廣東省清(qing)遠市清(qing)新縣特產烏鬃(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e),其肉(rou)質鮮美(mei),體質結實,體形適(shi)中,骨(gu)骼小,肉(rou)嫩而(er)多汁(zhi)。清(qing)遠特產的純種(zhong)烏鬃(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)被列為廣東省四大名優鵝(e)(e)種(zhong)之一(yi)。清(qing)遠烏鬃(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)又稱(cheng)黑鬃(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e),屬小型鵝(e)(e)種(zhong),因(yin)其頸至背鬃(zong)(zong)毛(mao)有一(yi)明顯黑色羽毛(mao)帶(dai),故稱(cheng)清(qing)遠烏鬃(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e);是(shi)珠三(san)角及(ji)港澳地區烹飪燒鵝(e)(e)的上乘(cheng)原料(liao),故深受歡迎并久(jiu)負盛名。早在20世紀50年代前,清(qing)遠烏鬃(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)就享譽海內外,是(shi)出口港澳和(he)東南亞的主(zhu)要鵝(e)(e)種(zhong)。
生長環境
清遠(yuan)(yuan)河(he)流(liu)眾(zhong)多(duo),水資源豐富,水草繁茂,土地肥沃,適宜養鵝(e)業(ye),故當地農民有養鵝(e)的(de)習慣。據(ju)《清遠(yuan)(yuan)縣志》記載(zai),自(zi)宋(song)代起烏鬃鵝(e)就為當地群眾(zhong)飼養,鵝(e)在清遠(yuan)(yuan)人生活中占有極其重要的(de)位置,特(te)別(bie)是(shi)逢年過節,喜慶筵席必備鵝(e),使(shi)養鵝(e)、吃鵝(e)的(de)傳統得以代代相傳。
清(qing)遠氣候溫和(he),日照長而強(qiang)烈(lie)。由于氣候的(de)(de)(de)炎熱,使得清(qing)遠烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)多(duo)在(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)面活動,多(duo)吃(chi)(chi)水(shui)(shui)草(cao),長肉緩慢,體(ti)型偏小。宜在(zai)(zai)地(di)勢(shi)高(gao)燥、背(bei)風向陽的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)坦或(huo)緩坡地(di)帶飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)。土質(zhi)則(ze)以透水(shui)(shui)性好的(de)(de)(de)沙壤為宜。在(zai)(zai)清(qing)新(xin)縣,當(dang)地(di)群眾采用放養(yang)(yang)及(ji)投喂以當(dang)地(di)苦麥菜為主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)青粗(cu)料飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)的(de)(de)(de)習慣(guan),同(tong)時(shi),烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)喜歡吃(chi)(chi)當(dang)地(di)河(he)堤遍布的(de)(de)(de)連根草(cao),造就清(qing)遠烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)耐粗(cu)飼(si)(si)(si)(si),具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)充分利用草(cao)中(zhong)營養(yang)(yang)物質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)能力,在(zai)(zai)不(bu)用精飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料情況下(xia),鵝(e)也可以在(zai)(zai)100天(tian)內達到上市體(ti)重。清(qing)遠烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)在(zai)(zai)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)過程中(zhong)離不(bu)開水(shui)(shui),清(qing)新(xin)縣內河(he)涌、水(shui)(shui)塘密布,水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)清(qing)澈,水(shui)(shui)草(cao)肥嫩,自然(ran)成為烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)最優環境。有(you)(you)(you)數(shu)據(ju)顯示,北(bei)江水(shui)(shui)清(qing)新(xin)縣河(he)段水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)優于國家一級水(shui)(shui)標準。烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)對(dui)自然(ran)環境要(yao)求較高(gao),清(qing)遠烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)的(de)(de)(de)形成,首先得益于上述優越的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)條件(jian)。反過來也形成其對(dui)生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)環境要(yao)求比較高(gao),要(yao)在(zai)(zai)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)污(wu)染而且有(you)(you)(you)青草(cao)、水(shui)(shui)源干凈的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方才能健康(kang)成長。否(fou)則(ze)其成活率較低,飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)成本偏高(gao),且也難保(bao)持原(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)肉質(zhi)風味。
產地范圍
清(qing)(qing)(qing)遠烏鬃鵝屬小型品種(zhong)。因頸背(bei)部有一條由(you)大(da)漸小的深褐色鬃狀羽毛而得(de)名,也(ye)稱墨(mo)鬃鵝。原產于(yu)廣(guang)東(dong)省(sheng)清(qing)(qing)(qing)遠市。主產于(yu)廣(guang)東(dong)省(sheng)北江大(da)河兩岸(an)和縣(xian)城(cheng)附近。此(ci)外,廣(guang)州、番禺、佛山、南海、順德、三水、從化、花縣(xian)、高鶴、四會、佛岡(gang)、高要、斗門、肇慶、英德等地也(ye)有分布。廣(guang)東(dong)省(sheng)清(qing)(qing)(qing)遠縣(xian)建有保種(zhong)場(chang)。
生物特性
