一.產品介紹
福(fu)安(an)(an)刺(ci)(ci)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)是(shi)福(fu)安(an)(an)當(dang)地(di)(di)的一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)野生(sheng)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao),明萬(wan)歷(li)(公元1597年(nian))版《福(fu)安(an)(an)縣(xian)志(zhi)》記載:“葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao),白者為(wei)水(shui)晶。”說明在(zai)當(dang)時(shi)福(fu)安(an)(an)就(jiu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)多個葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。清光緒版《福(fu)安(an)(an)縣(xian)志(zhi)》亦載:“葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)有(you)紫(zi)、碧二種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),白者為(wei)水(shui)晶”。福(fu)安(an)(an)市(shi)穆云(yun)鄉(xiang)高(gao)嶺村(cun)現(xian)(xian)留存(cun)一(yi)株(zhu)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)古樹,相傳(chuan),后(hou)唐時(shi)黃(huang)巢起義,戰(zhan)亂(luan)百年(nian),當(dang)地(di)(di)先(xian)人為(wei)逃(tao)避戰(zhan)亂(luan)在(zai)此建村(cun)時(shi),就(jiu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)這里的葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)林,歷(li)經多年(nian)砍(kan)伐僅剩這株(zhu)古葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)。上世紀50年(nian)代,穆陽鄉(xiang)溪(xi)塔村(cun)民開(kai)始(shi)馴化栽(zai)培,利用(yong)溪(xi)澗逐(zhu)漸建起一(yi)條葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)溝,被全國(guo)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)專(zhuan)家學者認為(wei)是(shi)全國(guo)三大葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)溝之一(yi)。福(fu)安(an)(an)刺(ci)(ci)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)具(ju)有(you)含酸低、風味甜(tian)、抗(kang)病蟲(chong)、耐粗放管(guan)理、耐高(gao)溫高(gao)濕(shi)、耐貯運等(deng)(deng)優點,是(shi)我國(guo)珍貴野生(sheng)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類,是(shi)東亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群中最好的釀酒品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),果(guo)(guo)(guo)實的白藜蘆醇(chun)、原花青素的含量遠(yuan)高(gao)于種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群內的其他(ta)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類,經常(chang)吃(chi)刺(ci)(ci)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)有(you)助于軟化心血管(guan)、美(mei)化皮(pi)(pi)膚。是(shi)具(ju)有(you)鮮名(ming)的地(di)(di)方特(te)色水(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo),可利用(yong)溪(xi)岸、路溝旁、房前屋后(hou)邊角地(di)(di)等(deng)(deng)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)非耕地(di)(di)發(fa)展2萬(wan)畝(mu)多刺(ci)(ci)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao),成為(wei)地(di)(di)方區域名(ming)特(te)優水(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)。 福(fu)安(an)(an)刺(ci)(ci)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)穗長條形,果(guo)(guo)(guo)粒(li)著(zhu)生(sheng)疏,平均(jun)重185g,果(guo)(guo)(guo)粒(li)橢圓形,平均(jun)粒(li)重3.1g。果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮(pi)(pi)為(wei)紫(zi)黑色,果(guo)(guo)(guo)粉厚(hou),果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉綠黃(huang)色,有(you)肉囊,多汁(zhi)(zhi),味甜(tian),有(you)香氣(qi),可溶(rong)性固(gu)形物14%~16%,酸0.3%,可食率76%,出汁(zhi)(zhi)率66%。屬鮮食加(jia)工兼用(yong)型品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。與湖南等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)刺(ci)(ci)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)相比(bi),具(ju)有(you)果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮(pi)(pi)薄、果(guo)(guo)(guo)粉厚(hou)、轉色好、可溶(rong)性固(gu)形物高(gao)及(ji)含糖量稍高(gao)等(deng)(deng)特(te)點,綜合性狀更好。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因(yin)素(su)
1、土(tu)壤地貌情(qing)況:福安市地處閩東北部的(de)鷲(jiu)峰山(shan)、太姥山(shan)、洞宮山(shan)三大脈之間(jian)。福安刺(ci)葡萄主要(yao)分布在(zai)海拔50~500米之間(jian)的(de)丘陵,土(tu)壤為紅(hong)壤,呈(cheng)酸性(xing)(pH4.5~6.5),有機(ji)質(zhi)含(han)量1%~3%,土(tu)壤氮素(su)(su)含(han)量0.075%~0.200%,磷素(su)(su)7.8mg/L,鉀素(su)(su)150 mg/L,植(zhi)被良好(hao),植(zhi)物種類繁(fan)多。?
