種植傳統
昌(chang)樂(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)種(zhong)植(zhi)始(shi)于清代,1809年(nian)(nian)(清嘉慶十(shi)四年(nian)(nian))版(ban)《昌(chang)樂(le)(le)縣志(zhi)》即有(you)昌(chang)樂(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)記(ji)載(zai),歷史悠(you)久。民國(guo)(guo)版(ban)《昌(chang)樂(le)(le)縣志(zhi)續》即有(you)“北(bei)(bei)鄉所(suo)產(chan),最(zui)(zui)多(duo)且佳,每歲運銷(xiao)青島(dao)甚多(duo)”的(de)(de)記(ji)載(zai)。建國(guo)(guo)前,主要(yao)分布(bu)在昌(chang)樂(le)(le)南(nan)部(bu)鄌郚(wu)金(jin)山(shan)一帶和北(bei)(bei)部(bu)朱劉都(dou)昌(chang)一帶,即著(zhu)名的(de)(de)“南(nan)鄌北(bei)(bei)都(dou)”。1969年(nian)(nian)被(bei)列為(wei)(wei)山(shan)東省(sheng)名特產(chan)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)果之(zhi)(zhi)一。1969年(nian)(nian)引進(jin)推廣“蜜寶”西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)后(hou),昌(chang)樂(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)即以早(zao)熟(shu)、皮薄(bo)、沙瓤(rang)、脆甜而弛(chi)名省(sheng)內外,遠(yuan)銷(xiao)香(xiang)港,被(bei)列為(wei)(wei)山(shan)東省(sheng)名特產(chan)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)果之(zhi)(zhi)一。20世紀70年(nian)(nian)代初,昌(chang)樂(le)(le)縣無籽(zi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)填補了山(shan)東省(sheng)空白,1972年(nian)(nian)被(bei)列為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家特需瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)生(sheng)產(chan)基地。1997年(nian)(nian)昌(chang)樂(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)通過了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)綠(lv)色(se)食(shi)品(pin)認證。1999年(nian)(nian)、2001年(nian)(nian),昌(chang)樂(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)連續兩屆被(bei)評為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)際農業博覽(lan)會(hui)名牌產(chan)品(pin)。鄌郚(wu)鎮是(shi)昌(chang)樂(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)最(zui)(zui)早(zao)的(de)(de)發源地,也是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)特需瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)無籽(zi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)培育(yu)基地,又是(shi)綠(lv)色(se)食(shi)品(pin)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)基地。堯(yao)溝鎮4.1萬畝耕地全(quan)部(bu)進(jin)行(xing)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)保護地栽培,擁有(you)江北(bei)(bei)最(zui)(zui)大的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)市場和代表昌(chang)樂(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)最(zui)(zui)高技術(shu)水平、主要(yao)工作(zuo)成績的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)科(ke)技園。堯(yao)溝鎮被(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)“特產(chan)之(zhi)(zhi)鄉”推薦暨宣傳活動組織委員會(hui)命名為(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)第一鎮”,昌(chang)樂(le)(le)縣被(bei)譽(yu)為(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)鄉”。
生產情況
到2008年(nian)(nian),昌樂(le)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)積(ji)基本上(shang)穩定在(zai)10000h㎡左右,年(nian)(nian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量45萬噸,西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)值(zhi)占(zhan)(zhan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)值(zhi)的(de)(de)25-30%左右,是(shi)經濟收(shou)(shou)入最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)作物。優(you)勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)帶已(yi)經形成。