旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)杜(du)仲,中藥材(cai)品種,四川省旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)縣特產,中國國家地理標(biao)志(zhi)產品。旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)縣人(ren)工栽培杜(du)仲歷史(shi)悠久,適宜的土壤氣(qi)候條件和豐富的水資源(yuan),使旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)杜(du)仲資源(yuan)豐富、品質高,杜(du)仲皮和葉里有效成分含量居中國之首,為(wei)旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)贏來(lai)了“林蔭藥鄉”的美(mei)譽。
生物特性
旺(wang)蒼杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)屬杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)科落(luo)葉(xie)喬木。又稱絲棉木。高可達(da)15米(mi)—20米(mi)。樹皮(pi)入藥(yao),以(yi)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)為主要(yao)原料的中(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)藥(yao)在東南亞各國和(he)港澳地(di)區很有聲譽;葉(xie)子(zi)可制保健茶,外銷日本,也(ye)可提取杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)膠。品種有粗皮(pi)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)、光皮(pi)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)。四川開發利用歷史悠(you)久(jiu),全省120個(ge)縣(xian)(市)有公布(bu),主要(yao)公布(bu)在廣元、綿(mian)陽、成(cheng)(cheng)都、萬(wan)縣(xian)、巴中(zhong)等市地(di)。
杜仲的干燥(zao)樹(shu)皮(pi)(pi),常用川(chuan)產道地中藥材(cai)。又稱思(si)仙、思(si)仲、絲(si)(si)(si)棉皮(pi)(pi)、扯絲(si)(si)(si)皮(pi)(pi)。始載(zai)于(yu)《神農本草經》。性溫,味甘、微辛,具有補肝腎、強筋(jin)骨(gu)、安胎、降(jiang)血(xue)壓等功(gong)效。主產于(yu)巴中、達川(chuan)、綿陽、青川(chuan)、平(ping)武、溫江、彭州、都江堰等地。栽培或野生于(yu)山地林中,春、夏(xia)兩季(ji)剝取種植近10年的樹(shu)皮(pi)(pi)。皮(pi)(pi)厚,塊大,去凈粗皮(pi)(pi),面絲(si)(si)(si)多(duo),內表面色(se)暗紫(zi)為(wei)佳。主要藥用成分為(wei)杜仲膠。
生產情況
旺蒼縣是川北革(ge)命老區,山(shan)(shan)地面積占了全縣的(de)99.96%,地理條件決定了旺蒼是以林業為主的(de)山(shan)(shan)區縣。旺蒼杜仲人工栽培歷史悠久(jiu),為該縣傳(chuan)統的(de)重(zhong)要出口藥材。
資源分布
2008全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)有(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)3006.6萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),分布在三十五個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(鎮(zhen)),有(you)九個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(鎮(zhen))在百萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以上,集(ji)中(zhong)成片的(de)區(qu)(qu)域有(you)英萃(cui)(cui)片區(qu)(qu)(包(bao)括英萃(cui)(cui)、正(zheng)(zheng)源(yuan)、鼓(gu)城、檬子(zi)),有(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)1259.1萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)41.9%,五權(quan)(quan)片區(qu)(qu)(包(bao)括五權(quan)(quan)、水(shui)磨、大(da)河)有(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)373.6萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)12.4%,木(mu)門片區(qu)(qu)(包(bao)括木(mu)門、九龍、化龍、龍建)有(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)389.2萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)12.9%,杜(du)仲(zhong)最(zui)多(duo)的(de)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)有(you)英萃(cui)(cui)600萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、正(zheng)(zheng)源(yuan)397萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)涉及杜(du)仲(zhong)大(da)戶5114戶。其中(zhong)10000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以上有(you)286戶,占(zhan)(zhan)5.6%;5000-10000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)有(you)1013戶,占(zhan)(zhan)19.8%,1001-5000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)有(you)3815戶,占(zhan)(zhan)74.6%。