龍(long)是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代傳說(shuo)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)神異動物。龍(long)是中(zhong)(zhong)華民族的(de)象(xiang)征,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人都以自己是“龍(long)的(de)傳人”而驕傲。亞洲其他國(guo)(guo)家(jia)和(he)民族亦有受中(zhong)(zhong)華龍(long)文化影響。
傳(chuan)說(shuo)多為其能(neng)(neng)顯能(neng)(neng)隱(yin),能(neng)(neng)細能(neng)(neng)巨,能(neng)(neng)短能(neng)(neng)長。春分登(deng)天,秋(qiu)分潛(qian)淵,呼風(feng)喚雨,而(er)這(zhe)些已經(jing)是晚期發展(zhan)而(er)來的龍的形(xing)象,相比最初(chu)的龍而(er)言更(geng)加(jia)復雜。
《張果星(xing)經》云:“又有輔翼(yi)(yi)(yi),則為(wei)(wei)(wei)真龍(long)”,認為(wei)(wei)(wei)有翼(yi)(yi)(yi)方是(shi)真龍(long)。如(ru)西周有大量身負羽(yu)翼(yi)(yi)(yi)龍(long)紋(wen)器皿,乃(nai)至青(qing)(qing)龍(long)在先秦紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)中也有羽(yu)翼(yi)(yi)(yi),一(yi)說應龍(long)、青(qing)(qing)龍(long)為(wei)(wei)(wei)祖龍(long)。封建(jian)時代,龍(long)是(shi)皇權的(de)象(xiang)征(zheng),皇宮使用器物也以(yi)龍(long)為(wei)(wei)(wei)裝飾(shi)(shi),但(dan)與廣為(wei)(wei)(wei)流傳的(de)“五(wu)爪金龍(long)為(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)子象(xiang)征(zheng)”之(zhi)說不同,古籍中記載有翼(yi)(yi)(yi)飛龍(long),方為(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)子之(zhi)像。
龍在中(zhong)國傳統的(de)十(shi)二生肖(xiao)中(zhong)排第五,在《禮記·禮運第九》中(zhong)與鳳、龜、麟一起并(bing)稱“四靈(ling)”。而西方(fang)神話中(zhong)的(de)Dragon,也(ye)翻譯成龍,但二者并(bing)不(bu)相同。
與西(xi)方龍一樣,大(da)眾眼中(zhong)神圣(sheng)的(de)中(zhong)國(guo)龍,也會有(you)邪(xie)惡的(de)一面出(chu)現,詳細可見于本條目“中(zhong)外差別”一欄。
中國古代民間神(shen)話傳(chuan)說(shuo)中可見于中國經典中的(de)生物,在現實中無法找到實體,但其形象的(de)組成物源于現實,起到祛邪、避(bi)災、祈福(fu)的(de)作用。
青(qing)龍(long):為(wei)“四(si)圣”、“四(si)象”(青(qing)龍(long)、白虎、朱雀、玄武)與“天(tian)之四(si)靈”之一(yi),又(you)稱為(wei)蒼龍(long),代表東(dong)方,青(qing)色,因此(ci)稱為(wei)“東(dong)方青(qing)龍(long)”。
應(ying)龍(long)(long)(long)(long):又名(ming)飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long),亦作黃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、老龍(long)(long)(long)(long),是(shi)神話中的(de)祖龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、真龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。背生(sheng)(sheng)雙翼的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),關于應(ying)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)文獻記載見于《山(shan)海(hai)經》,《山(shan)海(hai)經》中說,應(ying)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)殺(sha)蚩尤、夸父,甚至開天辟地,創造了(le)世界。在(zai)部分盤(pan)(pan)古神話中,還說她撫育了(le)盤(pan)(pan)古。據說當年(nian)東皇太一之妃(fei)就是(shi)應(ying)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),生(sheng)(sheng)鳳凰、麒麟,而燭龍(long)(long)(long)(long)之子鼓被(bei)戮殺(sha)于鐘山(shan)之崖。據《山(shan)海(hai)經》、《荊州占》記載:“應(ying)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)為(wei)黃龍(long)(long)(long)(long),黃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)為(wei)軒(xuan)轅(yuan)星之神,為(wei)天之后妃(fei)”。
虺(huǐ):《述異記》載:“虺五百年(nian)化為(wei)蛟,蛟千年(nian)化為(wei)龍(long)。”是(shi)龍(long)的幼年(nian)期。
虬(qiú):虬龍(long)是(shi)古代傳說中(zhong)有角(jiao)的小龍(long),一(yi)說是(shi)無(wu)角(jiao)的幼龍(long)。《說文解(jie)字》:龍(long)無(wu)角(jiao)者。各本作龍(long)子(zi)有角(jiao)者。今依(yi)韻(yun)會所據正。然韻(yun)會尚誤多子(zi)字。李(li)善注《甘(gan)泉賦》引(yin)《說文》虬,龍(long)無(wu)角(jiao)者。
螭(chī):龍(long)屬的蛇狀神怪之(zhi)物,是一種沒有角的類龍(long)生物。螭若龍(long)而(er)黃(huang)北方謂之(zhi)地螻(lou)。
蛟(jiāo):一般泛(fan)指(zhi)能發洪水(shui)的有鱗的龍。
角(jiao)龍(long)(long):指(zhi)有角(jiao)的龍(long)(long)。據《述異記(ji)》記(ji)述:“蛟千年(nian)(nian)化(hua)為龍(long)(long),龍(long)(long)五百年(nian)(nian)為角(jiao)龍(long)(long)”。
火(huo)龍(long):《清史稿》載:“浮(fu)山有龍(long)飛入民間樓舍,須臾煙起(qi),樓盡焚”、“二十六(liu)年(nian)(nian)五月二十七日,葭州赤龍(long)見于(yu)張體(ti)兩川(chuan)圍中。六(liu)月初七日,高平火(huo)龍(long)見于(yu)石末村”、“五十六(liu)年(nian)(nian)六(liu)月,莒州赤龍(long)見于(yu)龍(long)王(wang)峪,先(xian)大(da)后(hou)小,長數丈,所過草(cao)木如焚”。
蟠(pan)龍(long)(long):指蟄伏(fu)在(zai)地而未升天之龍(long)(long),龍(long)(long)的形狀作盤曲環繞。在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國古代建筑中(zhong)(zhong),一般把(ba)盤繞在(zai)柱(zhu)上的龍(long)(long)和裝(zhuang)飾莊梁上、天花板上的龍(long)(long)均(jun)習慣地稱(cheng)為蟠(pan)龍(long)(long)。在(zai)《太平御覽》中(zhong)(zhong),對蟠(pan)龍(long)(long)又有另一番解釋:“蟠(pan)龍(long)(long),身長四丈,青黑(hei)色,赤帶如錦文,常隨水而下,入于海。有毒(du),傷人即死。”把(ba)蟠(pan)龍(long)(long)和蛟、蛇(she)之類混在(zai)一起了。
云龍(long):云霧纏繞的龍(long)。
望(wang)龍(long)(long):頭部(bu)呈側面的(de)龍(long)(long)。
行(xing)龍(long):傳(chuan)說鯉化(hua)(hua)蛟,蛟化(hua)(hua)龍(long),而當龍(long)達到一定境(jing)界時,會化(hua)(hua)為行(xing)龍(long)。
魚(yu)化(hua)龍(long):魚(yu)化(hua)龍(long)是一種龍(long)頭魚(yu)身(shen)的(de)(de)龍(long),亦(yi)是一種“龍(long)魚(yu)互變”的(de)(de)形(xing)式,這種形(xing)式古(gu)代(dai)早已有(you)之。《說苑》中就有(you)“昔日白龍(long)下清冷之淵化(hua)為魚(yu)”的(de)(de)記載(zai),民間流(liu)傳(chuan)的(de)(de)鯉魚(yu)跳龍(long)門,講(jiang)述的(de)(de)就是龍(long)魚(yu)互變的(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)。
蜃(shen)龍:蜃(shen)棲息在(zai)海岸或大河的(de)(de)河口(kou),模樣很像蛟,也有可(ke)(ke)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)其中的(de)(de)一種。蜃(shen)具有不(bu)可(ke)(ke)思議的(de)(de)能(neng)力,就是(shi)(shi)從口(kou)中吐出(chu)的(de)(de)氣可(ke)(ke)以(yi)看到(dao)各種各樣的(de)(de)幻影。這(zhe)些幻影大多(duo)數是(shi)(shi)亭臺樓閣,是(shi)(shi)誰都沒見到(dao)過的(de)(de)豪華,從窗口(kou)里可(ke)(ke)以(yi)看到(dao)穿戴華麗的(de)(de)人們在(zai)活動。這(zhe)就是(shi)(shi)常說的(de)(de)海市蜃(shen)樓。
除(chu)此之(zhi)外,在一些典籍里還(huan)記載了龍的“衍生(sheng)物”,如《五雜俎》:龍性(xing)最淫,故(gu)與(yu)牛交,則生(sheng)麟;與(yu)豕(shi)交,則生(sheng)象;與(yu)馬交,則生(sheng)龍馬……
《荀子·賦》:“天下幽險,恐(kong)失世英(ying)。螭龍為蝘蜓,鴟梟為鳳凰。”
東漢王(wang)充《論(lun)衡》曰:“世俗畫龍之象,馬首蛇尾。”
東漢(han)班固《漢(han)書》:“臣以(yi)為(wei)龍又(you)(you)無角,謂(wei)之為(wei)蛇又(you)(you)有足,跂跂脈脈善緣壁,是非守宮即(ji)蜥蜴。”
東漢許慎《說(shuo)文解字》載(zai):“龍,鱗蟲之長,能(neng)幽能(neng)明,能(neng)細能(neng)巨,能(neng)短能(neng)長,春(chun)分而登天,秋分而潛淵。”
辭書之(zhi)祖(zu)《爾雅》提到了(le)鳳(feng)凰(huang)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象,關于(yu)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象卻(que)未提及。宋人羅(luo)愿為(wei)爾雅所作的(de)(de)(de)補(bu)充《爾雅翼》中(zhong),卻(que)有“釋龍(long)”:“角似(si)(si)鹿、頭似(si)(si)駝、眼似(si)(si)兔、項似(si)(si)蛇(she)、腹似(si)(si)蜃、鱗似(si)(si)魚、爪似(si)(si)鷹、掌似(si)(si)虎、耳似(si)(si)牛”。同(tong)為(wei)宋人的(de)(de)(de)書畫鑒賞家郭若虛在《圖畫見(jian)聞(wen)志(zhi)》中(zhong)也表達了(le)類似(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)觀點。
到了明(ming)代(dai),龍的形(xing)象更加(jia)具體豐滿起來,《本草綱目(mu)·翼》云:“龍者鱗(lin)蟲之長(chang)。王符言其形(xing)有九似:頭似駝,角(jiao)似鹿(lu),眼似兔,耳似牛,項似蛇,腹(fu)似蜃,鱗(lin)似鯉,爪似鷹(ying),掌(zhang)似虎,是也。其背有八十一(yi)鱗(lin),具九九陽數。其聲如戛銅盤。口旁(pang)有須髯,頷下(xia)有明(ming)珠,喉下(xia)有逆(ni)鱗(lin)。頭上有博山,又名尺木,龍無尺木不能(neng)升天。呵(he)氣成云,既能(neng)變水(shui),又能(neng)變火。”
在《三國演義》中(zhong),羅貫(guan)中(zhong)通過(guo)曹操之口,概述了龍(long)的特點:“龍(long)能(neng)大能(neng)小(xiao),能(neng)升能(neng)隱;大則(ze)興(xing)云吐(tu)霧,小(xiao)則(ze)隱介藏形;升則(ze)飛(fei)騰于(yu)宇宙之間,隱則(ze)潛伏(fu)于(yu)波濤(tao)之內(nei)。方今春深(shen),龍(long)乘(cheng)時變”。
清(qing)代袁枚(mei)則(ze)在《子不語》中寫到“雷雨晦(hui)冥,龍(long)來哀號,聲若牛吼。”
而宋代畫家董羽(yu)則(ze)認為龍(long)“角(jiao)似(si)(si)(si)鹿、頭(tou)似(si)(si)(si)牛、眼似(si)(si)(si)蝦、嘴似(si)(si)(si)驢(lv)、腹(fu)似(si)(si)(si)蛇、鱗似(si)(si)(si)魚(yu)、足似(si)(si)(si)鳳、須似(si)(si)(si)人、耳似(si)(si)(si)象(xiang)。”這(zhe)是21世紀得到認可較多的(de)說法。
早期社會(hui)生產力(li)低下,人(ren)們在嚴酷(ku)的(de)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)環境里生存,還(huan)不能獨立的(de)支配自(zi)然(ran)(ran)力(li),也(ye)不能解釋自(zi)身來源,對自(zi)然(ran)(ran)界充滿幻想、憧憬乃至畏懼(ju),崇拜各種比人(ren)類更強大的(de)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)或超自(zi)然(ran)(ran)力(li)量,這就是圖騰(teng)和鬼神產生的(de)社會(hui)基礎。
龍圖騰形(xing)成的(de)(de)時間,可(ke)以(yi)上溯到(dao)上古伏羲時代,伏羲氏(shi)以(yi)蛇為(wei)圖騰。古書中(zhong)記載,伏羲氏(shi)生(sheng)于(yu)成紀(ji),徒(tu)治陳倉,都于(yu)陳,在位一(yi)(yi)百五(wu)十年,傳十五(wu)世。伏羲氏(shi)發源于(yu)成紀(ji),發展(zhan)壯大后(hou),沿著渭河谷地進入關中(zhong),出潼關,傍崤山、王屋山、太行山東(dong)遷,而后(hou)折向東(dong)南,最后(hou)都于(yu)陳。這一(yi)(yi)活動(dong)區大體與仰韶文化古遺址的(de)(de)分布(bu)區相吻合。
龍(long)(long)(long)圖(tu)(tu)騰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)源于伏(fu)羲(xi)(xi),除了(le)(le)聞一(yi)多先(xian)生論述外(wai),還(huan)有其它(ta)證據。司馬貞《補三皇本紀(ji)(ji)》前面雖說伏(fu)羲(xi)(xi)蛇(she)身人首,但在(zai)最后卻言伏(fu)羲(xi)(xi)氏(shi)“有龍(long)(long)(long)瑞,以(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)紀(ji)(ji)官,號曰龍(long)(long)(long)師”。這種記(ji)載暗示了(le)(le)伏(fu)羲(xi)(xi)氏(shi)在(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)圖(tu)(tu)騰形成(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)導作用。又蛇(she)在(zai)生肖中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)叫小(xiao)龍(long)(long)(long)。蛇(she)如果有了(le)(le)靈性,就變成(cheng)了(le)(le)龍(long)(long)(long)。漢(han)代(dai)緯(wei)書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)講(jiang),伏(fu)羲(xi)(xi)氏(shi)首德于木,為百王之先(xian)。伏(fu)羲(xi)(xi)氏(shi)即是(shi)(shi)青(qing)龍(long)(long)(long),青(qing)帝(di)(di)。炎帝(di)(di)神農氏(shi)以(yi)火(huo)德為王,為赤龍(long)(long)(long);黃帝(di)(di)軒(xuan)轅(yuan)氏(shi)以(yi)土德為王,為黃龍(long)(long)(long)。按照五行始(shi)終說,最先(xian)出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)木,而(er)非火(huo)、土。同理,青(qing)帝(di)(di)也應該是(shi)(shi)遠古第(di)一(yi)帝(di)(di),青(qing)龍(long)(long)(long)也是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民(min)族第(di)一(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)。伏(fu)羲(xi)(xi)氏(shi)自然也就是(shi)(shi)當之無愧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)圖(tu)(tu)騰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創始(shi)者,開創了(le)(le)華(hua)夏民(min)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文明。在(zai)敦煌遺書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有題為《天地(di)開辟(pi)以(yi)來帝(di)(di)王紀(ji)(ji)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問答(da)體殘卷四件,伏(fu)羲(xi)(xi)、女媧之所以(yi)能(neng)在(zai)洪(hong)(hong)災(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存活,是(shi)(shi)由于他們“衣(依?)龍(long)(long)(long)上天”(穿龍(long)(long)(long)衣或攀龍(long)(long)(long)身上天)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緣故。伏(fu)羲(xi)(xi)女媧為洪(hong)(hong)水后各(ge)民(min)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新一(yi)代(dai)共同始(shi)祖,成(cheng)為如來麾(hui)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)菩薩。