全(quan)縣(xian)最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)區(qu)域(yu)為堯溝、城(cheng)南種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)區(qu),2007年(nian)(nian)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)積(ji)4333.3h㎡,總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量18.2萬噸,總(zong)(zong)(zong)收(shou)(shou)入4.1億元(yuan),分別(bie)占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)縣(xian)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)積(ji)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量、總(zong)(zong)(zong)收(shou)(shou)入的(de)(de)44.1%、40.6%和56.2%。第二大(da)(da)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)區(qu)域(yu)為高崖、鄌郚種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)區(qu),2007年(nian)(nian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)積(ji)1666.7h㎡,總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量7.7萬噸,總(zong)(zong)(zong)收(shou)(shou)入0.65億元(yuan),分別(bie)占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)縣(xian)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)積(ji)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量、總(zong)(zong)(zong)收(shou)(shou)入的(de)(de)17.0%、17.2%和8.9%。三是(shi)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)村迅速發展。堯溝鎮(zhen)(zhen)耕(geng)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)4.1萬畝,全(quan)部進行西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)栽培(pei),形成了家家戶(hu)戶(hu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)局(ju)面(mian),是(shi)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鎮(zhen)(zhen)。城(cheng)南街(jie)道2007年(nian)(nian)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)積(ji)1656h㎡,占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)耕(geng)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)63%,成為后起的(de)(de)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鎮(zhen)(zhen)。除堯溝、城(cheng)南以(yi)外,全(quan)縣(xian)的(de)(de)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)村已(yi)達47個,其(qi)中高崖鎮(zhen)(zhen)已(yi)有(you)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)村20多(duo)個。
昌樂西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)已成為(wei)(wei)全縣(xian)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)的第一支(zhi)柱產業(ye)(ye)(ye),年(nian)平(ping)均播種面積15萬畝,總產量60萬噸,形成一個專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鎮、47個專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)村,注冊了鄌郚、樂寶、藝林、太合等10多個商標,其(qi)中(zhong)鄌郚無(wu)籽西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)被評為(wei)(wei)山東省名牌(pai)農產品。西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)之鄉堯溝鎮被命名為(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)國西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)第一鎮”,堯溝西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)市場(chang)被確(que)定為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國“全國定點市場(chang)”。昌樂縣(xian)先(xian)后實施了農業(ye)(ye)(ye)部農業(ye)(ye)(ye)科技示范(fan)(fan)場(chang)、國家級西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)標準化示范(fan)(fan)區、西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)良種工廠化育苗基(ji)地建設等項目(mu)。
栽培技術
一是(shi)全部(bu)進行(xing)設施栽(zai)培(pei)。昌樂(le)縣1982年開始(shi)引進推廣(guang)西瓜雙(shuang)膜(mo)覆蓋栽(zai)培(pei)技術,后(hou)經(jing)陽畦(qi)育(yu)苗、地膜(mo)覆蓋,發展為陽畦(qi)嫁接育(yu)苗,以高溫(wen)棚、大(da)拱棚為主(zhu)的(de)雙(shuang)膜(mo)或(huo)多(duo)膜(mo)栽(zai)培(pei)。到2008年,10000h㎡昌樂(le)西瓜全部(bu)實行(xing)保(bao)護栽(zai)培(pei)。
二是西瓜栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)技(ji)術全面普及。包(bao)括嫁接(jie)、點花(hua)、授粉在(zai)內(nei)的一系列西瓜優質、早熟栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)技(ji)術,在(zai)全縣幾乎家喻戶(hu)曉,有的村甚至是婦(fu)孺皆知。還推廣了(le)反光幕增光、機(ji)械(xie)化卷簾、彌霧機(ji)防治病(bing)蟲(chong)害等先進技(ji)術和產品。