全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)出現了(le)檬子(zi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)張尚凱、化龍鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)劉枝坤等(deng)杜(du)仲(zhong)大(da)戶,每戶均在五萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以上。根據(ju)單(dan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)物量測算,全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)干皮貯(zhu)量為(wei)36630噸,枝皮24930噸,葉86670噸,每年(nian)產籽(zi)10噸。成片造林(lin)2085.6萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)總株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數的(de)69.4%,“四旁”載(zai)植(zhi)達921萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)總株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數的(de)30.6%。
經營管理
秦巴(ba)山區(qu)的(de)旺(wang)(wang)蒼資(zi)源豐富、品(pin)質(zhi)高(gao),素有“林蔭藥鄉”之美(mei)稱。1984年(nian)(nian)四川(chuan)省中(zhong)(zhong)藥材生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)規劃會把(ba)旺(wang)(wang)蒼列(lie)(lie)為(wei)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)基地縣(xian)。1988年(nian)(nian)四川(chuan)省科委把(ba)旺(wang)(wang)蒼建(jian)設10萬(wan)畝(mu)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)品(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)基地,列(lie)(lie)為(wei)“星火(huo)計劃”項(xiang)目,1996年(nian)(nian)四川(chuan)省科委把(ba)旺(wang)(wang)蒼列(lie)(lie)為(wei)天然藥材杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)業(ye)化(hua)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)工(gong)(gong)程,2000年(nian)(nian)國家(jia)林業(ye)局把(ba)旺(wang)(wang)蒼縣(xian)命名為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國特優經濟林杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之鄉。1998年(nian)(nian),該縣(xian)被列(lie)(lie)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國第二批高(gao)產(chan)優質(zhi)高(gao)效農業(ye)標準化(hua)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)區(qu),也是中(zhong)(zhong)國惟一一個杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)栽培的(de)農業(ye)標準化(hua)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)區(qu)。為(wei)此,旺(wang)(wang)蒼縣(xian)制(zhi)定了(le)(le)《旺(wang)(wang)蒼杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)》、《旺(wang)(wang)蒼杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)優質(zhi)豐產(chan)技術(shu)(shu)》、《旺(wang)(wang)蒼杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)剝皮(pi)再生(sheng)(sheng)技術(shu)(shu)》等(deng)地方標準,編(bian)寫印(yin)制(zhi)了(le)(le)《杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)全年(nian)(nian)管(guan)理技術(shu)(shu)工(gong)(gong)作歷》、《杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)林間管(guan)理技術(shu)(shu)》等(deng)技術(shu)(shu)資(zi)料,舉辦各種培訓20余期,培訓人(ren)員1000余人(ren),召開技術(shu)(shu)現(xian)場會20次,農民受培訓面達(da)85%以上。按照示(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)區(qu)項(xiang)目的(de)要求,示(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)區(qu)全面實施了(le)(le)“公(gong)司(si)+基地+農戶(hu)+標準”的(de)標準化(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)管(guan)理模式,建(jian)立了(le)(le)育苗、建(jian)園、栽植、施肥澆水、整(zheng)形修剪、采摘、加(jia)工(gong)(gong)等(deng)環節的(de)一系列(lie)(lie)控制(zhi)措施。
2000年(nian),示范區順利通(tong)過國(guo)(guo)家驗收。同年(nian),國(guo)(guo)家林業局命名旺蒼縣為(wei)“杜(du)仲(zhong)之鄉”。到(dao)2006年(nian),產值過億元;開發出杜(du)仲(zhong)酒、杜(du)仲(zhong)茶、杜(du)仲(zhong)葉(xie)粉等(deng)(deng)多種產品,不斷銷(xiao)往中國(guo)(guo)各地,杜(du)仲(zhong)茶還遠(yuan)銷(xiao)日本(ben)等(deng)(deng)國(guo)(guo)。