2、水(shui)文情況:穆陽(yang)溪流域面積在518平(ping)方公(gong)里,境內流域46.4公(gong)里,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)流量52.8米(mi)3/秒,對(dui)產地有影響的(de)(de)支流為世界地質公(gong)園(yuan)內的(de)(de)冰臼(jiu)溪,天然潔凈、富含礦物質,從該溪引水(shui)灌溉農田3.53萬畝。周邊無(wu)礦業、工業,空氣質量優良,環境已通過(guo)無(wu)公(gong)害農產品產地認定和產品認證。?
3、氣候(hou)情(qing)況:氣候(hou)屬中亞熱帶季風性氣候(hou),年平(ping)均日照時數為(wei)1906小時,年平(ping)均氣溫19.3℃,年無(wu)霜(shuang)期289天,穩定通過(guo)≥10 ℃的(de)活動積溫5000~6150℃。由于三(san)面有高大山脈屏障,光熱充足(zu),冬夏晝夜的(de)溫差大。年降(jiang)水量為(wei)1541毫米,水資(zi)源較豐富。
三.地域范圍
福(fu)安(an)(an)刺葡萄地(di)域(yu)保護范(fan)圍(wei)(東經119°27′14″至119°35′56″,東西(xi)寬14公(gong)里,北緯26°09′22″至27°01′46″南北長13公(gong)里,區域(yu)總面積182平方(fang)公(gong)里,包(bao)括1個開(kai)發區和5個鄉(xiang)鎮,即穆(mu)(mu)陽畬族(zu)開(kai)發區、穆(mu)(mu)云(yun)鄉(xiang)、穆(mu)(mu)陽鎮、康厝(cuo)鄉(xiang)、溪潭鎮、坂(ban)中鄉(xiang)等5個鄉(xiang)(鎮)的溪塔、穆(mu)(mu)陽、鳳陽等37個行(xing)政村,1.1萬畝福(fu)安(an)(an)刺葡萄,年(nian)產1.5萬噸鮮果,屬“福(fu)安(an)(an)刺葡萄”種植(zhi)地(di)域(yu)范(fan)圍(wei)。
四(si).產品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)特(te)性特(te)征
福安刺(ci)葡(pu)萄(tao)屬(shu)葡(pu)萄(tao)科葡(pu)萄(tao)屬(shu)(種(zhong)名刺(ci)葡(pu)萄(tao)),是我國南方特有(you)珍貴野生葡(pu)萄(tao)種(zhong)類,是東亞種(zhong)群中(zhong)最好(hao)的(de)釀酒品種(zhong)。福安刺(ci)葡(pu)萄(tao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)穗(sui)圓(yuan)柱形(xing)或圓(yuan)錐(zhui)形(xing),有(you)副(fu)穗(sui),穗(sui)柄(bing)長,較松散;果(guo)(guo)(guo)粒長圓(yuan)形(xing),果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮黑紫色、厚(hou)而韌,果(guo)(guo)(guo)粉較厚(hou),果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉(rou)(rou)黃綠色帶紫紅色暈,味甜,果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉(rou)(rou)較軟,具肉(rou)(rou)囊(nang),粘核;果(guo)(guo)(guo)刷粗、短(duan),種(zhong)子3~4粒/果(guo)(guo)(guo)。平均果(guo)(guo)(guo)穗(sui)重(zhong)115g,單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)2.3-3.5g,可溶性固形(xing)物(wu)含量14%~16%,總糖(tang)12-15%,總酸(suan)(g/100g)≤0.4,花青(qing)素(su)(mg/100g)150-200。
五.特定(ding)生產方式
1、產地要求:穆陽(yang)溪流(liu)域丘陵(ling)地區,排(pai)灌方便,土(tu)層深厚,土(tu)質疏松、肥沃,沙壤土(tu)、沙礫(li)壤土(tu),pH4.5~6.5。?