近代流行一種說(shuo)法,認(ren)為源(yuan)自(zi)黃帝(di)(di)的(de)釜山(shan)合(he)(he)符(fu)(fu)。《史記(ji)·五帝(di)(di)本紀》記(ji)載:黃帝(di)(di)在打敗炎帝(di)(di)和蚩尤后,巡(xun)閱四方,“合(he)(he)符(fu)(fu)釜山(shan)”。這次“合(he)(he)符(fu)(fu)”,不僅統(tong)一了(le)各部軍令的(de)符(fu)(fu)信,確立了(le)政治上的(de)結盟,還從原來各部落(luo)的(de)圖騰(teng)身上各取一部分元素組(zu)合(he)(he)起來,創造了(le)新(xin)的(de)動(dong)物(wu)形象-龍。
龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象的(de)(de)(de)來源有(you)多(duo)種說(shuo)法,一說(shuo)來源于鱷魚,一說(shuo)來源于蛇,也有(you)人認(ren)為來源于豬,甚至(zhi)有(you)說(shuo)法稱最(zui)早的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)就(jiu)是下雨時天上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)閃(shan)電。現在(zai)多(duo)數專家認(ren)為龍(long)是以蛇為主體的(de)(de)(de)圖騰(teng)綜合物。它有(you)蛇的(de)(de)(de)身、豬的(de)(de)(de)頭、鹿的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)、牛的(de)(de)(de)耳(er)、羊的(de)(de)(de)須、鷹的(de)(de)(de)爪、魚的(de)(de)(de)鱗,組合成龍(long)圖騰(teng)。
聞一(yi)多先生(sheng)在他的(de)(de)(de)三篇作品《伏羲考(kao)》、《龍(long)鳳》、《端午考(kao)》中指出,中國人(ren)被稱(cheng)為“龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)人(ren)”來源于黃帝(di)(di)時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)說。黃帝(di)(di)在戰敗(bai)蚩尤(you)統一(yi)中原后(hou),它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兼取了被吞(tun)并的(de)(de)(de)其它(ta)氏族的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)。如鳥的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)、馬的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)、鹿的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)、蛇的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)、牛的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)、魚的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)等(deng)。最后(hou)拼(pin)合(he)成了“龍(long)”,一(yi)種虛擬的(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)性神靈。后(hou)來,“龍(long)”的(de)(de)(de)形象開(kai)始出現于各種圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)之中,并逐漸成了帝(di)(di)王的(de)(de)(de)符瑞。相傳(chuan)(chuan)炎帝(di)(di)是(shi)一(yi)位叫登的(de)(de)(de)女子(zi)感(gan)(gan)天上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)“神龍(long)”而生(sheng),黃帝(di)(di)是(shi)附寶感(gan)(gan)“北斗”而生(sheng),堯帝(di)(di)是(shi)慶都感(gan)(gan)“赤(chi)龍(long)”而生(sheng),始祖是(shi)龍(long)繁衍的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai),因此,中華(hua)民族的(de)(de)(de)子(zi)孫便是(shi)“龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)人(ren)”了。
古(gu)生物學家曾長(chang)期(qi)認為(wei),長(chang)角的(de)龍(long)(long)是上古(gu)先民虛構的(de)形象,只存于(yu)神話傳說之中(zhong)。1987年在位于(yu)河(he)南省濮陽(yang)縣(xian)城西水坡仰韶文化址發現”中(zhong)華第一(yi)龍(long)(long)”,此次(ci)出(chu)土的(de)蚌龍(long)(long)是迄今為(wei)止中(zhong)國(guo)考(kao)古(gu)發現的(de)最(zui)早(zao)的(de)龍(long)(long)圖(tu)案,距(ju)今約6600多年。
龍作為(wei)一(yi)(yi)種圖(tu)騰(teng)和一(yi)(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)騰(teng)不(bu)(bu)同,不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多種動(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)集合,這突(tu)出地反(fan)映了中華民族偉大(da)的(de)(de)(de)民族精(jing)神(shen)和思想(xiang)。遠古(gu)神(shen)話(hua)最(zui)早的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren),而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)-圖(tu)騰(teng)。原始人(ren)分(fen)不(bu)(bu)清人(ren)與動(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)界限(xian),認為(wei)某種動(dong)物(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自己的(de)(de)(de)祖先和保護神(shen),這就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)圖(tu)騰(teng)。圖(tu)騰(teng)作為(wei)氏族、部(bu)落的(de)(de)(de)祖先和標(biao)志,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)某種動(dong)物(wu)(wu),氏族部(bu)落發(fa)生(sheng)兼并戰爭,勝(sheng)利者在俘虜對方之后(hou),往往同時消滅其圖(tu)騰(teng),新產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)族擁有的(de)(de)(de)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)騰(teng)。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國古人最早體(ti)悟到人性,舍棄(qi)弱肉強食的(de)觀(guan)念,在(zai)龍圖騰(teng)(teng)的(de)形成過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)突出地(di)表現了(le)這種(zhong)人性。這就是(shi):為了(le)團結、親近那(nei)些被吞并了(le)的(de)氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)、部(bu)(bu)落(luo)的(de)人,在(zai)消(xiao)滅了(le)這個(ge)氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)、部(bu)(bu)落(luo)之后,并沒有完全消(xiao)滅他們精(jing)(jing)神崇拜和文(wen)化(hua)寄托的(de)圖騰(teng)(teng),而是(shi)將失敗者的(de)圖騰(teng)(teng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)一(yi)部(bu)(bu)分加在(zai)了(le)自己圖騰(teng)(teng)身上(shang)。所以龍的(de)形象就是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)和合團結的(de)象征,表現了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民族(zu)遠古的(de)祖先的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)極其寶貴的(de)和合精(jing)(jing)神,是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民族(zu)精(jing)(jing)神的(de)一(yi)個(ge)源頭。
龍(long)的(de)(de)形象包含(han)著多(duo)種動物元素,不少(shao)人(ren)僅依據某一特征論述其起源(yuan),所以產(chan)生了(le)(le)多(duo)種關于龍(long)的(de)(de)原(yuan)型的(de)(de)說(shuo)法。其中最有影響的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)龍(long)的(de)(de)原(yuan)型為蛇(she)說(shuo)。著名學(xue)者(zhe)聞(wen)一多(duo)在20世紀(ji)40年代便(bian)探討了(le)(le)龍(long)的(de)(de)原(yuan)型,據其考(kao)證(zheng),龍(long)圖(tu)騰(teng)的(de)(de)最初原(yuan)型是(shi)(shi)蛇(she)圖(tu)騰(teng),在消滅了(le)(le)牛(niu)圖(tu)騰(teng)、鹿(lu)圖(tu)騰(teng)的(de)(de)氏族之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),就把牛(niu)角(jiao)或(huo)鹿(lu)角(jiao)加(jia)(jia)在了(le)(le)蛇(she)的(de)(de)頭上(shang)(shang),后(hou)(hou)來又加(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)了(le)(le)豬的(de)(de)頭或(huo)馬(ma)的(de)(de)頭,加(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)了(le)(le)虎或(huo)鱷魚的(de)(de)腿(tui)、鷹的(de)(de)爪子、魚的(de)(de)鱗、花的(de)(de)尾(wei)巴,經過長(chang)期(qi)的(de)(de)發展,眾多(duo)圖(tu)騰(teng)的(de)(de)集合就形成(cheng)了(le)(le)中華龍(long)圖(tu)騰(teng)的(de)(de)形象。聞(wen)一多(duo)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),不少(shao)學(xue)者(zhe)也都認(ren)為龍(long)的(de)(de)原(yuan)型是(shi)(shi)蛇(she)。
還有(you)認(ren)為(wei)龍的原(yuan)型是(shi)(shi)鱷(e)魚(yu)的說法,最早提出龍的原(yuan)型為(wei)鱷(e)魚(yu)的是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)古史專(zhuan)家衛聚賢。他在(zai)1934年出版(ban)的著作中便(bian)說“龍即鱷(e)魚(yu)”,一些外國(guo)學(xue)者也認(ren)為(wei)龍是(shi)(shi)鱷(e)魚(yu)。此外,還有(you)人認(ren)為(wei)龍的主(zhu)干的基本形態(tai)是(shi)(shi)蛇、蜥蜴和馬,有(you)的則認(ren)為(wei)龍是(shi)(shi)從閃電或彩虹(hong)演化而(er)來(lai)的等(deng)。
蘇州大學(xue)徐山考釋(shi)(shi)了(le)(le)甲(jia)骨(gu)(gu)文“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),認為:龍(long)(long)(long),其(qi)甲(jia)骨(gu)(gu)文字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)和(he)“電(dian)(dian)、雷”兩字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)比較,龍(long)(long)(long)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)可(ke)視為“電(dian)(dian)、雷”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變形(xing)。龍(long)(long)(long)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)保留了(le)(le)閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)曲(qu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),又將表示雷聲(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)符號“口”狀(zhuang)(zhuang)移至彎(wan)曲(qu)處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終端,表示龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口部。龍(long)(long)(long)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口開口朝下,表示雨從(cong)龍(long)(long)(long)口中(zhong)(zhong)傾瀉而下。龍(long)(long)(long)觀念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生,是(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)先民(min)對(dui)產(chan)生雷電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種生物化(hua)解釋(shi)(shi)。在“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)異體中(zhong)(zhong),字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)是(shi)在龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)體上(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)加上(shang)(shang)(shang)“辛(xin)”。辛(xin),甲(jia)骨(gu)(gu)文字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)為斧(fu)劈樹木狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。從(cong)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)意義中(zhong)(zhong)又引申出刑具。