番鴨,拉丁學名Cairina moschata,又名香(xiang)鶉(chun)雁(yan),麝香(xiang)鴨,紅嘴(zui)雁(yan),與一般家鴨同屬不同種。番鴨原產于(yu)中、南美洲熱(re)帶地區。
番鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)這種四不像般的(de)珍禽,是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種似(si)鵝(e)非鵝(e),似(si)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)非鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)科家禽,體重比(bi)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)大比(bi)鵝(e)小,據說有(you)300余年的(de)飼(si)養(yang)歷史(shi),是(shi)(shi)國(guo)內外(wai)少見的(de)名(ming)、特(te)、優產品(pin),別的(de)地方是(shi)(shi)絕對(dui)沒有(you)的(de),只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)隨(sui)著改革開放,將養(yang)殖推向了全國(guo),但養(yang)殖主(zhu)要(yao)集中(zhong)在南方。
番鴨主(zhu)產(chan)于湖北(bei)陽新縣,福州市(shi)郊(jiao)和龍(long)海等地,分(fen)布于福清、莆田(tian)、晉(jin)江、長泰、龍(long)巖、大田(tian)、浦城等市(shi)縣,在江浙滬(hu)皖部分(fen)地區亦有產(chan)區。
閩(min)北(bei)主產(chan)區在古(gu)田(tian)縣一帶,飼養黑色(se)番鴨,公鴨運銷(xiao)本(ben)省(sheng)閩(min)東、閩(min)北(bei)各地,作生(sheng)產(chan)“半番”之用。
它的配種(zhong)能(neng)力強,受精率高,所產“半(ban)番”體型大,長膘(biao)快(kuai)。
每逢(feng)新春繁殖季(ji)節(jie),各地(di)皆到古田(tian)選購公番(fan)鴨。
古(gu)田縣(xian)湖濱、大橋、鶴塘、杉洋等公(gong)社(she)飼養量較大。
閩南(nan)主產區(qu)在福州以(yi)南(nan)沿海的(de)莆田、晉江、龍(long)溪(xi)等三個地(di)區(qu)十余個市、縣,以(yi)及福州地(di)區(qu)。
龍溪地區(qu)和廈門市郊的(de)(de)(de)番(fan)鴨為黑白(bai)雜花(hua),其余地方(fang)皆為白(bai)色(se)多惠安、泉州(zhou)(zhou)、南(nan)安的(de)(de)(de)番(fan)鴨頂部(bu)有(you)一撮黑毛(mao),全(quan)身(shen)為白(bai)色(se)。福州(zhou)(zhou)市郊的(de)(de)(de)白(bai)番(fan)體型較大。
番鴨(ya)體型與家鴨(ya)不(bu)同(tong),體型前尖后(hou)窄,呈長(chang)(chang)(chang)橢圓(yuan)形(xing),頭大,頸短,嘴甲短而(er)狹,嘴、爪發(fa)達(da);胸部(bu)(bu)(bu)寬闊豐滿,尾部(bu)(bu)(bu)瘦(shou)長(chang)(chang)(chang),不(bu)似家鴨(ya)有(you)肥(fei)大的(de)(de)臀部(bu)(bu)(bu)。嘴的(de)(de)基(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)眼圈周圍有(you)紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se)或黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)肉(rou)瘤,雄者(zhe)展延較(jiao)寬。翼羽矯健,長(chang)(chang)(chang)及(ji)尾部(bu)(bu)(bu),尾羽長(chang)(chang)(chang),向上微微翹起。番鴨(ya)羽毛顏色(se)(se)(se)為白色(se)(se)(se)、黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)和(he)黑(hei)白花色(se)(se)(se)三種,少(shao)數呈銀灰色(se)(se)(se)。羽色(se)(se)(se)不(bu)同(tong),體形(xing)外貌亦有(you)一些(xie)差別。
白番(fan)鴨(ya)的羽毛(mao)為(wei)白色,嘴甲粉紅色,頭(tou)(tou)部肉瘤鮮紅肥(fei)厚,呈鏈(lian)狀排列,虹(hong)彩淺灰(hui)色,腳(jiao)橙黃。若頭(tou)(tou)頂(ding)有一攝黑(hei)毛(mao)的,嘴甲、腳(jiao)則帶有黑(hei)點。
黑(hei)番鴨的羽毛為(wei)黑(hei)色,帶有墨(mo)綠色光澤(ze);僅主(zhu)翼羽或復翼羽中(zhong),常(chang)有少數(shu)的白羽;肉瘤(liu)顏色黑(hei)里透紅(hong),且較單(dan)薄;嘴角色紅(hong),有黑(hei)斑;虹彩淺黃色,腳多黑(hei)色。
黑白(bai)花番(fan)鴨的羽毛黑白(bai)不(bu)等(deng)。常見的有(you)(you)(you)(you)背羽毛為黑色(se)(se)(se),頸(jing)下、翅(chi)羽和腹(fu)部帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)數(shu)量不(bu)一的白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)羽毛;還有(you)(you)(you)(you)全(quan)身黑色(se)(se)(se),間(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)白(bai)羽。嘴甲多為紅色(se)(se)(se)帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)黑斑(ban)點,腳呈暗黃色(se)(se)(se)。