2、品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)擇與(yu)要求:選(xuan)擇種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)福(fu)安刺(ci)(ci)(ci)葡(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao),該品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)福(fu)安地方名特(te)優種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)資源(yuan),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)歷史悠久,是(shi)福(fu)安市果(guo)農長(chang)期栽(zai)培馴化野生刺(ci)(ci)(ci)葡(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao),從(cong)野生刺(ci)(ci)(ci)葡(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)中選(xuan)育(yu)保(bao)存(cun)下(xia)來,宜鮮食(shi)和加(jia)工。福(fu)安刺(ci)(ci)(ci)葡(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)生長(chang)強健、抗病性強,其根系發達,枝蔓(man)長(chang)勢(shi)較巨峰強,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)后第二年即可結果(guo),對(dui)葡(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)黑痘(dou)病具(ju)有高抗病性,適(shi)應(ying)南(nan)方高溫、高濕、低酸條件(jian)。?
3、生產(chan)控制及收獲(huo):
①園地選擇:福安刺葡(pu)萄要(yao)選擇穆陽溪流域,土質疏松、土層(ceng)深厚肥沃(wo)、排(pai)灌條件良(liang)好,土壤pH值在4.5~6.5的園地種植。
②育苗:福安刺(ci)葡萄扦插(cha)(cha)成活率很低,要采用(yong)(yong)壓條繁殖(zhi)方法。如果(guo)要提高(gao)苗木擴繁速度,可采用(yong)(yong)“高(gao)效扦插(cha)(cha)育苗技(ji)術”,采用(yong)(yong)藥劑促根、地熱催根,搭建(jian)遮陽苗圃,假植期經常(chang)根外追(zhui)肥,防止(zhi)幼苗失水等(deng)關鍵(jian)技(ji)術擴繁。
③栽植(zhi):株行距5m×7~9m,每667㎡栽10~15株。過(guo)去一般選用高壓苗定植(zhi),近年(nian)突破了扦(qian)插苗繁殖技術(shu)后采用扦(qian)插苗定植(zhi),采用高大水平棚架。
④整(zheng)形修剪:采取獨(du)龍干或多主蔓(3~4條)整(zheng)形。
⑤病(bing)蟲害(hai)防治:病(bing)蟲害(hai)防治以霜霉病(bing)、褐斑病(bing)為主。按(an)GB 4285《農(nong)藥安全使用標準(zhun)》、GB8321《農(nong)藥合(he)理使用準(zhun)則(ze)》(所有部(bu)分)規定要求執(zhi)行。⑥采收(shou):選(xuan)熟(shu)留(liu)青(qing),分批采收(shou)。?
4、生產(chan)(chan)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)要求:建(jian)(jian)立生產(chan)(chan)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)檔案。詳細記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)括園地選擇、育(yu)苗、定植、整形(xing)修剪、土肥水(shui)管理、病(bing)蟲害防治、收(shou)獲(huo)、貯存、運輸、銷售等(deng)系列活動的(de)內容;建(jian)(jian)立由村(cun)為單位的(de)基地農戶(專業合作社、企業)清單,并(bing)建(jian)(jian)立栽培(pei)檔案;基地的(de)各項記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)至少保存3年,并(bing)有專門的(de)檔案櫥(柜、室);有相關的(de)標(biao)準、規范和法規等(deng)文件資料。