在“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong),“辛(xin)”位于龍(long)(long)(long)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)(fang)(fang),從(cong)辛(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)語義和(he)造(zao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下結構中(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)以看出,這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)反映了(le)(le)原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)先民(min)對(dui)龍(long)(long)(long)(雷神)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恐懼而又企圖征服(fu)、控(kong)制(zhi)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)理狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態。《集韻》在“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)下收錄了(le)(le)“竜”這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)異體字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。該字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)左(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)一樣,即甲(jia)骨(gu)(gu)文“辛(xin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隸定形(xing)式。“竜”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)義正(zheng)是(shi)對(dui)雷電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)征服(fu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。此字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)有力地證實了(le)(le)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)型是(shi)雷電(dian)(dian)。從(cong)龍(long)(long)(long)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發音上(shang)(shang)(shang)看,“lóng”正(zheng)是(shi)記錄了(le)(le)雷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隆(long)隆(long)之聲(sheng)。
龍之所(suo)以受到炎(yan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)子(zi)孫的(de)(de)尊(zun)崇,是因為與華夏文明(ming)的(de)(de)形成(cheng)進程有(you)(you)著密切的(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)。眾所(suo)周知,“五帝(di)(di)(di)”第一帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)之前,有(you)(you)一位(wei)在位(wei)120年,傳位(wei)8世(shi)(shi),共歷530多年的(de)(de)“神(shen)(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)氏(shi)世(shi)(shi)”時期。炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)“神(shen)(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)氏(shi),姜姓(xing)也”,正是其母“游(you)華陽(yang),有(you)(you)神(shen)(shen)龍首,感生炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)”(《初學記》卷九(jiu)引(yin)《帝(di)(di)(di)王世(shi)(shi)紀》)的(de)(de)。而炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)氏(shi)長得“弘身(shen)而牛顛,龍顏(yan)而大唇(chun)”。炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)氏(shi)部族與黃(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)部族結成(cheng)炎(yan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)部落聯盟以后,做為龍子(zi)的(de)(de)炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)氏(shi),深刻地影響了炎(yan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)部落聯盟的(de)(de)文明(ming)進程。
在文明國(guo)家形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)夜,即我國(guo)古史傳說的(de)(de)(de)“五帝(di)”時期(qi),那些推動(dong)文明因(yin)素(su)積(ji)聚(ju)的(de)(de)(de)“英(ying)雄們”——黃(huang)帝(di)、顓(zhuan)頊(xu)、帝(di)嚳、帝(di)堯、帝(di)舜(shun)、帝(di)禹等,無(wu)一不與龍(long)(long)(long)有著這樣那樣的(de)(de)(de)糾葛。請(qing)看(kan)下(xia)列史料:“五帝(di)”之首帝(di)黃(huang)帝(di),不僅長得“龍(long)(long)(long)顏有圣德”(《易·系辭(ci)下(xia)》正義引(yin)《世紀》),還“令應龍(long)(long)(long)攻(gong)蚩尤”(《史記·五帝(di)本紀》集解引(yin)《山海經》)。黃(huang)帝(di)不僅平時“乘龍(long)(long)(long)扆(yi)云”(《大戴禮記·五帝(di)德》),就是(shi)在他(ta)辭(ci)世升天時,也(ye)是(shi)“有龍(long)(long)(long)垂(chui)胡(hu)髯而下(xia),迎黃(huang)帝(di)”(《御覽》卷九二九引(yin)《帝(di)王世紀》)的(de)(de)(de)。“五帝(di)”之二的(de)(de)(de)顓(zhuan)頊(xu),“乘龍(long)(long)(long)而至四(si)海”,巡行天下(xia),無(wu)比威嚴;“五帝(di)”之三(san)的(de)(de)(de)帝(di)嚳,“春(chun)夏(xia)乘龍(long)(long)(long)”(《大戴禮記·五帝(di)德》),也(ye)是(shi)離不開龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)。
“五帝(di)”之四(si)的(de)(de)帝(di)堯(yao),把部落聯(lian)盟(meng)議事會改造成與(yu)民眾相對立的(de)(de)“公共權(quan)利(li)”,而他的(de)(de)出生(sheng)與(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)有著直(zhi)接的(de)(de)關(guan)系,即(ji)其(qi)母慶都“出以(yi)觀河,遇赤(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)”,一陣“唵然陰風,而感慶都”(《易·系辭》下引《帝(di)王(wang)世紀(ji)》)以(yi)致孕(yun)的(de)(de)。堯(yao)在唐地(di)還曾“夢御(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)以(yi)登天,而有天下。”(《路史(shi)·后(hou)記(ji)》中引《帝(di)王(wang)世紀(ji)》)后(hou)來居然夢想成真(zhen),成為(wei)(wei)第四(si)任盟(meng)主;“五帝(di)”之五的(de)(de)帝(di)舜,也是生(sheng)成一副(fu)“龍(long)(long)(long)顏(yan)大口(kou)黑(hei)毛(mao)”(《山海經(jing)·海內經(jing)》注引《歸藏·開(kai)筮》)的(de)(de)模樣,他對龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)分鐘愛,賜姓(xing)善于馴(xun)養(yang)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)人為(wei)(wei)“董氏”,專設畜龍(long)(long)(long)之官,并(bing)在聯(lian)盟(meng)議事會的(de)(de)“九官”、“十(shi)(shi)二牧(mu)”中封(feng)龍(long)(long)(long)為(wei)(wei)“納言”之職。
進入階級社會的(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)王(wang)朝——夏代(BC21~BC16世紀)的(de)(de)奠基者(zhe)帝禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),則(ze)與(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有著更為(wei)直接的(de)(de)關系。禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)其(qi)父鯀(gun)(gun)死后(hou),“三歲(sui)不腐,剖(pou)之以(yi)吳(wu)刀,化(hua)為(wei)黃(huang)(huang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”(《山海經·海內經》注引《歸藏·開筮》)的(de)(de),即“大(da)副(即剖(pou))之吳(wu)刀,是(shi)用出禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,鯀(gun)(gun)所化(hua)之黃(huang)(huang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)即是(shi)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。人(ren)(ren)們所熟知的(de)(de)“大(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治水”,也充(chong)分利用了龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。“有神龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),以(yi)尾畫(hua)地,導水所注,當決者(zhe)因而注之也”(《楚(chu)辭·天(tian)問》王(wang)逸注)。“禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)盡(jin)力溝洫(xu),導川(chuan)夷岳(yue),黃(huang)(huang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)曳尾于(yu)前,玄龜負青(qing)泥于(yu)后(hou)。”禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)對龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)脾性十分熟悉,有一(yi)(yi)次“禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)省南方,濟乎江,黃(huang)(huang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)負舟,舟中之人(ren)(ren),五色無主”。但禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鎮(zhen)定自若,說:“余何憂于(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)焉?”結(jie)果是(shi)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)俯首低尾而逃(tao)。”(《呂氏春(chun)秋·知分》)就是(shi)做(zuo)為(wei)“夏民(min)族的(de)(de)祖(zu)先大(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)字(zi),是(shi)一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)富有生命力的(de)(de)運動中的(de)(de)蛇。”(王(wang)宇(yu)信:《史(shi)記》鯀(gun)(gun)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)失統與(yu)鯀(gun)(gun)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)傳(chuan)說的(de)(de)史(shi)影(ying)》,《歷史(shi)研究》,1988年(nian)第(di)6期)而蛇正是(shi)構成(cheng)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)原始素材(cai),也可以(yi)說蛇也是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種。如(ru)此(ci)等等。
這就是為大(da)家所熟(shu)知的中(zhong)國龍的形象:美(mei)角似(si)麟鹿,迤身(shen)似(si)蛇蟒,披(pi)鱗似(si)魚,健爪似(si)鷹隼的“鱗蟲之長(chang),能(neng)幽能(neng)明,能(neng)細能(neng)巨,能(neng)短能(neng)長(chang),春分(fen)(fen)而登天,秋分(fen)(fen)能(neng)潛淵(yuan)”(《說文》卷十一(yi)下魚部)的神奇動物。
1987年(nian)于河南(nan)濮陽西水坡仰韶文化(hua)遺址發現了六千(qian)多年(nian)前用蚌殼擺的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long),此龍(long)(long)(long)昂首、曲頸、弓身、長尾,前爪(zhua)扒、后(hou)(hou)爪(zhua)蹬,狀似騰(teng)飛,這是目(mu)前我們見到的(de)(de)(de)(de)最早的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)。1978—1980年(nian),在相當于“五(wu)帝(di)”第四帝(di)陶(tao)唐氏(shi)帝(di)堯時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)山西襄汾陶(tao)寺(si)(si)遺址,一(yi)(yi)座大(da)墓中出(chu)了一(yi)(yi)件以(yi)(yi)紅彩、或紅、白彩繪制蟠龍(long)(long)(long)圖案的(de)(de)(de)(de)珍貴龍(long)(long)(long)盤。陶(tao)寺(si)(si)類型(xing)龍(long)(long)(long)山文化(hua)遺址發現有(you)內城、外城遺跡,被學(xue)者推斷為帝(di)堯的(de)(de)(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)都(dou)”;而襄汾也成為舉(ju)世(shi)聞(wen)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)鄉(xiang)”;在我國第一(yi)(yi)個奴(nu)隸制夏王朝都(dou)城遺址地河南(nan)偃師(shi)二里(li)頭,也在一(yi)(yi)件殘陶(tao)器上發現了巨(ju)眼、利爪(zhua)、周身有(you)鱗的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)紋……自商周階級社(she)會(hui)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou),龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形象更是屢有(you)出(chu)土,不勝(sheng)枚舉(ju)了。