據不(bu)同毛色(se)的(de)(de)61只公(gong)(gong)番(fan)(fan)鴨和200只母番(fan)(fan)鴨體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)、體(ti)(ti)尺測(ce)定;不(bu)同毛色(se)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)番(fan)(fan)鴨體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)無顯著(zhu)差異,平(ping)均為(wei)3.04公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(3.01~3.05公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin));不(bu)同毛色(se)的(de)(de)母番(fan)(fan)鴨體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)差異顯著(zhu),以(yi)白(bai)色(se)者(zhe)體(ti)(ti)得最(zui)大(da)(平(ping)均1.90公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)),黑色(se)者(zhe)次之(平(ping)均1.80公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)),黑白(bai)花(hua)的(de)(de)最(zui)小(平(ping)均1.72公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)),三者(zhe)平(ping)均為(wei)1.87公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。成年(nian)公(gong)(gong)番(fan)(fan)鴨體(ti)(ti)得約為(wei)母番(fan)(fan)鴨大(da)一倍。公(gong)(gong)母番(fan)(fan)鴨的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)斜長(chang)(chang)分(fen)別為(wei)29.23厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)、24.04厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);龍(long)骨(gu)長(chang)(chang)為(wei)19.07厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)、15.36厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);胸(xiong)深為(wei)9.81厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)、8.28厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);胸(xiong)寬(kuan)為(wei)11.79厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)、9.57厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。
孵化
番(fan)鴨由于種蛋的蛋殼(ke)厚、光(guang)滑而堅(jian)硬、不易破碎、氣孔封得(de)嚴、相對(dui)表(biao)面積小(xiao)。直接影響了(le)氣體(ti)交(jiao)換、水(shui)分蒸發、熱(re)能傳導和啄殼(ke)出雛,致使人工孵化(hua)率低。
四川青神縣養殖技(ji)術(shu)研究所采用仿(fang)生孵(fu)禽(qin)溫箱有(you)效地提(ti)(ti)高了(le)番(fan)鴨(ya)及西洋鴨(ya)種(zhong)蛋(dan)的孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)率和健雛率。實踐證明(ming),用此(ci)法(fa)比(bi)常(chang)規孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)法(fa)提(ti)(ti)高出殼率10-15%。現將有(you)關技(ji)術(shu)簡介于下:
仿主孵禽溫箱的組成
由立式孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)箱(xiang)和平型出雛箱(xiang)配套組(zu)成。在孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)前期番鴨蛋自(zi)(zi)溫低(di),將(jiang)種鴨蛋于立式箱(xiang)內孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua),利用立式箱(xiang)底部和周邊貯存的(de)(de)熱源均(jun)(jun)勻供溫的(de)(de)特點,使(shi)番鴨蛋各部受溫均(jun)(jun)勻,孵(fu)(fu)至17天后,胚蛋自(zi)(zi)溫逐漸升高,此時應將(jiang)番鴨蛋由立式箱(xiang)轉至平型出雛箱(xiang)孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua),通過向平型出雛箱(xiang)減加冷熱水(shui),可準(zhun)確調節蛋溫在所需范(fan)圍內,使(shi)其處于仿自(zi)(zi)然孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)狀態。
種蛋的保存和放置
在環(huan)境(jing)溫度低于18℃以(yi)下保存時間在6天內,孵(fu)(fu)化率較(jiao)高(gao);反之(zhi)孵(fu)(fu)化率較(jiao)低。種蛋水平放置,有助(zhu)于提高(gao)番鴨蛋的孵(fu)(fu)化率。
溫度和濕度的控制
在孵化(hua)過程中,要對孵至17-35天的胚蛋噴(pen)水(shui)。氣溫(wen)(wen)高時噴(pen)冷開水(shui);氣溫(wen)(wen)低時用35℃-40℃的溫(wen)(wen)水(shui)噴(pen)灑。每天噴(pen)一(yi)次,將蛋噴(pen)至濕透,待晾(liang)干后繼續(xu)孵化(hua)。
翻蛋的次數
翻蛋(dan)可以促進胚(pei)胎(tai)活動,防止內容物(wu)粘連蛋(dan)殼,使其(qi)受熱均(jun)勻(yun)。孵(fu)化過程中(zhong)宜每8小時用手工或滾動式翻蛋(dan)一次。
生長發育
在同樣飼(si)養管理(li)條件下(xia),公(gong)母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)生長速度相差很大(da)。雛出殼(ke)后(hou)(hou),飼(si)養至10日(ri)齡(ling),從體(ti)型、體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)的大(da)小(xiao)即可(ke)區(qu)分出公(gong)與母(mu)。平(ping)均(jun)體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)的絕對增長最(zui)大(da)值是在70日(ri)齡(ling)之后(hou)(hou)。70日(ri)齡(ling)后(hou)(hou)公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)增長大(da)大(da)超過(guo)母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)。160日(ri)齡(ling)時(shi),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)比(bi)母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)約(yue)重(zhong)(zhong)1.10公(gong)斤。