三(san)是春秋兩季上(shang)市(shi),品種全(quan),花色多(duo)。昌樂西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)大部(bu)分(fen)為春西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua),集(ji)中在“五一”前(qian)(qian)后上(shang)市(shi)。秋西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)占總播(bo)種面積的(de)10%左右,一般在“十(shi)一”前(qian)(qian)后上(shang)市(shi)。全(quan)縣(xian)已(yi)推廣無籽、有(you)籽兩個系列,紅瓤(rang)、黃(huang)瓤(rang)兩種類型,大、中、小三(san)種規格的(de)西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)品種120多(duo)個,西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)良(liang)種覆蓋率早已(yi)達到100%。特(te)型西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)、圖形(xing)西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)和富硒(xi)保(bao)健西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)等特(te)色西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)的(de)生產技術也(ye)已(yi)逐步成熟。
四是全面實(shi)施標(biao)準化(hua)生產。2003年(nian)(nian)春(chun),昌樂西瓜開始推行標(biao)準化(hua)生產,截(jie)止2008年(nian)(nian)6月30日,已有1533.3h㎡西瓜通過(guo)了綠色(se)食(shi)品基(ji)地認(ren)定,3600h㎡西瓜通過(guo)了無公(gong)害農(nong)產品基(ji)地認(ren)定。“中(zhong)國西瓜第一鎮(zhen)”堯溝(gou)鎮(zhen)先后被確定為農(nong)業(ye)部農(nong)業(ye)科(ke)技示范場、西瓜工廠化(hua)育苗(miao)基(ji)地、國家級西瓜標(biao)準化(hua)示范區項目建(jian)設單(dan)位。
銷售情況
到2008年,該縣瓜(gua)菜批發市場(chang)51個,西(xi)瓜(gua)產地批發市場(chang)遍(bian)布全(quan)縣的主要(yao)西(xi)瓜(gua)產區,累計(ji)總投資6700萬元(yuan),占(zhan)地面積80萬平方米,固定(ding)攤位數7300多(duo)(duo)個,年交(jiao)易量175萬噸(dun)(dun),交(jiao)易額25億(yi)多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)。其中堯溝瓜(gua)菜批發市場(chang),累計(ji)總投資3000萬元(yuan),占(zhan)地200畝,年交(jiao)易量100萬噸(dun)(dun),交(jiao)易額10億(yi)多(duo)(duo)元(yuan),是(shi)江北(bei)最大的西(xi)瓜(gua)批發市場(chang)。經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)紀隊(dui)伍龐大。雖然全(quan)縣沒(mei)有(you)注冊經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)紀人(ren),也沒(mei)有(you)注冊經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)紀組織,但(dan)從事西(xi)瓜(gua)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)紀的瓜(gua)農已達(da)5000多(duo)(duo)人(ren),幾乎聯結了昌樂(le)西(xi)瓜(gua)的產地市場(chang)和全(quan)國各地的大中型瓜(gua)菜市場(chang),保(bao)證了全(quan)縣10000h㎡、45萬噸(dun)(dun)西(xi)瓜(gua)的順利銷售(shou)。
種植環境
土壤地貌情況
昌樂縣(xian)屬低山(shan)丘(qiu)陵區,中(zhong)西部多低山(shan),東南部多丘(qiu)陵,南北兩端各有(you)一平(ping)原地(di)帶。微地(di)貌(mao)為(wei)低山(shan)丘(qiu)嶺、荒坡地(di)、沿河階地(di)、坡麓梯(ti)田、近(jin)山(shan)階地(di)、河谷(gu)梯(ti)田等(deng)。土(tu)壤(rang)分為(wei)褐土(tu)、棕壤(rang)、潮土(tu)3個土(tu)類。土(tu)壤(rang)耕層PH值平(ping)均(jun)為(wei)7.2,變(bian)幅在6.2-8之間;平(ping)均(jun)有(you)機質(zhi)為(wei)1.19%,堿解(jie)氨86.5ppm,速效磷27.9ppm,速效鉀127.1ppm。地(di)貌(mao)和土(tu)壤(rang)情況比較適合瓜果的(de)栽(zai)培和生長。
水文情況
全縣5公里(li)以上的(de)河流(liu)35條(tiao),但多(duo)數(shu)為(wei)(wei)季節性河流(liu),總(zong)流(liu)域面積1568平(ping)方公里(li),水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)總(zong)量30515萬方,其中地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)14735萬方,地表水(shui)(shui)(shui)29738萬方。地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)礦(kuang)化度范圍一般(ban)在(zai)216-400mg/l,PH值在(zai)6.5=8之間。礦(kuang)化類型為(wei)(wei)HCO3-→Ca++→Cl-→Na+型水(shui)(shui)(shui)。影響因素(su)主要(yao)是面源(yuan)污染(ran),無潛在(zai)大型工業(ye)污染(ran),為(wei)(wei)該縣瓜果生產提供了比較充足的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)。
氣候情況
昌(chang)樂縣屬東(dong)部(bu)暖(nuan)溫(wen)帶季(ji)(ji)風型(xing)大陸性(xing)氣候,四季(ji)(ji)分明,春季(ji)(ji)溫(wen)暖(nuan),夏季(ji)(ji)濕(shi)潤(run)多雨,秋季(ji)(ji)涼爽(shuang),冬季(ji)(ji)寒冷干燥。年平均氣溫(wen)12.6℃,降(jiang)水量(liang)594.6毫米,相對濕(shi)度65%,日照(zhao)時數2421.3小時,無霜期190天。降(jiang)水的(de)時間分布對于西(xi)瓜的(de)生長有利,較多的(de)日照(zhao)量(liang)為(wei)西(xi)瓜的(de)糖分積累提供了有利條件。