西漢(包括(kuo)王(wang)莽時期(qi))的龍(long)形(xing)象身體細(xi)長(chang),似(si)蛇形(xing),身尾(wei)(wei)不(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen),末尾(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)鰭。頭部(bu)似(si)鱷魚,整體較瘦長(chang)。分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)有(you)(you)翼(yi)、無翼(yi)兩(liang)種。有(you)(you)的角似(si)牛角,細(xi)長(chang),前(qian)端略帶弧形(xing)。上(shang)下顎等長(chang),上(shang)下唇分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)向上(shang)下翻卷。分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)有(you)(you)無兩(liang)種,翼(yi)為(wei)鳥(niao)翅(chi)形(xing)。獸腿,短(duan)粗。足(zu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)獸、鷹(ying)足(zu)兩(liang)種,三趾。而到了東漢,龍(long)體粗壯,似(si)虎(hu)形(xing),身尾(wei)(wei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)明(ming),個別(bie)有(you)(you)鰭。角似(si)牛角。角下都出(chu)現突起的棱,頂端前(qian)卷,也有(you)(you)類似(si)鹿(lu)角的。且都有(you)(you)翼(yi)。獸腿較長(chang)。以(yi)虎(hu)的形(xing)象為(wei)主,其(qi)他動物形(xing)象輔之。建安至(zhi)魏晉(jin)(十(shi)六國(guo)時期(qi))的龍(long)體較細(xi)長(chang),似(si)虎(hu)形(xing),身尾(wei)(wei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)明(ming)。頭角略似(si)鹿(lu)角。羽翼(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)有(you)(you)無兩(liang)種,有(you)(you)翼(yi)的龍(long)形(xing)狀仍(reng)舊為(wei)鳥(niao)翅(chi)形(xing)。腿為(wei)獸類,長(chang)。
南北朝至(zhi)隋時(shi),龍體細長,似虎形(xing),身尾(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)(fen)明,頸和背上(shang)出現(xian)焰環(huan)。龍翼依舊分(fen)(fen)有無兩(liang)種,出現(xian)飄(piao)帶形(xing)翼,鳥翅形(xing)尚存。四肢(zhi)上(shang)飄(piao),有長的(de)獸毛。唐宋(song)時(shi)期(qi),體粗壯(zhuang)豐(feng)滿,回復到蛇體,身尾(wei)(wei)(wei)不分(fen)(fen),脊背至(zhi)尾(wei)(wei)(wei)都有鱗,宋(song)代(dai)時(shi)尾(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)則有一(yi)圈鰭。吸取了獅子(zi)形(xing)象的(de)特點(dian),圓而(er)豐(feng)滿,腦后有鬣。唐代(dai)時(shi)出現(xian)分(fen)(fen)叉(cha)鹿角,前(qian)期(qi)略似鹿角尚存。上(shang)唇很長,頂端成尖形(xing),下唇短(duan)而(er)不再下卷。龍翼已經都為飄(piao)帶形(xing)。宋(song)時(shi)出現(xian)四爪(zhua)的(de)足,后肢(zhi)和尾(wei)(wei)(wei)常(chang)交叉(cha)盤旋(xuan)。
在中國(guo)(guo),龍(long)經歷了四個較大的發展階段:圖騰崇(chong)拜(bai)階段、神靈(ling)崇(chong)拜(bai)階段、龍(long)神崇(chong)拜(bai)與帝王崇(chong)拜(bai)相結(jie)合(he)的階段、佛教娜(na)迦龍(long)崇(chong)拜(bai)與中國(guo)(guo)龍(long)崇(chong)拜(bai)相結(jie)合(he)的階段。
在圖騰(teng)崇(chong)拜(bai)階段,中國(guo)遠古的(de)某些部(bu)落把龍(long)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)圖騰(teng),作為(wei)(wei)自(zi)己部(bu)落的(de)祖先和標志(zhi)。根據(ju)歷(li)史文獻資(zi)料和有(you)關傳說,龍(long)(原形為(wei)(wei)蛇)原為(wei)(wei)伏(fu)羲氏族的(de)圖騰(teng),后來成為(wei)(wei)太暤(hao)(太昊)部(bu)落的(de)圖騰(teng)。太暤(hao)部(bu)落是龍(long)圖騰(teng)崇(chong)拜(bai)最為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)要的(de)起源地之一(yi)。
在神靈崇拜(bai)階(jie)段(duan),農牧(mu)業逐漸形成,宗教(jiao)信(xin)仰(yang)也(ye)(ye)得(de)到發(fa)展(zhan),從較為單一的圖騰崇拜(bai)過渡(du)到多(duo)神崇拜(bai)。龍圖騰崇拜(bai)也(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)為龍神崇拜(bai)。人們把龍神化,奉龍為水神、虹神。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)被神化(hua)后,又與帝王(wang)崇拜(bai)結(jie)合(he)(he)在一(yi)起。商(shang)(shang)周時期,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋正(zheng)式作為(wei)天子(zi)紋章與權力象征。這時候(hou)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)周天子(zi)懸掛九旒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)旗(qi),并且穿著龍(long)(long)(long)(long)袞祭祀先(xian)王(wang)。秦漢時期,中國(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)統一(yi),要求有一(yi)個與之(zhi)相適(shi)應的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)神,以整合(he)(he)各(ge)地(di)、各(ge)民(min)族的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)仰,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)崇拜(bai)進一(yi)步與帝王(wang)崇拜(bai)結(jie)合(he)(he)在一(yi)起。中國(guo)(guo)古代帝王(wang)把自己說成是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)身(shen)或(huo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神之(zhi)子(zi),或(huo)把自己說成是(shi)受龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神保護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)人,借助龍(long)(long)(long)(long)樹(shu)立威信(xin),獲得人們普遍(bian)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)任和支持。這樣,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)獲得了更為(wei)顯赫的(de)(de)(de)地(di)位,對中國(guo)(guo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)文化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)發展起到十分重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。
在戰國時期便形成(cheng)了五色(se)龍(long)崇拜,及龍(long)神(shen)(shen)信仰。在春(chun)秋時期,有五行(xing)神(shen)(shen),分別(bie)與(yu)(yu)五行(xing)之神(shen)(shen)相匹配(pei)的是龍(long)、虎(hu)、鳳、龜和(he)麒麟(lin),龍(long)只是其(qi)中之一,與(yu)(yu)木神(shen)(shen)勾芒相搭配(pei),而五龍(long)觀(guan)念(nian)(nian)尚未(wei)形成(cheng)。到(dao)戰國時期,五龍(long)觀(guan)念(nian)(nian)開始形成(cheng)。
最后(hou)(hou)是(shi)佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)娜(na)迦龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)崇拜與(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)崇拜相結合的(de)(de)階段(duan)。隋唐時代,佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)迅(xun)速(su)傳播,佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王崇拜也傳入(ru)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)。在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)本(ben)土的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)崇拜中(zhong),原(yuan)來只有龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)崇拜,沒有龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王崇拜,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王崇拜是(shi)在(zai)佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)傳入(ru)后(hou)(hou)引(yin)進的(de)(de)。隨著佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)傳播,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)宮、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)女等也得(de)到迅(xun)速(su)流傳。道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)本(ben)土宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),是(shi)在(zai)原(yuan)始巫(wu)術的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)。先秦時代的(de)(de)乘龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)周(zhou)游四(si)海、乘龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)升天,以(yi)(yi)及以(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)溝通天人的(de)(de)信仰,被道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)全盤繼承。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)被認為是(shi)“三轎(jiao)”之一。這里所指的(de)(de)“三轎(jiao)”,一曰(yue)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)轎(jiao),二曰(yue)虎轎(jiao),三曰(yue)鹿轎(jiao),作(zuo)上(shang)天入(ru)地的(de)(de)乘騎(qi)工具。道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)里有許真(zhen)君御龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)及建立鎖龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)井的(de)(de)著名神(shen)話故事,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)各地的(de)(de)鎖龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)井故事的(de)(de)作(zuo)者就(jiu)是(shi)巫(wu)師(shi)即中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)道(dao)士所為。
1987年,河(he)南濮陽西水坡遺址,距離今(jin)天(tian)6000多年仰(yang)韶文化早(zao)期的(de)大墓,在男性墓主(zhu)人身邊出土(tu)了一條(tiao)用蚌殼堆(dui)塑的(de)龍,這(zhe)是目(mu)前發現(xian)的(de)最早(zao)的(de)龍。
1994年,在湖(hu)(hu)北黃梅(mei)縣白(bai)湖(hu)(hu)鄉焦墩遺址(zhi),清理到一條(tiao)長4.4米(mi)的卵(luan)石擺塑龍,距今(jin)約六千年。
新(xin)石器時(shi)代晚期,玉的(de)(de)神(shen)秘功能在(zai)先民的(de)(de)眼里愈發至關(guan)重要,與天(tian)地宗(zong)祖(zu)鬼(gui)神(shen)溝通的(de)(de)琮、璧(bi)、戚等禮(li)器,都是用好玉琢制的(de)(de)。在(zai)遼西(xi)、內蒙古、徽(hui)、湘、鄂、太湖流域的(de)(de)發達地區,人們也用玉琢出龍(long)形(xing),足見龍(long)在(zai)當時(shi)非同一(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)地位。
安徽凌家灘白玉龍(long)。距(ju)今(jin)五千年左右。首尾相聯的(de)扁環形,雞骨白色泛(fan)綠斑,此(ci)龍(long)除(chu)背(bei)環一周明確的(de)脊鬣,尤為形象的(de)是(shi)龍(long)首呈牛(niu)頭形,頭上兩支微翹(qiao)的(de)彎角(jiao),直觀就是(shi)當地水牛(niu)頭上的(de)雙角(jiao)。
浙江余(yu)杭瑤(yao)(yao)山白玉(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)。良渚文化(hua)。玉(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)組成(cheng)比較特別,由四個同(tong)向(xiang)龍(long)(long)(long)首圍成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個鐲(zhuo)(zhuo)形(xing)。龍(long)(long)(long)首分布均(jun)勻地淺(qian)凸(tu)于鐲(zhuo)(zhuo)面上(shang)。嘴、眼、耳淺(qian)浮(fu)雕狀,龍(long)(long)(long)角(jiao)、牙(ya)齒等(deng)一(yi)(yi)些細部用陰(yin)線勾勒。發掘報告描述它“眼和(he)牙(ya)近(jin)似(si)(si)水(shui)牛(niu)(niu)或(huo)鹿,鼻如豬,角(jiao)與耳非(fei)牛(niu)(niu)非(fei)鹿,似(si)(si)為各種動(dong)(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結合圖形(xing)。……平面加一(yi)(yi)個側面進行斜向(xiang)觀察,其形(xing)態(tai)和(he)傳(chuan)統(tong)觀念(nian)龍(long)(long)(long)形(xing)頗為近(jin)似(si)(si),……環曲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐲(zhuo)(zhuo)身(shen),或(huo)可視作龍(long)(long)(long)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象征”。此類(lei)龍(long)(long)(long)形(xing),在浙江反山、瑤(yao)(yao)山等(deng)遺址出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)璜、柱形(xing)器(qi)、山字形(xing)器(qi)管和(he)小(xiao)(xiao)玉(yu)璧(bi)上(shang)多有發現。扁(bian)長吻,縮(suo)頸俯伏,面額仰天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)姿(zi)酷似(si)(si)一(yi)(yi)條淺(qian)潛(qian)水(shui)下,僅浮(fu)露鼻眼,隨時準(zhun)備獵取小(xiao)(xiao)動(dong)(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鱷(e)魚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象。一(yi)(yi)排(pai)整齊犀利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)齒,更是這一(yi)(yi)水(shui)中獵手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)寫(xie)照。