在(zai)飼(si)料中含有粗蛋(dan)白(bai)16~18%、代(dai)謝能2400~2600千(qian)卡/公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的營養(yang)水平下測定(ding),初生重(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)47.60克的雛鴨(ya),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、母(mu)的體重(zhong)(zhong)1月(yue)齡時(shi)分別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)0.79公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、0.78公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),2月(yue)齡進(jin)分別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)1.74公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、1.51公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),3月(yue)齡時(shi)分別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)2.59公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、1.80公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),4月(yue)齡分別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)2.93公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、1.90公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),5月(yue)齡時(shi)分別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)3.25公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、2.10公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。5月(yue)齡之(zhi)后增(zeng)重(zhong)(zhong)速度(du)逐漸下降。
繁殖性能
平均(jun)(jun)開(kai)產(chan)日齡為(wei)172.88天,見蛋(dan)(dan)日齡為(wei)153天,開(kai)產(chan)后(hou)第一個產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)周期最(zui)長,連(lian)產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)數為(wei)35-40枚。以(yi)后(hou)每個產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)周期連(lian)產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)數可穩(wen)定(ding)在13~15枚;年產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)100~110枚,最(zui)高個體可達160枚。有抱性。據110個番鴨蛋(dan)(dan)測定(ding),平均(jun)(jun)蛋(dan)(dan)重71.50克,蛋(dan)(dan)形橢圓,蛋(dan)(dan)形指數為(wei)1.39,蛋(dan)(dan)殼為(wei)玉白色。
產(chan)區群從(cong)在(zai)每年1~5月份(fen)孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan),按出殼(ke)(ke)時間先后,將雛(chu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)分為“頭番(fan)”(2~3份(fen)出殼(ke)(ke)的雛(chu)苗(miao))、“二番(fan)”(3~4月份(fen)的鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)苗(miao))和(he)“尾番(fan)”(5~6月份(fen)的鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)苗(miao))。群從(cong)多(duo)(duo)選頭、二番(fan)發育良好(hao)、生長(chang)快的鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)子留(liu)作(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)。由于它(ta)們(men)的生長(chang)階段,正是(shi)蚯蚓以及(ji)(ji)魚(yu)蝦等不(bu)(bu)(bu)生動物繁殖(zhi)旺盛時期,動物性飼料豐富,氣候溫和(he),它(ta)們(men)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅生長(chang)快,而且(qie)母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)當年就能產(chan)蛋(dan)。頭、二番(fan)公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)在(zai)秋季達性成熟,也可及(ji)(ji)時配種(zhong)(zhong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)作(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)的,多(duo)(duo)在(zai)白(bai)露(lu)時節(jie)災食。但(dan)用(yong)來繁殖(zhi)半(ban)番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),多(duo)(duo)選尾番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。毛(mao)番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)飼養到春節(jie)前后性成熟,即(ji)可與普通母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)配種(zhong)(zhong),生產(chan)半(ban)番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。群從(cong)主要是(shi)利用(yong)母番(fan)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)或母雞(ji)(ji)的抱性天然孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)。常采用(yong)雞(ji)(ji)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)交替(ti)孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua),以維(wei)持母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、母雞(ji)(ji)體力上的消耗(hao)。孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)率一般在(zai)80~85之間,使用(yong)人工(gong)孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua),孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)率為70%,孵(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)期35天。