該品種(zhong)鵝體(ti)緊湊(cou)寬短(duan),頭小,頸(jing)細,腿矮。公鵝體(ti)型較大,呈欖(lan)核形,母(mu)鵝呈楔形。羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)大部(bu)分呈烏(wu)棕色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),從頭頂部(bu)到(dao)最后頸(jing)椎有一條鬃狀黑褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)帶(dai)。頸(jing)部(bu)兩(liang)側的(de)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)為(wei)白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),翼(yi)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)、肩羽(yu)(yu)(yu)、背(bei)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)和尾(wei)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)黑色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)末端有明顯的(de)棕褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)鑲邊。胸羽(yu)(yu)(yu)灰(hui)白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)或灰(hui)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),腹羽(yu)(yu)(yu)灰(hui)白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)或白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。在背(bei)部(bu)兩(liang)邊有一條起自肩部(bu)直(zhi)至尾(wei)根的(de)2厘米(mi)寬的(de)白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)帶(dai),在尾(wei)翼(yi)間未被(bei)覆蓋部(bu)分呈現白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)圈(quan)帶(dai)。青(qing)年鵝的(de)各部(bu)位羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)顏色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)比成年鵝較深。虹彩棕色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。喙、肉瘤、脛、蹼均為(wei)黑色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)。
清(qing)遠烏鬃鵝平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)初(chu)生(sheng)重95克; 90日(ri)齡(ling) 3170克;成(cheng)年(nian)公鵝3420克,母(mu)鵝2860克。成(cheng)年(nian)公鵝平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)半凈膛屠(tu)(tu)宰(zai)率87.4%,母(mu)鵝87.5%;成(cheng)年(nian)公鵝平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)全凈膛屠(tu)(tu)宰(zai)率77.4%,母(mu)鵝78.1%。母(mu)鵝平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)開產日(ri)齡(ling)130天(tian)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)年(nian)產蛋(dan)(dan)29枚,平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)蛋(dan)(dan)重147克。平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)蛋(dan)(dan)形指數1.48。蛋(dan)(dan)殼白色。公鵝在80~90天(tian)有性(xing)行為,母(mu)鵝就巢性(xing)很強(qiang),每產完一窩蛋(dan)(dan)后就巢1次(ci),年(nian)就巢4次(ci)。
飼養管理
飼養期為90~120天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。出(chu)殼(ke)后的雛鵝,頭5天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)喂小鵝料拌(ban)(ban)米飯,6~15天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)喂小鵝料拌(ban)(ban)開口谷(gu)(gu),15~35天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)喂大鵝料拌(ban)(ban)谷(gu)(gu),36天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)后至(zhi)出(chu)欄(lan)前(qian)(qian)喂稻谷(gu)(gu)。烏鬃(zong)鵝的育雛期天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)熱時為7天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)冷時為10~20天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),從雛鵝離開育雛室開始放(fang)牧至(zhi)圈養育肥前(qian)(qian),實(shi)行天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)放(fang)牧,約60天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。鵝苗出(chu)殼(ke)后至(zhi)開口前(qian)(qian)要(yao)注(zhu)射小鵝瘟疫苗,10~15天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)要(yao)注(zhu)射禽流感疫苗;每隔20天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)用清(qing)熱解毒的中(zhong)草(cao)藥水浸谷(gu)(gu)喂鵝一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci),欄(lan)舍每天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)應清(qing)洗(xi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci),每月消(xiao)毒一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)。
每年(nian)4月(yue)要對(dui)留養的種(zhong)鵝(e)(e)實行拔毛(mao)育肥,目的是促其在7月(yue)開始產(chan)蛋(dan)。平時對(dui)種(zhong)鵝(e)(e)每日喂(wei)谷兩套,下(xia)蛋(dan)時喂(wei)谷拌種(zhong)鵝(e)(e)料,并加喂(wei)青飼料。不產(chan)蛋(dan)時全日放牧(mu),產(chan)蛋(dan)期(qi)實行早(zao)晚放牧(mu),育肥期(qi)不放牧(mu)。拔毛(mao)后的種(zhong)鵝(e)(e)30天(tian)內注射小鵝(e)(e)瘟、大鵝(e)(e)瘟、禽(qin)流(liu)感(gan)疫(yi)苗,半年(nian)后注射蛋(dan)子(zi)瘟、禽(qin)流(liu)感(gan)疫(yi)苗,每隔10天(tian)用(yong)清(qing)熱解毒(du)的中草藥水浸谷喂(wei)鵝(e)(e)一(yi)(yi)次(ci),欄舍每天(tian)清(qing)潔一(yi)(yi)次(ci),每月(yue)消毒(du)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)。