湖南澧縣(xian)孫家(jia)崗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉龍(long)。龍(long)山文化(hua)。扁簿狀(zhuang),鏤刻透雕(diao)而成(cheng)。頭頂有高(gao)聳華麗(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角狀(zhuang)裝(zhuang)飾,腹下有雕(diao)鏤逼真的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)腳(這恐怕(pa)是已(yi)知(zhi)玉龍(long)中最(zui)早(zao)發(fa)現龍(long)腳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)例子(zi))。但蜷(quan)曲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體,仍隱約能見“C”字(zi)形(xing)狀(zhuang)。長(chang)吻(wen)、圓眼(yan)等獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造型,同樣具有鱷魚(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體態特(te)征。
湖北天門肖家屋(wu)脊(ji)玦形(xing)玉龍石家河文化。外(wai)形(xing)極似紅山(shan)文化“C”字形(xing)玉龍,只(zhi)是頭形(xing)不似紅山(shan)豬、熊、馬首(shou)形(xing),而(er)略與鱷接近。
以上諸玉龍(long),都(dou)是新石(shi)器時(shi)代(dai)晚期距今五千年左右的典(dian)型玉龍(long)。從動物學角度分析,主(zhu)要(yao)是馬、熊、牛、鱷幾(ji)種,特征清晰,種類明確。
至于安徽凌家(jia)灘玉(yu)龍為牛(niu)(niu)首形,據了解,水牛(niu)(niu)在(zai)這一帶,不久前還是農(nong)家(jia)的(de)主要畜力,也(ye)是當地農(nong)民(min)幾(ji)千年(nian)賴以生存的(de)動物,即使是上世紀五(wu)十年(nian)代的(de)人民(min)政(zheng)府,也(ye)曾多(duo)次(ci)發布公告,嚴禁(jin)宰(zai)割耕(geng)牛(niu)(niu),足見(jian)牛(niu)(niu)在(zai)當地人民(min)生活中占據過多(duo)么重要的(de)地位。凌家(jia)灘先民(min)把這一具有神奇般力量,對農(nong)業豐產(chan)作出極大貢獻的(de)水牛(niu)(niu),虛幻神化為龍的(de)形象,順理成章。
浙江余杭瑤山(shan)白玉龍、湖(hu)南澧縣孫家崗白玉龍、湖(hu)北天門肖家屋脊玦形龍,頭形都似鱷(e)魚(yu),而(er)鱷(e)魚(yu)也正(zheng)是(shi)長江流域及江南水鄉地帶(dai)常見的(de)、令人印象深刻(ke)的(de)動物(wu)。有人分(fen)析認為,鱷(e)魚(yu)總是(shi)在冬(dong)眠之后在春(chun)天破穴決(jue)堤造成水災,人們(men)也往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)在這(zhe)個(ge)時候看(kan)到了鱷(e)魚(yu)出沒在波濤滾(gun)滾(gun)之中,便以為鱷(e)魚(yu)有一種超自然的(de)力量,使(shi)人們(men)逐漸由鱷(e)產生了龍神的(de)形象和崇拜。
繁多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)型,特(te)別是新(xin)石器時(shi)代晚期玉龍(long)各有(you)祖形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象,說明龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)其實是與(yu)新(xin)石器時(shi)代晚期當(dang)時(shi)當(dang)地氏(shi)族先(xian)民所尊(zun)崇、敬畏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某種(zhong)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)直(zhi)接相關,與(yu)當(dang)時(shi)當(dang)地生(sheng)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)群有(you)關。如(ru)鱷應該在江(jiang)河沼澤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江(jiang)浙湘鄂地區,而不(bu)應該出遼西的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山區和茫茫無際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)草原(yuan)上(shang);馬(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蹤(zong)跡在太湖流域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石器時(shi)代古文化(hua)遺址中(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)發現……這種(zhong)與(yu)當(dang)時(shi)當(dang)地先(xian)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊(zun)重物(wu)(wu)(wu)緊(jin)密相連的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造龍(long)現象,直(zhi)至(zhi)以(yi)后仍(reng)會導致另(ling)類(lei)新(xin)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)。如(ru)商代人(ren)首雙角龍(long)紋青銅盉(he),漢代馬(ma)王堆帛畫上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)形龍(long),江(jiang)蘇丹徒丁(ding)卯橋唐代鎏金(jin)銀盆(pen)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魚龍(long)等(deng)等(deng)。其中(zhong)人(ren)形龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現,說明受到尊(zun)崇、仰(yang)慕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首領、英雄人(ren)物(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng),同樣可以(yi)成龍(long)。這一(yi)現象即使在科學(xue)發達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2019年,仍(reng)能產生(sheng)其不(bu)可思(si)議的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。總而言之,這種(zhong)奇妙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、唯“龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳人(ren)”獨具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“龍(long)”化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意識行為,實質就是將這種(zhong)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)或人(ren)予以(yi)“神”化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程。
《竹書紀(ji)年》載(zai):伏羲氏(shi)(shi)各(ge)氏(shi)(shi)族中有飛龍氏(shi)(shi)、潛龍氏(shi)(shi)、居龍氏(shi)(shi)、降(jiang)龍氏(shi)(shi)、土龍氏(shi)(shi)、水(shui)龍氏(shi)(shi)、青龍氏(shi)(shi)、赤龍氏(shi)(shi)、白龍氏(shi)(shi)、黑龍氏(shi)(shi)、黃(huang)龍氏(shi)(shi)。
古籍說帝舜(shun)和夏(xia)代(dai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)飼養龍(long)的(de)活動(dong),以龍(long)作氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族的(de)族名(ming)。《路史·后(hou)紀》卷十(shi)一(yi):“當舜(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,人來(lai)效獻(獻也(ye))龍(long),求能(neng)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。高陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),有(you)(you)(you)(you)董父能(neng)求其(qi)(qi)欲,使豢(huan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。賜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)白(bai)豢(huan)龍(long)。封于(yu)(yu)鬷川,于(yu)(yu)是始(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)豢(huan)龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官。”《左(zuo)傳》昭公二十(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)云:“帝舜(shun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)世有(you)(you)(you)(you)畜龍(long),及(有(you)(you)(you)(you))夏(xia)孔(kong)甲,擾(rao)于(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)帝。帝賜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乘龍(long),河(he)漢各(ge)二,各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)雌(ci)(ci)雄(xiong)。孔(kong)甲不(bu)能(neng)食,而(er)未獲豢(huan)龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。陶唐(tang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)既(ji)衰,其(qi)(qi)后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)劉累學擾(rao)龍(long)于(yu)(yu)豢(huan)龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),以事(shi)孔(kong)甲,能(neng)飲食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),夏(xia)后(hou)嘉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),賜姓(氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))曰御(yu)龍(long),以更豕韋(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)。龍(long)一(yi)雌(ci)(ci)死(si),潛醢以食夏(xia)后(hou)。夏(xia)后(hou)飧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),既(ji)而(er)使求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),懼(ju)而(er)遷于(yu)(yu)魯縣,范(fan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)后(hou)也(ye)。”
到了商(shang)及西(xi)周(zhou)時期(qi),龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)出(chu)現了兩極(ji)分化(hua)(hua):一種無比猙(zheng)獰(ning),最有(you)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)是山西(xi)石樓縣桃花莊出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)代晚期(qi)銅(tong)(tong)龍(long)(long)形觥(gong),張開(kai)大(da)嘴(zui)露(lu)出(chu)利齒,兩角(jiao)高(gao)聳(song)恐怖(bu)懾(she)人,就是鱷魚的(de)(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang);一種十(shi)分溫(wen)順,比如商(shang)代晚期(qi)河南安陽殷墟婦好墓出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)蟠龍(long)(long)盤,其他(ta)殷墟墓葬中也有(you)發現。商(shang)周(zhou)時期(qi),龍(long)(long)文化(hua)(hua)更得到廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)播。龍(long)(long)由圖騰(teng)時代原(yuan)始的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)形象(xiang)變成(cheng)真正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)紋(wen),約在商(shang)代。商(shang)王朝非常重(zhong)視宗教(jiao)與巫(wu)術,也就十(shi)分重(zhong)視宗教(jiao)活動中必不可少的(de)(de)(de)(de)禮器(qi)-青銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造。青銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾(shi)有(you)濃(nong)郁的(de)(de)(de)(de)宗教(jiao)色彩,即通(tong)過(guo)各種象(xiang)征性的(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾(shi),向人們展示應崇拜的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)靈,求其保護,免受怪(guai)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)侵害。這種紋(wen)飾(shi)中,原(yuan)龍(long)(long)紋(wen)成(cheng)為主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分。
商周時期,龍紋(wen)已經正式成為(wei)天子(zi)紋(wen)章(zhang)和權力象征。除了將(jiang)龍紋(wen)刻畫在青(qing)銅器上,商周的統(tong)治者還把(ba)龍紋(wen)畫在旗幟(zhi)和衣服上,以(yi)作為(wei)身份的象征。
《商頌·玄鳥(niao)》:“龍旂十乘,大(da)糦是(shi)乘。”
《荀子(zi)·禮論》:“天子(zi)大路(lu)越席,所(suo)以養體也(ye);龍旂九斿,所(suo)以養信也(ye)。”
《周禮·春官》:“享先王(wang),則袞冕。”
《晏子(zi)春秋》:“昔(xi)者秦繆公乘龍舟而(er)理天(tian)下。”
《史記·封禪(chan)書》載:“昔秦文公出獵,獲黑(hei)龍”。
龍(long)(long)(long)原(yuan)本(ben)是中(zhong)華先民崇拜對象(xiang),但隨著(zhu)專(zhuan)制程度的不斷加深,君權之(zhi)(zhi)日益膨脹,帝王之(zhi)(zhi)家憑借(jie)政治優勢,將(jiang)龍(long)(long)(long)據為(wei)(wei)己有。《呂氏春(chun)秋》中(zhong),便(bian)有將(jiang)晉文公“喻之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)”的記載。其后有秦(qin)始皇(huang)稱“祖(zu)龍(long)(long)(long)”之(zhi)(zhi)說。秦(qin)漢(han)以后,龍(long)(long)(long)已定型為(wei)(wei)帝王化身,皇(huang)室專(zhuan)利。皇(huang)帝為(wei)(wei)“真龍(long)(long)(long)天(tian)(tian)子”,出生曰(yue)“真龍(long)(long)(long)天(tian)(tian)降”,駕崩稱“龍(long)(long)(long)御上(shang)賓”;所居(ju)者(zhe)(zhe)龍(long)(long)(long)庭,臥者(zhe)(zhe)龍(long)(long)(long)床,座者(zhe)(zhe)龍(long)(long)(long)椅(yi),穿者(zhe)(zhe)龍(long)(long)(long)袍。
