一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因(yin)素
1、土(tu)壤地(di)貌情況(kuang):德(de)化(hua)縣(xian)(xian)地(di)處閩中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屋脊戴云山(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu),海拔(ba)高,丘陵多的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)特(te)點,境(jing)內(nei)山(shan)(shan)脈連綿(mian),多呈北(bei)東—南西(xi)走(zou)向,河谷(gu)劇烈下切,峽谷(gu)十分發育。其(qi)間(jian)偶有散布于群山(shan)(shan)之中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)間(jian)盆地(di)和(he)河谷(gu)階地(di)。地(di)勢(shi)大抵由中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)微向四周傾(qing)斜(xie),呈層狀(zhuang)梯級下降(jiang)。全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)75%以(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)村駐地(di)海拔(ba)在600~900米以(yi)(yi)上。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),海拔(ba)在800-1856米的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)地(di),占(zhan)土(tu)地(di)總面積的(de)(de)(de)39.24%。海拔(ba)高差懸(xuan)殊(shu),氣候(hou)垂直差異顯(xian)著(zhu),德(de)化(hua)戴云山(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)優(you)(you)(you)越的(de)(de)(de)自然環境(jing)和(he)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)氣候(hou)特(te)點孕育了豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)茶(cha)屬植物(wu)資源。使所栽培德(de)化(hua)十八學士茶(cha)花(hua)(hua)品質優(you)(you)(you)異,植株姿態(tai)優(you)(you)(you)美(mei)、花(hua)(hua)形炫彩多麗、葉片光澤(ze)濃(nong)綠。德(de)化(hua)全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)森林(lin)覆蓋率達(da)77.7%,生態(tai)環境(jing)質量居全(quan)國第29位(wei)(wei)、全(quan)省第1位(wei)(wei)。境(jing)內(nei)資源豐(feng)富(fu),擁有“山(shan)(shan)多、水足、礦富(fu)、瓷美(mei)”四大優(you)(you)(you)勢(shi),素有“閩中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寶(bao)庫(ku)”之稱。據初步(bu)勘查,該(gai)地(di)區(qu)(qu)以(yi)(yi)紅(hong)(hong)壤土(tu)質為主,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鐵、鋁、錳、鉀(jia)、鈣、鈉、鎂、硅(gui)等的(de)(de)(de)礦物(wu)質豐(feng)富(fu),就高嶺(ling)土(tu)、鐵礦石、石灰(hui)石遠期儲量均在億噸以(yi)(yi)上。德(de)化(hua)縣(xian)(xian)區(qu)(qu)域內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)壤為較(jiao)肥沃,養(yang)分含(han)量高,偏(pian)酸(suan)性(xing)、含(han)腐(fu)殖質較(jiao)高、疏(shu)松通氣的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)地(di)紅(hong)(hong)(黃)壤土(tu),pH值在4.7至6.5之間(jian),研(yan)究(jiu)顯(xian)示,氫離(li)子濃(nong)度(du)指數(shu)(PH)和(he)水溶性(xing)鹽濃(nong)度(du)(EC)是(shi)影響茶(cha)花(hua)(hua)生長的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)土(tu)壤因子,茶(cha)花(hua)(hua)適宜在富(fu)含(han)腐(fu)殖質豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)和(he)微酸(suan)性(xing)土(tu)壤(pH值5.5—6.5)。
2、水(shui)(shui)文情況(kuang):德(de)化(hua)縣(xian)境內河流(liu)以戴云山為中(zhong)(zhong)心,呈葉(xie)脈狀(zhuang)向四周分布,分屬閩(min)江水(shui)(shui)系和晉(jin)江水(shui)(shui)系。全縣(xian)溪流(liu)總長(chang)495.06公里(溪面(mian)寬在(zai)10米以上)徑(jing)流(liu)總量(liang)(liang)22.95億立方米。德(de)化(hua)十(shi)八(ba)學(xue)士(shi)(shi)(shi)茶(cha)花種植(zhi)區域(yu)雨量(liang)(liang)充沛,水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源豐富,年(nian)平均降雨量(liang)(liang)1500—2000mm,相對濕(shi)(shi)度年(nian)平均為80%—88%。德(de)化(hua)十(shi)八(ba)學(xue)士(shi)(shi)(shi)茶(cha)花葉(xie)片(pian)多(duo),葉(xie)片(pian)面(mian)積大,蒸騰作用快,喜歡濕(shi)(shi)度較大氣候,因此德(de)化(hua)縣(xian)是(shi)茶(cha)花的適生區域(yu)。德(de)化(hua)縣(xian)區域(yu)內溪河縱橫,國寶溪、浐溪、蓋德(de)溪、丁溪、焦溪交織其中(zhong)(zhong)。區域(yu)內沒有工業污染,水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源保(bao)持良好,水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)清(qing)澈、純凈。保(bao)證了種植(zhi)德(de)化(hua)十(shi)八(ba)學(xue)士(shi)(shi)(shi)茶(cha)花過程中(zhong)(zhong)的水(shui)(shui)源需(xu)求(qiu),為種植(zhi)出高品質(zhi)的德(de)化(hua)十(shi)八(ba)學(xue)士(shi)(shi)(shi)茶(cha)花提供保(bao)障(zhang)。
