下,常(chang)栽(zai)培,野生的已不多見。
主要價值
中國國家地理(li)標志產(chan)(chan)品(pin),為(wei)(wei)中國四川(chuan)省洪雅(ya)(ya)縣(xian)、峨(e)嵋(mei)一帶特產(chan)(chan),由于對地理(li)條件要(yao)求(qiu)非(fei)常(chang)苛刻,所以(yi)是(shi)中草藥(yao)黃連(lian)(lian)中的珍品(pin),藥(yao)效為(wei)(wei)“味蓮”“雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)”“云連(lian)(lian)”三個品(pin)種(zhong)中之最,歷朝均將雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)作為(wei)(wei)貢(gong)(gong)品(pin),上(shang)繳于朝廷太醫(yi)院,因此又(you)稱為(wei)(wei)“貢(gong)(gong)連(lian)(lian)”。洪雅(ya)(ya)縣(xian)是(shi)中國歷史上(shang)貢(gong)(gong)連(lian)(lian)產(chan)(chan)區(qu),據(ju)有史可考已(yi)達1300多(duo)年(nian),洪雅(ya)(ya)縣(xian)將雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)馴化為(wei)(wei)家種(zhong)連(lian)(lian)也(ye)達500多(duo)年(nian)。《本(ben)草綱目》、《現代中醫(yi)藥(yao)典》記載,洪雅(ya)(ya)瓦屋山一帶種(zhong)植的黃連(lian)(lian)為(wei)(wei)“雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)”或“川(chuan)雅(ya)(ya)”,尤以(yi)高廟、瓦屋山等(deng)鄉鎮的出產(chan)(chan)為(wei)(wei)正宗,質(zhi)量上(shang)乘,名響中外,暢銷(xiao)東南亞和非(fei)洲等(deng)地,洪雅(ya)(ya)被譽(yu)為(wei)(wei)“雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)之鄉”。
藥材性狀
雅連(lian)(lian)(lian)(《本草(cao)從新》),又名:峨(e)嵋連(lian)(lian)(lian)、嘉(jia)定連(lian)(lian)(lian)、刺蓋連(lian)(lian)(lian)。為(wei)植(zhi)物三(san)角葉黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)干燥根莖(jing)。多(duo)為(wei)單(dan)枝(zhi),少有(you)(you)分枝(zhi),略呈(cheng)圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing),微彎曲呈(cheng)蠶狀(zhuang),長約(yue)4~8厘(li)米,直徑約(yue)3~9毫米。外表褐(he)色(se)或黃(huang)棕(zong)色(se),間(jian)斷(duan)橫(heng)紋多(duo),結(jie)節(jie)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian),有(you)(you)多(duo)數須根殘(can)痕、葉柄殘(can)基(ji)及鱗(lin)片,“過江枝(zhi)”較(jiao)味(wei)連(lian)(lian)(lian)為(wei)少。質(zhi)堅實,斷(duan)面(mian)不齊,皮部(bu)(bu)暗棕(zong)色(se),木部(bu)(bu)深黃(huang)色(se),射線明(ming)(ming)顯(xian),髓部(bu)(bu)時有(you)(you)空心。無臭,味(wei)極苦(ku)。以條肥(fei)壯、連(lian)(lian)(lian)珠形(xing)、質(zhi)堅實、斷(duan)面(mian)黃(huang)色(se)、無殘(can)莖(jing)及須根者為(wei)佳。
藥用特性
雅連含小檗堿(jian)、黃連堿(jian)、甲(jia)基黃連堿(jian)、掌葉防己(ji)堿(jian)等(deng)生物堿(jian),可治急(ji)性(xing)結膜炎、急(ji)性(xing)細菌性(xing)痢疾、急(ji)性(xing)腸胃炎、吐血、癰癤瘡瘍等(deng)癥(zheng)。
清熱燥濕功(gong)效:用于濕熱泄瀉、痢疾等(deng),可單用或為香(xiang)連丸(wan);治(zhi)療濕熱黃(huang)疸(dan)如茵(yin)陳蒿湯。
瀉火功效:用于(yu)心(xin)火亢盛之煩(fan)躁不眠或溫熱(re)病之高(gao)熱(re)心(xin)煩(fan)、神昏譫語,如黃連解毒湯(tang);若治(zhi)療(liao)陰虛(xu)、血(xue)虛(xu)之心(xin)煩(fan)不眠,如黃連阿膠湯(tang);治(zhi)療(liao)血(xue)熱(re)妄行之吐(tu)血(xue)、衄血(xue),如瀉心(xin)湯(tang);胃熱(re)嘔吐(tu),如左金(jin)丸。
解毒功效:用于治療瘡瘍、口舌生瘡、咽喉(hou)腫(zhong)痛(tong),內服、外(wai)用均(jun)可(ke);煎汁點眼還可(ke)治療目赤腫(zhong)痛(tong)等。
地理條件
洪雅(ya)縣地(di)(di)處四川盆地(di)(di)西南邊緣,位于(yu)成都、樂山(shan)(shan)、雅(ya)安三角地(di)(di)帶(dai),地(di)(di)貌以山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)丘陵為主,素(su)有(you)“七山(shan)(shan)二水一分田”之稱。良好的(de)自然地(di)(di)理條件和悠久的(de)雅(ya)連(lian)種植歷(li)史(shi),為雅(ya)連(lian)的(de)生產(chan)發展提(ti)供了優越條件。
2008年(nian),洪雅縣(xian)雅連(lian)種植面(mian)積(ji)不足(zu)(zu)5畝,年(nian)產值不足(zu)(zu)萬元,是中國的(de)雅連(lian)保護性種植基地。洪雅縣(xian)在雅連(lian)栽培上大力推進無(wu)公(gong)(gong)害(hai)(hai)栽培技(ji)術,制定了一套完整(zheng)的(de)《無(wu)公(gong)(gong)害(hai)(hai)農(nong)(nong)產品標(biao)準(zhun)雅連(lian)》和《無(wu)公(gong)(gong)害(hai)(hai)農(nong)(nong)產品生產技(ji)術規程雅連(lian)》農(nong)(nong)業地方標(biao)準(zhun)。
栽培歷史
歷(li)史上(shang)洪雅(ya)(ya)“雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)”銷(xiao)量(liang)(liang)曾獨占(zhan)鰲頭,長期(qi)占(zhan)了(le)全國(guo)黃連(lian)銷(xiao)售市場總額的(de)四成以上(shang)。據1939年(民國(guo)28年)縣(xian)政府上(shang)報資料,年產(chan)(chan)“雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)”2500公(gong)斤,次年產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)達(da)5000公(gong)斤。解放前(qian)夕民生(sheng)(sheng)凋敝,“雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)”產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)降(jiang)到(dao)1000公(gong)斤。解放后,人民政府重視(shi)“雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)”生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan),將(jiang)適(shi)宜“雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)”生(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)瓦屋山區的(de)高(gao)廟鄉黑(hei)林村(cun)和黑(hei)山村(cun)劃為(wei)“雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)”種(zhong)植區,給藥農許多(duo)優(you)惠(hui)政策,使“雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)”產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)逐(zhu)年上(shang)升,到(dao)1978年產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)達(da)2.90萬(wan)公(gong)斤。