西(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)董(dong)仲舒所撰的《春(chun)秋繁露》中,記有(you)民間祈(qi)求龍降雨以保(bao)豐(feng)收的祀龍降雨活動。在長沙馬王堆(dui)西(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)墓出土(tu)的著名(ming)帛畫(hua)上(shang),也有(you)龍的形象。這表明在西(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)時(shi)期(qi),龍已(yi)經(jing)是社(she)會生活中流傳相當廣泛的一種文化意識了。
《新唐書·五行(xing)志三》載(zai):“貞元末(805年),資江得(de)龍丈余,西(xi)川節度使(shi)韋皋匣而獻之,老姓縱觀。三日,為煙所熏而死”。該事,《太(tai)平廣記(ji)》卷四(si)二二引牛(niu)肅《紀聞》談的比較詳細。
《唐(tang)年補錄》載:唐(tang)咸(xian)通末(mo),舒(shu)州(zhou)刺史孔威進龍骨一具,因有(you)表錄其事(shi)狀云(yun)(yun):“州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)桐(tong)城縣善(shan)政(zheng)鄉(xiang)百姓胡舉(ju),有(you)青龍斗死(si)于庭中。時(shi)四月,尚有(you)繭箔在庭。忽云(yun)(yun)雷暴(bao)起,聞云(yun)(yun)中擊觸聲,血如釃雨,灑繭箔上,血不(bu)氵于箔,漸(jian)旋結聚,可拾置掌(zhang)上。須臾(yu),令人冷痛入骨。初龍拖尾及地,繞(rao)一泔(gan)桶(tong),即騰身入云(yun)(yun)。及雨,悉(xi)是泔(gan)也。龍既死(si),剖(pou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),喉中有(you)大瘡。凡(fan)長(chang)十余丈(zhang)。鱗鬣(lie)皆魚(yu)。唯(wei)有(you)須長(chang)二丈(zhang)。其足有(you)赤(chi)膜(mo)翳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。雙角各長(chang)二丈(zhang)。時(shi)遣大云(yun)(yun)倉(cang)使督而送州(zhou)。以肉(rou)重不(bu)能全舉(ju),乃剸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為數十段(duan),載之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赴官。”
《遼史·太祖(zu)本紀下》記:“神冊五年(920年)夏(xia)五月(yue)庚辰(chen),有龍見于(yu)拽刺(ci)山陽水上。上射獲之,藏其骨內府”。北宋(song)沈括《夢溪筆談·雜志一》介(jie)紹過他出使契丹時所聞該(gai)事,元(yuan)好(hao)問(wen)《續夷堅志》對(dui)該(gai)事談的較詳(xiang)細,是(shi)條五尺小龍。
明朝洪武(wu)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi),龍(long)(long)紋的(de)(de)造型基本上(shang)保(bao)持著元代龍(long)(long)紋的(de)(de)形狀。其特征概(gai)括為頭小、頸細(xi)、身(shen)體細(xi)長、少毛發、三四爪(zhua)。永樂、宣德時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi),改(gai)變了前(qian)朝那種身(shen)細(xi)、頭小的(de)(de)幼(you)稚龍(long)(long)形態,龍(long)(long)形變得形體高(gao)大(da)粗壯,威(wei)武(wu)兇猛。那時(shi),龍(long)(long)首較(jiao)元代的(de)(de)大(da),上(shang)顎(e)比下(xia)顎(e)長而高(gao)高(gao)突起,有張口和閉嘴之分。張口的(de)(de)伸舌(早期(qi)(qi)(qi)較(jiao)長如戟狀,后(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)略短微微上(shang)翹(qiao)),閉嘴的(de)(de)上(shang)唇似(si)如意(yi)狀,鼻的(de)(de)兩側(ce)有對稱的(de)(de)長曲須(xu),下(xia)顎(e)多有兩束或三束的(de)(de)疏(shu)須(xu),頭毛是一束束的(de)(de)疏(shu)毛,前(qian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)發少,后(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)發多。
到了成化、弘治(zhi)、正德年(nian)(nian)間(jian),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)型失(shi)去了前朝(chao)張牙舞(wu)爪、叱咤風(feng)云(yun)的(de)雄姿(zi),表現出(chu)一(yi)副性情溫順的(de)神(shen)態。常見(jian)的(de)一(yi)種閉(bi)嘴(zui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),多在花(hua)(hua)間(jian)、蓮(lian)池、海水彩云(yun)中出(chu)現。除了閉(bi)嘴(zui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),也有(you)(you)少量張口龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、螭龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。而嘉(jia)靖(jing)、隆慶、萬歷年(nian)(nian)間(jian),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋則以行龍(long)(long)(long)(long)為多。有(you)(you)雙龍(long)(long)(long)(long)相對(dui)的(de),有(you)(you)張牙舞(wu)爪的(de),有(you)(you)兩龍(long)(long)(long)(long)爭珠(zhu)、回首(shou)而望的(de),也有(you)(you)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)鳳對(dui)舞(wu)的(de)。有(you)(you)行于(yu)花(hua)(hua)間(jian)、舞(wu)于(yu)彩云(yun)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)形,也有(you)(you)游于(yu)海濤(tao)之中的(de)蛟(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。此時的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋,亦分張口和閉(bi)嘴(zui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。在工藝(yi)上,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋大不如前。常見(jian)畫工簡(jian)單(dan)草率,有(you)(you)的(de)把(ba)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)鱗畫成簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)網格(ge)紋,神(shen)氣也差。有(you)(you)的(de)顯得(de)瘦弱(ruo),失(shi)去駕云(yun)行海叱咤風(feng)云(yun)的(de)神(shen)威。
雍正(zheng)、乾(qian)隆年間,龍(long)型的(de)角分叉成山(shan)字形(xing),龍(long)的(de)眼睛顯(xian)圓,龍(long)的(de)爪(zhua)(zhua)(zhua)已(yi)不似(si)明代鷹爪(zhua)(zhua)(zhua),五趾(zhi)(zhi)相靠成“風車”狀。這時的(de)龍(long)爪(zhua)(zhua)(zhua)拇趾(zhi)(zhi)與食(shi)趾(zhi)(zhi)相距較大(da),趾(zhi)(zhi)甲(jia)顯(xian)得細(xi)小,沒有了(le)元(yuan)、明時期三角形(xing)的(de)那種鋒利感(gan)。所以(yi),清代龍(long)爪(zhua)(zhua)(zhua)給(gei)人以(yi)有形(xing)無力(li)之(zhi)感(gan)。清末的(de)龍(long)紋(wen),其精神大(da)不如(ru)之(zhi)前的(de)威武(wu)、健壯,顯(xian)得腰(yao)硬,老態龍(long)鐘,四肢(zhi)無力(li)。對比(bi)發現,之(zhi)前的(de)龍(long)體盤曲度大(da),有三波九(jiu)折之(zhi)美(mei)。而清末時盤曲少(shao)了(le),故顯(xian)腰(yao)體硬直(zhi)之(zhi)感(gan)。
概括起(qi)來,明(ming)代(dai)龍(long)(long)(long)紋及(ji)造型粗壯(zhuang),威武生猛,龍(long)(long)(long)首魁梧,有怒發沖冠之(zhi)氣勢(shi)。龍(long)(long)(long)趾呈(cheng)三角形(xing),略(lve)微內(nei)彎,鋒利剛勁。明(ming)中期時龍(long)(long)(long)首扁長,上(shang)唇呈(cheng)如(ru)(ru)意狀(zhuang),龍(long)(long)(long)爪緊靠呈(cheng)風車狀(zhuang)。明(ming)晚期時,仍以(yi)游龍(long)(long)(long)居多,龍(long)(long)(long)的頭部略(lve)圓,鬃(zong)毛成蓬,有上(shang)沖之(zhi)勢(shi)。這時的龍(long)(long)(long)型上(shang)顎端(duan)肌(ji)肉高高突起(qi),呈(cheng)如(ru)(ru)意狀(zhuang),形(xing)如(ru)(ru)豬嘴,人稱“豬嘴龍(long)(long)(long)”。而清代(dai)龍(long)(long)(long)紋顯(xian)得華貴精(jing)巧,富麗堂皇(huang)。
在(zai)中華,龍(long)(long)(long)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)傳說蘊涵(han)(han)著中國(guo)人(ren)所重視的(de)(de)天人(ren)合一的(de)(de)宇宙(zhou)觀(guan);仁(ren)者愛人(ren)互主(zhu)(zhu)體觀(guan)的(de)(de)訴求;陰陽交合的(de)(de)發展觀(guan);兼容并包(bao)的(de)(de)多元(yuan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)觀(guan)。中國(guo)龍(long)(long)(long)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)內(nei)涵(han)(han)豐(feng)富,從性(xing)質和(he)內(nei)涵(han)(han)來看,龍(long)(long)(long)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)可分為(wei)三大類型:宗教龍(long)(long)(long)、政治龍(long)(long)(long)和(he)藝術龍(long)(long)(long)。宗教龍(long)(long)(long)即把龍(long)(long)(long)當作圣物或(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)靈(ling)來崇拜,把龍(long)(long)(long)視為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)雨(yu)水之神(shen)(shen)(shen)或(huo)保護神(shen)(shen)(shen)等。政治龍(long)(long)(long)是統(tong)(tong)治階級(ji)利用(yong)人(ren)們普遍崇拜龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)心(xin)理(li),把帝(di)王說成是龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)身,是神(shen)(shen)(shen)圣不可侵犯的(de)(de),用(yong)以(yi)(yi)維護統(tong)(tong)治。藝術龍(long)(long)(long)就是以(yi)(yi)藝術的(de)(de)形式(shi)表現對龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)敬仰和(he)崇拜,即以(yi)(yi)雕(diao)刻、塑造、繪畫(hua)、舞蹈、神(shen)(shen)(shen)話傳說、競(jing)技(ji)活動等方(fang)式(shi)表現龍(long)(long)(long)。
中國龍文化(hua)具有鮮明特色(se)。
1.悠久(jiu)性。中國(guo)龍(long)(long)(long)崇拜歷史在(zai)世界上最為久(jiu)遠。據考古發(fa)掘資(zi)料(liao),最早的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)形(xing)象是在(zai)1994年(nian)發(fa)掘的(de)遼(liao)寧阜新查(cha)海遺址中發(fa)現的(de),這一遺址中有一條距今七八千年(nian)的(de)興(xing)隆洼文化石塊堆塑龍(long)(long)(long)。在(zai)新石器遺址中,還發(fa)現了(le)眾多的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)形(xing)象。至于玉(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)和龍(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)就更多。
2.延續(xu)性。龍(long)文(wen)化在(zai)中國(guo)歷久不衰,歷朝歷代延續(xu)不斷,可以說是延續(xu)時間最長、生命力(li)最強的文(wen)化現象(xiang)之一。
3.多樣(yang)性。中(zhong)國龍(long)(long)(long)文化豐富多樣(yang)。龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)形象變(bian)化多樣(yang),中(zhong)國各朝(chao)代的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)形象均(jun)有所(suo)不(bu)同。各地與龍(long)(long)(long)有關的(de)(de)民(min)俗活動也各不(bu)相(xiang)同,龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)神話傳(chuan)說豐富多彩,祭龍(long)(long)(long)儀式紛繁復雜。
4.普遍性(xing)。中國(guo)(guo)大(da)多數民族都崇拜(bai)龍(long),有龍(long)抬頭節習俗,帶有“龍(long)”字的地(di)名(ming)、物名(ming)、人(ren)名(ming)遍布全國(guo)(guo)各地(di)。
5.整(zheng)合(he)(he)(he)性(xing)。自秦漢之后,龍(long)神崇拜與帝王崇拜結合(he)(he)(he)在(zai)一起,龍(long)獲得(de)了更為顯赫的地(di)位,這使各地(di)區(qu)、各民族本來不同的龍(long)文化得(de)到整(zheng)合(he)(he)(he)。中國(guo)龍(long)文化經過(guo)整(zheng)合(he)(he)(he),具有(you)更強(qiang)的生命力(li)和(he)傳(chuan)播力(li)。
龍(long)生(sheng)(sheng)九子(zi):據明(ming)人李東(dong)陽《懷麓堂(tang)集》載,龍(long)生(sheng)(sheng)九子(zi)不(bu)成龍(long),各有(you)所好。囚牛:性(xing)喜(xi)音樂,舊時多(duo)刻(ke)于(yu)胡琴(qin)頭(tou)上(shang)。睚眥(zi)(yá zì):平生(sheng)(sheng)好殺(sha),喜(xi)血腥之(zhi)氣(qi)。樣(yang)子(zi)像長了龍(long)角(jiao)的(de)豺狼(lang),怒(nu)目而(er)視(shi),雙角(jiao)向后緊貼背部。常(chang)(chang)被(bei)雕(diao)飾在(zai)(zai)(zai)刀柄劍(jian)鞘(qiao)上(shang)。嘲風(feng)(cháo fēng):喜(xi)好冒險,常(chang)(chang)用其形狀在(zai)(zai)(zai)殿角(jiao)上(shang)作為裝飾,具(ju)有(you)威懾妖魔、清除災禍的(de)含義。蒲牢(pú láo):喜(xi)歡(huan)(huan)吼叫,人們常(chang)(chang)把(ba)它安在(zai)(zai)(zai)鐘上(shang)。狻(suan)猊(suān ní):形如獅,喜(xi)歡(huan)(huan)蹲坐(zuo)。佛祖(zu)見(jian)(jian)它有(you)耐心,便收在(zai)(zai)(zai)胯下當(dang)了坐(zuo)騎。赑屃(xi)(bì xì):似(si)龜,好負(fu)(fu)重。各地的(de)宮(gong)殿、祠堂(tang)、陵墓中(zhong)均可見(jian)(jian)到其背負(fu)(fu)石(shi)碑的(de)樣(yang)子(zi)。狴(bi)犴(bì àn):平生(sheng)(sheng)好訟(song),其形似(si)虎,往往刻(ke)于(yu)獄門之(zhi)上(shang)。負(fu)(fu)屃(xi)(fù xì):平生(sheng)(sheng)好文,常(chang)(chang)盤繞在(zai)(zai)(zai)石(shi)碑碑文頭(tou)頂。螭吻(chī wěn):喜(xi)歡(huan)(huan)東(dong)張西(xi)望(wang),經常(chang)(chang)被(bei)安排在(zai)(zai)(zai)建筑物(wu)的(de)屋脊上(shang),作建筑物(wu)上(shang)的(de)吻獸。不(bu)過(guo)民(min)間傳說(shuo)中(zhong)之(zhi)龍(long)子(zi)遠(yuan)不(bu)止上(shang)述(shu)九位,九乃虛(xu)指,以示(shi)數量之(zhi)多(duo);又是陽極(ji)之(zhi)貴數,以示(shi)地位尊(zun)崇。折射出我中(zhong)華先人對子(zi)孫(sun)眾多(duo)的(de)期盼、對變異性(xing)的(de)破解以及對后來習得(de)的(de)肯定的(de)文化(hua)理(li)念。
龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang):唐玄宗時(shi),詘(chu)祠龍(long)(long)(long)池(chi),設壇官致祭(ji)(ji),以(yi)祭(ji)(ji)雨師之(zhi)儀祭(ji)(ji)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。宋(song)太祖沿用唐代祭(ji)(ji)五(wu)龍(long)(long)(long)之(zhi)制。宋(song)徽(hui)宗大(da)觀二(er)年(1108 年)詘(chu)天下五(wu)龍(long)(long)(long)皆封(feng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)爵。封(feng)青龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)廣(guang)仁王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),赤龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)嘉澤(ze)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),黃龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)孚應(ying)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),白龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)義濟王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),黑龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)靈澤(ze)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。清(qing)同治二(er)年(1863年)又封(feng)運河(he)龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)“延庥顯應(ying)分水龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)神(shen)(shen)”,令河(he)道(dao)總督以(yi)時(shi)致祭(ji)(ji)。在《西游記》中(zhong),龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)分別是∶東海(hai)敖(ao)(ao)廣(guang)、南海(hai)敖(ao)(ao)欽、西海(hai)敖(ao)(ao)閏、北海(hai)敖(ao)(ao)順,稱為(wei)(wei)四海(hai)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(如四海(hai)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),五(wu)方龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang))是在中(zhong)國古(gu)代龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)信仰及佛教龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)信仰的(de)基礎(chu)上形成(cheng)的(de)。
龍脈(mo):風水(shui)(shui)(shui)學把起(qi)伏的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)稱為(wei)龍脈(mo),古代“風水(shui)(shui)(shui)術”首(shou)推“地理五訣”,就(jiu)是(shi)“覓龍、察(cha)砂、觀水(shui)(shui)(shui)、點穴、立(li)向”。龍就(jiu)是(shi)地理脈(mo)絡,土是(shi)龍的(de)(de)肉、石是(shi)龍的(de)(de)骨、草木(mu)是(shi)龍的(de)(de)毛發。尋(xun)龍首(shou)先(xian)應該先(xian)尋(xun)祖宗父(fu)母山(shan)(shan)脈(mo),審氣脈(mo)別生氣,分陰陽。最著(zhu)名的(de)(de)龍脈(mo)為(wei)昆(kun)侖山(shan)(shan)和秦(qin)嶺(ling)。
龍(long)的傳人(ren):所謂(wei)龍(long)的傳人(ren),主要(yao)意思(si)是(shi)說(shuo)龍(long)之(zhi)血(xue)緣的傳承(cheng)人(ren),說(shuo)遠古的先祖是(shi)人(ren)和龍(long)交(jiao)合的產物(wu),次要(yao)意思(si)是(shi)說(shuo)龍(long)之(zhi)澤物(wu)無畏精(jing)神的傳承(cheng)人(ren)。
生肖:龍在(zai)中國傳統(tong)的十二生肖中排列第五(wu)位,對應的地支是辰(chen),所(suo)以(yi)有辰(chen)龍一(yi)說。龍與鳳(feng)凰、麒麟、玄武一(yi)起并稱“四靈”。
元宵節舞(wu)龍(long):舞(wu)龍(long)俗(su)稱玩龍(long)燈,是(shi)一種(zhong)中國傳統民俗(su)文化活動之一,每逢喜慶(qing)節日都會舞(wu)龍(long),以舞(wu)龍(long)的(de)方式(shi)來祈求平安(an)和豐收(shou)。舞(wu)龍(long)時,龍(long)跟著繡球做各(ge)種(zhong)動,穿插,不(bu)斷地(di)展示扭、揮、仰、跪(gui)、跳、搖等多種(zhong)姿(zi)勢。
二月(yue)二,龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou):農(nong)歷二月(yue)初二,俗稱青(qing)龍(long)(long)節,傳說(shuo)是(shi)龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)的日子。據易(yi)經(jing)中的說(shuo)法,這一(yi)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian),雖然(ran)已屬春天(tian)(tian),但還(huan)蟄伏著(zhu),稱之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)“潛龍(long)(long)在淵”。這一(yi)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)后,陽氣上升,春意隱(yin)約可(ke)見,故曰“見龍(long)(long)在田”。顧(gu)名思義,龍(long)(long)出現了,一(yi)切都開始嶄露頭(tou)角。起初為(wei)“龍(long)(long)頭(tou)節”,敬(jing)龍(long)(long)祈雨(yu),讓老天(tian)(tian)佑保(bao)農(nong)業豐收。更為(wei)普遍的說(shuo)法是(shi)二月(yue)二龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou),所以(yi)每個人都要去理發,以(yi)沾染“龍(long)(long)”氣,迎取(qu)吉利。
端午節賽龍舟:龍舟賽是(shi)一種(zhong)古老(lao)民俗(su)活動。端午龍舟競渡的(de)(de)習俗(su),早在(zai)屈原之前已經存(cun)在(zai)。長江中(zhong)下游廣大(da)地(di)區,在(zai)新(xin)石器時(shi)代,有(you)一種(zhong)幾何(he)印紋(wen)陶(tao)(tao)為特征的(de)(de)文化(hua)遺存(cun)。該遺存(cun)的(de)(de)族(zu)(zu)屬,據專家(jia)推斷是(shi)一個崇(chong)拜龍的(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)騰的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)族(zu)(zu)——史稱百(bai)越族(zu)(zu)。出(chu)土陶(tao)(tao)器上的(de)(de)紋(wen)飾和歷(li)史傳說示明,他們有(you)斷發紋(wen)身的(de)(de)習俗(su),生活于水鄉,自(zi)比是(shi)龍的(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)孫。最早是(shi)古越祖先將部(bu)(bu)落圖(tu)(tu)騰繪制在(zai)獨(du)木舟上,又(you)劃著這(zhe)種(zhong)舟去(qu)探親訪友,有(you)時(shi)大(da)家(jia)遇到一起,便會趁興(xing)比賽誰劃得(de)快。在(zai)數千年的(de)(de)歷(li)史發展中(zhong),大(da)部(bu)(bu)分百(bai)越人已經融(rong)合(he)到漢(han)族(zu)(zu)中(zhong)了,其(qi)余部(bu)(bu)分則演變為南方許多少數民族(zu)(zu)。隨著龍神觀念逐漸(jian)成為炎黃(huang)子(zi)(zi)孫共同的(de)(de)意(yi)識后,圖(tu)(tu)騰舟也就演變成了各式各樣的(de)(de)龍舟,并從中(zhong)產生出(chu)競渡的(de)(de)游藝形式,此后漸(jian)漸(jian)形成為中(zhong)國(guo)各地(di)的(de)(de)傳統風俗(su)。
龍(long)鳳(feng)呈(cheng)祥(xiang):典出《孔(kong)叢(cong)子(zi)(zi)·記問》:“天子(zi)(zi)布德,將致太平,則(ze)麟(lin)鳳(feng)龜龍(long)先(xian)為(wei)之呈(cheng)祥(xiang)。”在中國(guo)傳統理念里,龍(long)和鳳(feng)代表(biao)著吉祥(xiang)如(ru)意,龍(long)鳳(feng)一起(qi)使用多表(biao)示喜(xi)慶之事(shi)。傳說中秦穆公的(de)女兒弄玉和駙馬蕭史在華山隱(yin)居修煉,得道乘龍(long)鳳(feng)而(er)去,后來人(ren)們為(wei)紀念弄玉和蕭史的(de)動人(ren)故事(shi),就用“龍(long)鳳(feng)呈(cheng)祥(xiang)”來形(xing)容夫妻(qi)間比翼雙飛、恩愛相(xiang)隨、相(xiang)濡以沫、怡合(he)百(bai)年的(de)忠貞愛情。
隨著中國人移民海外,中國的龍文化也隨之流傳(chuan)到世(shi)界各地。
一兩(liang)千年(nian)以(yi)來,日本(ben)農民和漁民就(jiu)一直祭祀和崇拜(bai)龍(long),以(yi)求(qiu)風(feng)調(diao)雨(yu)順五谷豐登。在高(gao)松冢古墳中有一幅七世紀的(de)(de)壁畫《青龍(long)圖》,其形態(tai)與中國龍(long)相(xiang)差(cha)無幾。日本(ben)的(de)(de)古建(jian)筑中,中國漢唐明清時期龍(long)的(de)(de)形態(tai)較多見(jian),先(xian)秦時期的(de)(de)龍(long)則少見(jian)。可(ke)見(jian)中國龍(long)的(de)(de)藝術是從漢代開始大量傳入(ru)日本(ben)的(de)(de)。
中(zhong)國(guo)龍文化傳入(ru)東南(nan)(nan)亞要比日本早的(de)多,因而顯得更具原(yuan)始(shi)文化的(de)特性。龍的(de)頭(tou)大,有(you)些像獅子或牛(niu),腹(fu)粗(cu),尾大,足小。這(zhe)種(zhong)龍的(de)形象在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)地區的(de)建筑、服飾、雕刻(ke),以(yi)(yi)及龍舟(zhou)、龍舞(wu)和龍燈(deng)等(deng)民俗活(huo)動中(zhong),隨處可見。長(chang)江以(yi)(yi)南(nan)(nan)有(you)星(xing)羅棋布的(de)江河湖泊。龍舟(zhou)文化甚為(wei)發達(da)。指揮龍舟(zhou)競渡的(de)銅鼓飾有(you)龍鳳等(deng)吉(ji)祥動物(wu)圖案。
日(ri)本在(zai)(zai)唐代(dai)時(shi)與中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)頻繁(fan)往來(lai),大量學習(xi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)文(wen)化(hua),促進了(le)其社會進步。如日(ri)本的(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)建(jian)筑(zhu)和傳(chuan)統(tong)服飾(shi)其實完全就是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)唐代(dai)時(shi)的(de)(de)樣(yang)子。而在(zai)(zai)那個時(shi)候,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)龍都是三(san)爪(zhua),日(ri)本也就只能(neng)從中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)引進三(san)爪(zhua)的(de)(de)龍。在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)出(chu)現四(si)爪(zhua)龍后,已經開(kai)始閉關(guan)鎖國(guo)(guo),與日(ri)本斷(duan)了(le)往來(lai)。而韓(han)國(guo)(guo)一直到(dao)清末前都是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)附屬國(guo)(guo),當(dang)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)明代(dai)統(tong)治(zhi)者開(kai)始用五爪(zhua)龍圖案的(de)(de)時(shi)候,自然(ran)不可能(neng)讓(rang)屬國(guo)(guo)和自己(ji)平起平坐,於(wu)是韓(han)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)龍就只能(neng)是四(si)爪(zhua)了(le)。
龍(long)(long)生九(jiu)(jiu)子(zi)(zi)是指(zhi)龍(long)(long)生九(jiu)(jiu)個(ge)兒子(zi)(zi),九(jiu)(jiu)個(ge)兒子(zi)(zi)都不(bu)成龍(long)(long),各(ge)有(you)不(bu)同。所謂(wei)“龍(long)(long)生九(jiu)(jiu)子(zi)(zi)”,并非龍(long)(long)恰(qia)好(hao)生九(jiu)(jiu)子(zi)(zi)。中(zhong)國傳(chuan)統文化中(zhong),以(yi)九(jiu)(jiu)來(lai)表示極(ji)多(duo),有(you)至高無上地位(wei),九(jiu)(jiu)是個(ge)虛數,也是貴數,所以(yi)用來(lai)描述龍(long)(long)子(zi)(zi)。龍(long)(long)有(you)九(jiu)(jiu)子(zi)(zi)這個(ge)說法(fa)由來(lai)已久(jiu),但是究(jiu)竟是哪九(jiu)(jiu)種(zhong)動(dong)物一(yi)直沒有(you)說法(fa),直到明朝才出(chu)現了(le)各(ge)種(zhong)說法(fa)。明代一(yi)些(xie)學人筆(bi)記(ji),如陸容的(de)(de)(de)《菽園雜(za)記(ji)》、李東陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)《懷麓(lu)堂(tang)集(ji)(ji)》、楊慎的(de)(de)(de)《升庵(an)集(ji)(ji)》、李詡的(de)(de)(de)《戒庵(an)老(lao)人漫筆(bi)》、徐(xu)應(ying)秋的(de)(de)(de)《玉(yu)芝堂(tang)談蕓》等,對諸位(wei)龍(long)(long)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況均有(you)記(ji)載,但不(bu)統一(yi)。
龍(long)(long)生(sheng)九子(zi)古(gu)時民間有(you)“龍(long)(long)生(sheng)九子(zi),不(bu)成龍(long)(long),各有(you)所好”的傳說(shuo)(shuo)。但九子(zi)是(shi)什么,說(shuo)(shuo)法也不(bu)同。我們主要以年(nian)份偏老并已經被后(hou)人(ren)整理成書的《中國吉(ji)祥(xiang)圖說(shuo)(shuo)》來了解具體是(shi)哪(na)九子(zi)。
1.老(lao)大囚牛(niu),喜音(yin)樂,蹲立(li)于琴(qin)頭;
2.老二睚眥(yázì),嗜殺喜斗,刻鏤于刀(dao)環(huan)、劍柄(bing)吞(tun)口(kou);
3.老(lao)三嘲風(feng),形似獸,平生好險又好望,殿臺角上的走獸是(shi)它(ta)的遺像。也有人一(yi)直認(ren)為它(ta)是(shi)有著龍脈的鳳;
4.四子(zi)蒲牢(pú láo),受擊就大聲吼(hou)叫,充作洪鐘提(ti)梁(liang)的獸鈕,助(zhu)其(qi)鳴聲遠(yuan)揚(yang);
5.五子狻猊(suān ní),形如獅(shi),喜(xi)煙好(hao)坐,所以形象(xiang)一般出現于香爐上,隨之吞煙吐霧
6.六子霸下,又名(ming)赑屃(bì xì),似龜(gui)有齒,喜(xi)歡負重,是碑(bei)下龜(gui);
7.七子狴犴(bì àn),形似虎,好訟,獄門或官(guan)衙正堂兩側有其像;