3、氣候(hou)情況:德(de)(de)化十(shi)八學(xue)(xue)(xue)士茶花,主產(chan)區位(wei)于戴云山脈南(nan)麓,屬(shu)亞熱(re)帶(dai)季(ji)風氣候(hou),由于戴云山和九(jiu)仙(xian)山阻擋(dang)了來(lai)自北(bei)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷空氣,南(nan)面有來(lai)自太平(ping)洋(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)暖氣流,使得德(de)(de)化十(shi)八學(xue)(xue)(xue)士茶花的(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培區域(yu)形(xing)成冬暖夏涼,高濕和多(duo)云霧的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣候(hou)特征(zheng)。德(de)(de)化縣(xian)年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均氣溫為(wei)18.3℃,≥10℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)活動(dong)積溫為(wei)5904℃,歷年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均最(zui)(zui)低氣溫14.6℃,最(zui)(zui)冷一月份月平(ping)均氣溫為(wei)9.7℃,最(zui)(zui)熱(re)七月份月平(ping)均氣溫為(wei)26.1℃(<31℃),年(nian)(nian)均無霜(shuang)期260天左右(you)。年(nian)(nian)均日(ri)照(zhao)時(shi)數(shu)1847.3小時(shi)。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均降雨量(liang)1500—2000mm,年(nian)(nian)蒸發量(liang)1521mm,相對(dui)(dui)濕度80%—88%,十(shi)八學(xue)(xue)(xue)士茶花對(dui)(dui)溫度要(yao)求較為(wei)嚴格(以20~25℃為(wei)宜),溫暖、半陰且濕潤(run)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境為(wei)佳。德(de)(de)化縣(xian)擁有適宜十(shi)八學(xue)(xue)(xue)士茶花生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)得天獨厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然氣候(hou)條件。
二.地域范圍
德化(hua)十八學士(shi)茶(cha)花(hua)農產品地理標志地域保護范(fan)圍包括(kuo)德化(hua)縣(xian)轄區(qu)內的(de)龍潯鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、潯中(zhong)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、雷(lei)鋒(feng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、三(san)班(ban)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、龍門灘鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、國寶鄉、蓋(gai)德鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)一帶,東到(dao)龍門灘鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)朱地村,西到(dao)蓋(gai)德鄉寶坑林(lin)場,南到(dao)三(san)班(ban)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)嶺頭村,北(bei)(bei)到(dao)雷(lei)鋒(feng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)上寨村,保護范(fan)圍為7個鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、85個村。地理坐標: 東經118°5′19"-118°30′20",北(bei)(bei)緯25°23′55"-25°41′58"。總(zong)保護面積63025公頃,年生產面積666.7公頃。
三.產品品質特性(xing)特征
德化(hua)十八(ba)學(xue)士茶花(hua)株型(xing)緊湊,枝條(tiao)直立(li),樹型(xing)豐(feng)滿;葉(xie)蠟質明顯,富有光(guang)澤;花(hua)蕾分布均(jun)勻,花(hua)型(xing)中等,花(hua)瓣(ban)屬于完全重(zhong)瓣(ban)型(xing),花(hua)色(se)艷麗,最為(wei)特別的是(shi)其花(hua)色(se)、花(hua)形(xing)變(bian)異豐(feng)富,在同(tong)一株上能開放多種花(hua)色(se)花(hua)形(xing)的花(hua)朵(duo),常見(jian)花(hua)色(se)有“五彩”、白色(se)、粉色(se)、紅(hong)色(se)等,其中以“五彩”十八(ba)學(xue)士最為(wei)著(zhu)名。
四(si).特定生產方式(shi)
1、產(chan)(chan)地選擇(ze)(ze):主產(chan)(chan)地位于戴(dai)云山區,選擇(ze)(ze)排水(shui)良(liang)好(hao)、土層深厚、土壤肥沃、疏松、通氣(qi)好(hao)的(de)山地紅(黃)壤土。產(chan)(chan)地遠離工業“三廢”等污染源,土壤環(huan)境(jing)、灌溉水(shui)質和空氣(qi)環(huan)境(jing)質量(liang)符合德化(hua)十(shi)八學士(shi)茶花栽培的(de)要(yao)求。
