公孫姓:漢族(zu)復姓之(zhi)一(yi)。據傳,源于5000多年前(qian)的(de)華夏時代,是中(zhong)國最古老的(de)姓氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)一(yi)。在(zai)《百(bai)家(jia)姓》中(zhong)排名第(di)(di)428位。在(zai)2007年全(quan)國姓氏(shi)(shi)人口排名第(di)(di)300位以外(wai)。
春秋時期(qi),各國(guo)諸(zhu)侯(hou)不論爵位(wei)大(da)小,多喜(xi)歡(huan)稱公(gong)。按(an)照(zhao)周朝制(zhi)度,國(guo)君一(yi)般由嫡長子(zi)(zi)繼(ji)位(wei),即(ji)位(wei)前稱為(wei)太子(zi)(zi),其他(ta)(ta)的兒子(zi)(zi)便(bian)稱為(wei)公(gong)子(zi)(zi),公(gong)子(zi)(zi)的兒子(zi)(zi)則稱公(gong)孫。他(ta)(ta)們的后(hou)代便(bian)有(you)不少人便(bian)以公(gong)孫為(wei)姓。
《通志》載:"公孫(sun)氏(shi),春秋時諸(zhu)侯之(zhi)孫(sun),亦以(yi)為(wei)氏(shi)者,曰公孫(sun)氏(shi),皆貴(gui)族之(zhi)稱。或跟黃帝(di)姓公孫(sun),因以(yi)為(wei)氏(shi)。”
公孫(Gōng sūn)姓,源出(chu)有二:
源于身份,出自兩周時(shi)期(qi)各(ge)(ge)諸侯國王族的(de)(de)后(hou)裔(yi),屬(shu)于以貴(gui)胄身份稱(cheng)謂為(wei)氏(shi)。春秋時(shi)期(qi),各(ge)(ge)國諸侯不(bu)論爵位(wei)(wei)大小(xiao),多有(you)被(bei)稱(cheng)為(wei)“公(gong)(gong)”者。按周王朝的(de)(de)典禮制(zhi)度,國君一(yi)般由嫡長子(zi)(zi)(zi)繼位(wei)(wei),即位(wei)(wei)前稱(cheng)為(wei)太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi),其(qi)他的(de)(de)兒(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)便(bian)稱(cheng)為(wei)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)兒(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)則稱(cheng)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)。在這(zhe)些公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)的(de)(de)后(hou)裔(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)孫(sun)中,有(you)許多人便(bian)以身份稱(cheng)謂“公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)”為(wei)姓(xing)氏(shi)者,稱(cheng)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi),因此,公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)并非一(yi)族一(yi)姓(xing)的(de)(de)后(hou)人。
出自(zi)姬姓(xing),黃帝姬軒轅的(de)(de)(de)(de)后裔(yi)有(you)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏。最(zui)初(chu)出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏是(shi)在上(shang)古時(shi)期(qi)。據(ju)《路史(shi)》載:“神農同母弟勖,嗣少典國君(jun)(jun),世為(wei)(wei)諸侯(hou),后以公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)為(wei)(wei)姓(xing)。軒轅帝初(chu)名(ming)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun),后改姬。”所有(you)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)后代里,有(you)部(bu)分姓(xing)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun),稱(cheng)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏。在春秋時(shi),各(ge)國各(ge)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)諸侯(hou),大多喜歡被(bei)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“公(gong)(gong)”。以當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度(du),國君(jun)(jun)將由國君(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嫡系長子(zi)繼承。正式登基(ji)前(qian),應先立為(wei)(wei)太子(zi),此時(shi)其(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)兒子(zi)將稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)子(zi),同時(shi)諸侯(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兒子(zi)也是(shi)公(gong)(gong)子(zi),而公(gong)(gong)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兒子(zi)就(jiu)是(shi)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)。這(zhe)些公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)后代為(wei)(wei)突出祖(zu)出祖(zu)先曾有(you)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)皇室血(xue)統(tong),就(jiu)改姓(xing)為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)。這(zhe)樣,公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)作為(wei)(wei)一種姓(xing)氏的(de)(de)(de)(de)榮譽(yu)而流傳甚廣。此時(shi)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)姓(xing)氏來源(yuan)就(jiu)五花八門(men),不一而足了。故公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏的(de)(de)(de)(de)始祖(zu)是(shi)黃帝軒轅。
這在史籍《廣韻》中有記(ji)載:“古(gu)封公(gong)之后,皆(jie)自稱公(gong)孫(sun),故(gu)其姓(xing)多,非一族也。”又據(ju)史籍《通志》記(ji)載:“公(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi),春秋時諸侯(hou)之孫(sun),亦以為氏(shi)者,曰公(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi),皆(jie)貴(gui)族之稱。或眼黃帝姓(xing)公(gong)孫(sun),因以為氏(shi)。”
存疑:黃帝姬姓,不可能姓公(gong)孫
黃帝姓公孫的(de)說法主(zhu)要來(lai)源于(yu)《史記·五(wu)帝本紀(ji)》,而早于(yu)《史記》的(de)《國語(yu)·晉語(yu)》卻記載:“黃帝以姬水(shui)(今(jin)陜甘(gan)的(de)渭、湟(huang)之(zhi)間)成,炎帝以姜(jiang)水(shui)(經(jing)岐(qi)山、扶(fu)風、武功(gong)入渭之(zhi)岐(qi)水(shui))成,故黃帝為姬,炎帝為姜(jiang)。“
《史(shi)記》記載:“黃帝二十五子,其得姓者十四人。”
《國語·晉語》謂十(shi)(shi)四(si)人實有(you)(you)十(shi)(shi)二姓,即姬、酉、祁(qi)、己、滕(teng)、葴(xian)、任、荀、僖、姞(ji)、儇、衣。其(qi)中(zhong)青陽(yang)與夷(yi)鼓同為己姓,玄(xuan)囂與蒼林同為姬姓。十(shi)(shi)四(si)個兒(er)(er)子中(zhong)并無姓公孫(sun)(sun)者。兒(er)(er)子中(zhong)沒有(you)(you)姓公孫(sun)(sun)的,那么(me)孫(sun)(sun)子中(zhong)會有(you)(you)么(me)?