8.八子負(fu)屃(fù xì),身似(si)龍,雅好斯文,盤繞在(zai)石碑(bei)頭頂;
9.老九螭吻(wen)(chī wěn),又名鴟(chi)(chī)尾或鴟(chi)吻(wen),口潤(run)嗓粗而好吞,遂成(cheng)殿脊兩端的吞脊獸(shou),取其滅火消災。
其他:
饕餮:四兇(xiong)之一,原為縉云氏之子。
貔貅:帶有祥瑞之氣的(de)一(yi)種神(shen)獸。
龍(long)(long)(long)為(wei)文化本源(yuan)。《易》乃群經之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首,大道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源(yuan)。而《易》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源(yuan),則(ze)可追溯至龍(long)(long)(long)書。《易》中,主(zhu)卦為(wei)乾(qian)(qian)、坤二卦。乾(qian)(qian)卦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,《易·乾(qian)(qian)·爻(yao)辭》則(ze)按六爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)順序揭示(shi)了事物(wu)包括(kuo)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)長的(de)普遍規律,以龍(long)(long)(long)成(cheng)長于(yu)(yu)水中為(wei)喻,提煉、總結出(chu)成(cheng)長為(wei)遨(ao)游天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)功(gong)者(zhe)的(de)六個人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)階段(duan)。如初(chu)九:潛龍(long)(long)(long),勿(wu)用。指(zhi)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)初(chu)期,象(xiang)征(zheng)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)學習階段(duan)。九二:見(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)在田,利見(jian)大人(ren)(ren)。指(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羽翼初(chu)豐,象(xiang)征(zheng)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)實習階段(duan)。九三:君子終日乾(qian)(qian)乾(qian)(qian),夕惕(ti)若,厲無咎。指(zhi)閱歷經驗均(jun)已具(ju)備,象(xiang)征(zheng)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)創(chuang)業階段(duan)。九四(si):或躍在淵,無咎。指(zhi)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)已達到(dao)德才兼(jian)備,象(xiang)征(zheng)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)成(cheng)功(gong)階段(duan)。九五:飛龍(long)(long)(long)在天(tian),利見(jian)大人(ren)(ren)。指(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)騰出(chu)江河,飛離陸(lu)地(di),象(xiang)征(zheng)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)追求與(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)就已到(dao)極致。上(shang)九:亢龍(long)(long)(long)有(you)悔,揭示(shi)出(chu)物(wu)極必反,盛(sheng)極而衰的(de)鐵律。《易·坤·爻(yao)辭》,則(ze)是對處于(yu)(yu)從(cong)屬地(di)位者(zhe)成(cheng)長階段(duan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歸納、提煉與(yu)(yu)(yu)詮釋。其最后(hou)階段(duan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)六,則(ze)有(you)“戰龍(long)(long)(long)于(yu)(yu)野,其血玄(xuan)黃”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)句,意為(wei)陰盛(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)極,從(cong)屬者(zhe)轉變為(wei)主(zhu)導者(zhe),難度很大,代(dai)價亦大,要有(you)充分的(de)心理與(yu)(yu)(yu)應變準備。
民間層面,龍的影響更大,以(yi)龍為(wei)姓分布甚廣;龍王廟遍布神州(zhou),地名中多有(you)以(yi)龍為(wei)名;動物中有(you)地龍、變色龍等;植(zhi)物中之龍眼、龍膽等。鄉間廟會(hui)舞龍燈,江南水鄉賽龍舟,皆源(yuan)遠(yuan)流長。
龍(long)是(shi)正(zheng)義化身,炎黃子孫賦予(yu)龍(long)諸(zhu)多(duo)美好善良之心性(xing)。民(min)間有“二(er)月二(er),龍(long)抬(tai)頭”之說(shuo),傳說(shuo)小(xiao)白(bai)龍(long)曾因(yin)行雨(yu)救民(min)而(er)得罪玉帝(di),為(wei)(wei)懷念小(xiao)白(bai)龍(long)的恩德,民(min)間將二(er)月二(er)定為(wei)(wei)春龍(long)節,焚香禱告,祈求來年風調雨(yu)順,五谷豐登(deng)。而(er)傳統(tong)的春節,也于此(ci)日(ri)正(zheng)式結(jie)束。龍(long)可代表英(ying)雄(xiong)。龍(long)之形(xing)象幾乎活躍于各個層(ceng)面和領(ling)域,具有強(qiang)大(da)的生命力(li)與感召力(li),是(shi)理(li)想中英(ying)雄(xiong)之典型。
一個民族的(de)(de)文(wen)化是這個民族精(jing)神(shen)的(de)(de)載體(ti),多(duo)姿(zi)多(duo)彩的(de)(de)龍文(wen)化中(zhong)(zhong),從中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)可看(kan)出(chu)古代中(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)的(de)(de)人(ren)文(wen)精(jing)神(shen)。
創(chuang)新(xin)精神。龍(long)文(wen)化歷(li)(li)久不衰,與古代中國人的創(chuang)新(xin)精神分不開。龍(long)文(wen)化經(jing)歷(li)(li)了若干發展階段(duan),每一個發展階段(duan)主要是通過內部(bu)創(chuang)新(xin)完成(cheng)的。觀察各個歷(li)(li)史時期不同的龍(long)藝術形(xing)態(tai),從無(wu)角(jiao)到有角(jiao),從無(wu)翼(yi)到有翼(yi),從無(wu)足到有足,可看出龍(long)形(xing)象是經(jing)過不斷(duan)創(chuang)新(xin)而形(xing)成(cheng)的。
綜合精神。龍(long)(long)的(de)形象是古代中(zhong)(zhong)國人綜合了(le)走獸、飛禽、水中(zhong)(zhong)動物和爬行(xing)動物的(de)優長而(er)形成的(de)。龍(long)(long)文(wen)化的(de)綜合性還(huan)表現于長期的(de)發(fa)展過程中(zhong)(zhong),龍(long)(long)不斷吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)外來的(de)優秀藝術元素(su),從而(er)使其(qi)形象更為完整。比(bi)如,唐宋時期龍(long)(long)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)了(le)印(yin)度(du)佛(fo)教中(zhong)(zhong)獅(shi)(shi)子的(de)形象,頭圓而(er)豐滿,腦后(hou)披鬣,鼻子也近(jin)似獅(shi)(shi)鼻,增加了(le)龍(long)(long)的(de)威信感。
包(bao)容(rong)精神(shen)。古(gu)代(dai)龍文化豐(feng)富(fu)多彩,與古(gu)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人的(de)(de)包(bao)容(rong)精神(shen)分不開。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)龍文化在(zai)自己的(de)(de)發展(zhan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),曾受到(dao)來(lai)自印度的(de)(de)龍王(wang)信仰(yang)的(de)(de)沖(chong)擊,但中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人并沒(mei)有將(jiang)其拒之門外(wai),而是包(bao)容(rong)與改造(zao),形成了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)化的(de)(de)龍王(wang),豐(feng)富(fu)了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)龍文化的(de)(de)內涵。
進(jin)取精(jing)神(shen)。從古(gu)代中(zhong)國人描(miao)述的(de)龍(long)(long)形象(xiang)來看,龍(long)(long)具有很強的(de)進(jin)取精(jing)神(shen)。龍(long)(long)的(de)活動(dong)空間十(shi)分(fen)廣闊(kuo),能(neng)上九天,能(neng)潛深(shen)淵。各種藝術中(zhong)的(de)龍(long)(long)形象(xiang),大多是(shi)飛龍(long)(long)、騰(teng)龍(long)(long)或奔龍(long)(long),朝氣(qi)蓬勃(bo),奮發向上,威武不屈。神(shen)話傳說中(zhong)的(de)龍(long)(long),大多是(shi)一往無前、勢不可擋、無所畏懼的(de)。這(zhe)些都是(shi)古(gu)代龍(long)(long)開拓(tuo)進(jin)取精(jing)神(shen)的(de)表現。
獨(du)(du)立精神(shen)。中國龍(long)(long)(long)的藝術形(xing)象,與龍(long)(long)(long)有關的種(zhong)種(zhong)文(wen)化(hua)現象也自成一體、獨(du)(du)具(ju)一格。在中國傳統文(wen)化(hua)中,龍(long)(long)(long)文(wen)化(hua)雖與儒教(jiao)(jiao)、佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)和(he)道教(jiao)(jiao)有著密不可分(fen)的關系(xi),但始終保(bao)持(chi)著相對的獨(du)(du)立性(xing),不附屬(shu)于任何(he)一種(zhong)宗教(jiao)(jiao)。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)文(wen)化(hua)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)傳統文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)典型代表。這其中(zhong)既有糟粕,也(ye)有精(jing)華。歷史上宗教性(xing)和(he)政(zheng)治性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)崇拜,如祭(ji)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)求(qiu)雨(yu)、祭(ji)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)求(qiu)子、祭(ji)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)求(qiu)平安和(he)“真龍(long)(long)(long)(long)天子”等觀念,應予以(yi)拋棄。但藝術性(xing)和(he)民(min)(min)間性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)文(wen)化(hua)具(ju)有很(hen)強的(de)(de)(de)生命力,如舞龍(long)(long)(long)(long)燈、賽龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟等與龍(long)(long)(long)(long)有關的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)俗活動(dong),應作為非物質文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)產予以(yi)保(bao)護。
在(zai)(zai)當代,還(huan)應當發揮(hui)龍文化的凝(ning)聚(ju)作(zuo)用。在(zai)(zai)歷(li)史上,無(wu)論朝(chao)代怎樣(yang)更迭,龍文化的傳承(cheng)始終如一。海內外華人均以“龍”為中華民族的象征。因此,在(zai)(zai)宣傳和弘揚龍文化的過程(cheng)中,應充(chong)分(fen)發揮(hui)其具有的凝(ning)聚(ju)力(li)和向心力(li)作(zuo)用。
“龍”雖然在英文(wen)中(zhong)一(yi)般翻(fan)譯(yi)為“dragon”,而歐(ou)美西方文(wen)化中(zhong)的(de)“dragon”與中(zhong)國傳統的(de)龍除了外(wai)觀容貌(mao)上有一(yi)些相似(si)外(wai),背景和象(xiang)征意義都分(fen)別甚(shen)大。
在基督教流行之前,西方的(de)“dragon”一直是(shi)維京人、塞爾特(te)人和(he)(he)撒(sa)克(ke)遜(xun)人的(de)民(min)族象(xiang)征,這點和(he)(he)東方龍(long)無(wu)異。隨著基督教勢(shi)力的(de)壯大(da),龍(long)和(he)(he)蛇(she)的(de)負面涵義被(bei)(bei)放大(da),其在《新約全書》的(de)啟示錄中被(bei)(bei)描繪為邪惡的(de)“古(gu)蛇(she)”、“魔鬼”、“撒(sa)旦”,從(cong)此西方龍(long)就(jiu)常與邪惡畫上等號。
但是(shi)(shi)西方(fang)龍與東方(fang)龍的區(qu)別(bie)并不是(shi)(shi)簡單的“善(shan)與惡”的區(qu)別(bie)。就(jiu)如同(tong)(tong)毛主席和其(qi)他偉人所(suo)說的:“好與壞,善(shan)與惡,在(zai)任何事(shi)物身上都是(shi)(shi)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)存在(zai)的,就(jiu)像一枚硬幣的正(zheng)反(fan)兩面。”
就像在(zai)大(da)多人眼里,邪惡(e)的(de)西方龍(dragon)中,也(ye)有(you)作(zuo)(zuo)為護(hu)國神(shen)(shen)龍的(de)威(wei)爾士紅龍,作(zuo)(zuo)為圖騰守護(hu)神(shen)(shen)的(de)北歐維(wei)京海(hai)龍;而在(zai)普遍寓意(yi)吉祥的(de)中國龍中,也(ye)有(you)惡(e)龍的(de)存在(zai)。
如《漢書》記(ji)載有“盛冬(dong)雷電,潛龍(long)(long)為(wei)孽(nie)(nie)。繼(ji)以隕星流彗,維、填上見,日蝕有背鄉”,《論衡》有“洪水(shui)滔天(tian),蛇、龍(long)(long)為(wei)害,堯遂(sui)使禹治水(shui)”,明代《萬(wan)歷(li)野(ye)獲編》:“漢世謂滇池為(wei)邪龍(long)(long),云南蓋苦龍(long)(long)為(wei)孽(nie)(nie)也(ye),今(jin)乃(nai)以震表異”,清代古籍《陔余(yu)叢考》:“灌口(kou)二郎神,乃(nai)祠(ci)李冰父子也(ye)。冰,秦時守其地,有龍(long)(long)為(wei)孽(nie)(nie),冰鎖之(zhi)于離(li)堆之(zhi)下”。
歷代都有龍(long)作惡為孽的記載,說(shuo)到(dao)底,無論西方龍(long)或是中(zhong)國神龍(long),都是一個極為龐大的族群(qun),不能以單純的善惡概括之。
21世(shi)紀全世(shi)界(jie)(jie)更多的(de)人也已(yi)經意識到了這一點,所以(yi)世(shi)界(jie)(jie)上不存在(zai)絕(jue)對好(hao)和絕(jue)對壞(huai)的(de)東西,而(er)且好(hao)壞(huai)的(de)評(ping)(ping)判(pan)往(wang)往(wang)還與評(ping)(ping)判(pan)者(zhe)自身(shen)的(de)立場有關——這就是(shi)辯(bian)證(zheng)的(de)思想。雖然還沒(mei)有確切可靠(kao)的(de)證(zheng)據能證(zheng)明龍是(shi)真實存在(zai)于客觀世(shi)界(jie)(jie)的(de),但它在(zai)人類所留(liu)下的(de)傳說(shuo)中(zhong)顯然也同樣符(fu)合(he)辯(bian)證(zheng)法。