生長發育良好的公(gong)雛飼養(yang)至(zhi)4月(yue)齡后(hou),即(ji)發出“絲(si)絲(si)”叫聲(sheng),表示(shi)性(xing)將成(cheng)熟,并(bing)有追啄母(mu)鴨的性(xing)行為。至(zhi)5~6月(yue)齡性(xing)成(cheng)熟,即(ji)可配種(zhong)。在春季,公(gong)母(mu)比例為1:7~8時,受精率為90~95%配種(zhong)季節過后(hou),種(zhong)公(gong)鴨體力(li)(li)衰弱(ruo),配種(zhong)能力(li)(li)差(cha),一般當年即(ji)行為淘(tao)汰(tai),次(ci)年再選留新種(zhong)公(gong)鴨。
肥育性能
關(guan)于填(tian)肥時間(jian),群(qun)從有“三月大(da),四月肥”的說(shuo)法。即養至4月齡體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)達2.5~3公(gong)斤手(shou),開始(shi)填(tian)肥。飼料(liao)多(duo)用米糠和煮熟(shu)甘薯各半,用米湯(tang)或稀粥(zhou)調勻,搓(cuo)成(cheng)圓條狀的“劑(ji)子”。逐(zhu)只(zhi)填(tian)飼。填(tian)飼量由150克(ke)逐(zhu)漸增(zeng)加至400~450克(ke),填(tian)飼量是否合適,多(duo)以(yi)在下(xia)一次填(tian)食前(qian)用手(shou)摸(mo)食道(dao)膨大(da)部,無積食為標準。經填(tian)飼2~3周,體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)達3.5~4公(gong)斤,即可宰食。
據福(fu)建農學院1983年番(fan)鴨肥肝試驗。3月齡(ling)番(fan)鴨,用(yong)玉米(mi)粒料填飼2周(zhou),平(ping)均肝重(zhong)(zhong)299.64克,個體(ti)肝重(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)高(gao)達337.40克;填肥3周(zhou),平(ping)均肝重(zhong)(zhong)352.77克,最(zui)高(gao)491.80克。填肥2周(zhou)和3周(zhou),在肝重(zhong)(zhong)增加(jia)的(de)同時(shi),體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)增加(jia)1.44公斤(增重(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)51.61%)、1.66公斤(增重(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)68.90%),全(quan)凈(jing)膛屠宰(zai)率(lv)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)70.58%、67.41%。公鴨肝重(zhong)(zhong)和體(ti)得的(de)增長都高(gao)于母鴨。填肥2周(zhou)和3周(zhou),瘦肉(rou)(胸、腿肌)占屠體(ti)比率(lv)公別(bie)24.96%、23.66%,而北京鴨分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)16.20%、14.80%。
填肥2周和3周,每產1公(gong)(gong)斤肥肝耗玉米分別為30.05公(gong)(gong)斤和32公(gong)(gong)斤,每增加(jia)1公(gong)(gong)斤活重的玉米消耗量分別為4.80公(gong)(gong)斤和5.84公(gong)(gong)斤。
雜交利用
公番(fan)鴨(ya)與(yu)當地母鴨(ya)交(jiao)配和生產半(ban)番(fan)鴨(ya)是產區(qu)人民的傳統習慣。古田鴨(ya)農(nong)技術好,春季(ji)種蛋受精率可達80%以(yi)上。半(ban)番(fan)鴨(ya)雜種優(you)勢(shi)率達25.41%。在(zai)粗放飼養(yang)條件下(xia),3月齡體重可達2.05公斤(jin)。據(ju)廈門大(da)學(xue)生命科學(xue)學(xue)院(yuan)測定,三元雜交(jiao)的“番(fan)北金”鴨(ya)10~60日齡相對(dui)生長率為76.10%,半(ban)番(fan)鴨(ya)為67.88%;“番(fan)北金”鴨(ya)可比半(ban)番(fan)鴨(ya)提早10~15天(tian)上市,節省飼料10%
番鴨(ya)(ya)原產于中、南美洲熱(re)帶地(di)區(qu),我國(guo)飼養歷(li)史(shi)悠久(jiu)。據1763年(nian)編纂的古港《泉州府志》記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai):“番鴨(ya)(ya)狀(zhuang)似(si)鴨(ya)(ya)而大(da)似(si)鵝,自(zi)抱(bao)其蛋而生,種自(zi)洋舶來(lai)。”又據1729年(nian)《福建通志》中“閩產錄異”云(yun):“極大(da)而紅鼻者(zhe)為番鴨(ya)(ya),雌雄(xiong)配方抱(bao)卵(luan)(luan),須留一卵(luan)(luan)壓巢(chao)母鴨(ya)(ya)方陸續(xu)再下(xia)(xia),卵(luan)(luan)盡自(zi)咬(yao)項(xiang)下(xia)(xia)筆為藏以伏之,一月出雛。伏而五(wu)日內聞礱磨之聲則卵(luan)(luan)孚矣(yi)。[半番]小于番鴨(ya)(ya),[萊鴨(ya)(ya)]小于半番,皆(jie)不能抱(bao)卵(luan)(luan),……”另外,在主產區(qu)古田、莆田、閩侯等縣(xian)的縣(xian)志,也都有記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)。
番鴨素被群眾視為(wei)補壯身體(ti)的珍品。福建(jian)番鴨經長期(qi)馴化,以及“選早、選大(da)、選快”等留種(zhong)(zhong)措施,早已成為(wei)適應福建(jian)省生態(tai)環境(jing)的良種(zhong)(zhong)肉用鴨