2、品種(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)擇:德化十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)學士(shi)(shi)茶花常(chang)見花色(se)(se)有(you)“五(wu)彩”、白色(se)(se)、粉色(se)(se)、紅色(se)(se)等,其中(zhong)以“五(wu)彩”十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)學士(shi)(shi)最為著(zhu)名(ming)。在(zai)第(di)四(si)屆中(zhong)國福建花王評選(xuan)暨花卉精品展上,德化縣的“五(wu)彩”十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)學士(shi)(shi)茶花獲得觀賞花木“花王”金獎。因(yin)而在(zai)當地德化十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)學士(shi)(shi)茶花的主要種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)品種(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)用“五(wu)彩”十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)學士(shi)(shi)茶花,是當地傳統種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)的珍稀特色(se)(se)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)學士(shi)(shi)茶花品種(zhong)(zhong),由于(yu)德化戴云山區獨特的自然(ran)條件,使所栽培“五(wu)彩”十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)學士(shi)(shi)茶花品質優異(yi),在(zai)同一株(zhu)上能開放各色(se)(se)各樣(yang)的花朵(duo),千姿百(bai)態,變化無窮。
3、生產過程管(guan)理(li)與控制(zhi)技術:德(de)(de)化(hua)十八(ba)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)士(shi)茶花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的生長(chang),春梢(shao)一般(ban)在3月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)下旬(xun)萌動,4月(yue)(yue)份(fen)開始抽(chou)芽(ya),5月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)下旬(xun)形(xing)成(cheng)頂芽(ya),停(ting)止生長(chang),逐漸分(fen)化(hua)出葉芽(ya)或花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)芽(ya),從花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)芽(ya)形(xing)成(cheng)直到開花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)要(yao)180天(tian)至(zhi)(zhi)240天(tian)。夏梢(shao)在7月(yue)(yue)下旬(xun)萌動,至(zhi)(zhi)9月(yue)(yue)上旬(xun)停(ting)止生長(chang)。德(de)(de)化(hua)十八(ba)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)士(shi)茶花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)需要(yao)適宜的光(guang)照(zhao),又怕高溫烈日直射。因此春季、秋末時將山德(de)(de)化(hua)十八(ba)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)士(shi)茶花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)要(yao)移到見(jian)光(guang)多的地方,接(jie)受全天(tian)光(guang)照(zhao),促使(shi)(shi)植(zhi)株(zhu)生長(chang)發育(yu),促使(shi)(shi)它花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)芽(ya)分(fen)化(hua),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)蕾健(jian)(jian)壯。進入夏天(tian)陽光(guang)最為(wei)強烈,就(jiu)要(yao)將茶花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)移到見(jian)光(guang)背陽、通風良好的環(huan)境中(zhong)(zhong)養護。德(de)(de)化(hua)十八(ba)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)士(shi)茶花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是喜肥花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)卉(hui),因為(wei)樹勢健(jian)(jian)壯,葉片(pian)較多,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期也(ye)較長(chang),因而需肥量也(ye)多。施肥過程中(zhong)(zhong)杜絕使(shi)(shi)用(yong)禁用(yong)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)必須符合無(wu)公害農(nong)產品關(guan)于(yu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的有關(guan)規(gui)定,制(zhi)定農(nong)業各項管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度,全程跟蹤,做好生產過程記錄檔案。
4、生(sheng)(sheng)產記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)要求:德化(hua)十八學士茶花生(sheng)(sheng)產的全過程要建生(sheng)(sheng)產記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)檔案,對生(sheng)(sheng)產情(qing)況(kuang),病蟲害發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)情(qing)況(kuang)、技術措(cuo)施、農藥化(hua)肥的使用(yong)情(qing)況(kuang)以及(ji)收(shou)獲日期、質量檢測情(qing)況(kuang)、銷(xiao)售情(qing)況(kuang)等進行全面記(ji)錄(lu)(lu),生(sheng)(sheng)產記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)應當(dang)保(bao)存兩(liang)年以上,以備查(cha)詢。