清崔述《補上(shang)古(gu)考信錄》指出:“公(gong)孫(sun)是(shi)公(gong)之孫(sun),上(shang)古(gu)時無此(公(gong)孫(sun))稱。”
黃帝(di)是(shi)少(shao)(shao)典的兒(er)子(zi),姓公(gong)孫,名軒轅。傳說是(shi)神農的同父異母弟:“嗣(si)少(shao)(shao)典國君,世為(wei)(wei)諸侯”,在他的后(hou)代(dai)中(zhong),就有人以公(gong)孫為(wei)(wei)姓。黃帝(di)軒轅氏曾姓過(guo)“公(gong)孫”,后(hou)來改成姬姓,所有他的后(hou)代(dai)里(li),有部(bu)分姓公(gong)孫,另(ling)有部(bu)分姓姬,再有少(shao)(shao)數以軒轅為(wei)(wei)姓。
漢魏時期遼東公孫氏(shi)世(shi)家:
第一代:公孫延
第二代:公孫度
第(di)三代:公孫康、公孫恭
第(di)四代:公孫晃、公孫淵
第五代:公孫修
公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi)是一(yi)個古老的(de)漢族(zu)姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi),但人口總數在中國(guo)的(de)大(da)陸(lu)和臺(tai)灣省(sheng)均未(wei)列(lie)入百(bai)家姓(xing)(xing)前(qian)三百(bai)位(wei),在宋(song)版《百(bai)家姓(xing)(xing)》中排序為(wei)(wei)第(di)四百(bai)二十(shi)九(jiu)位(wei)門閥。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)一(yi)姓(xing)(xing)源遠流長,據《路史》上記(ji)載,軒(xuan)轅氏(shi)初姓(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun),后改姓(xing)(xing)姬。由(you)此看來(lai),“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)”一(yi)詞,自古以(yi)(yi)來(lai)本身的(de)意義便十(shi)分尊(zun)榮也(ye)就不(bu)足為(wei)(wei)奇了。從(cong)(cong)《廣(guang)韻》上記(ji)載:“封公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之后,自皆稱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)。”可知,春秋時(shi)(shi)期列(lie)國(guo)諸(zhu)侯(hou)的(de)子孫(sun),被尊(zun)稱為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)。從(cong)(cong)《通志·氏(shi)族(zu)略》記(ji)載“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi),皆貴(gui)者之稱。”可見,后來(lai)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)”的(de)意義延伸了,一(yi)般人也(ye)尊(zun)稱貴(gui)胄的(de)子弟為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)。如如今的(de)對人的(de)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子”稱謂。據說春秋時(shi)(shi)代出身于諸(zhu)侯(hou)之家的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun),干脆以(yi)(yi)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)”為(wei)(wei)姓(xing)(xing),也(ye)稱為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi)了。由(you)此可見,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)為(wei)(wei)姓(xing)(xing)的(de)中國(guo)人中,并不(bu)完全是一(yi)脈(mo)相承自黃帝(di),其中有一(yi)部(bu)分是春秋貴(gui)族(zu)的(de)后裔。
公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)姓在(zai)大陸(lu)和(he)臺灣(wan)百家姓中名列(lie)一百位之(zhi)后(hou)。在(zai)古(gu)(gu)代(dai),孫(sun)字可(ke)泛(fan)指后(hou)代(dai)人(ren),而公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)兩字,也可(ke)用(yong)來泛(fan)指王公(gong)(gong)貴(gui)(gui)族的(de)后(hou)代(dai)。有些王公(gong)(gong)貴(gui)(gui)族的(de)后(hou)代(dai)以(yi)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)的(de)稱呼為榮,便(bian)相延世代(dai)成為姓。古(gu)(gu)書《通志》說(shuo),相傳遠古(gu)(gu)時黃帝姓公(gong)(gong)孫(sun),于是便(bian)有這一姓的(de)廣(guang)泛(fan)流傳。
公(gong)孫氏望(wang)族居高(gao)陽郡(jun)(今山東臨(lin)淄)、扶風郡(jun)(今陜(shan)西咸陽)。今山東、云南兩(liang)省還有公(gong)孫氏族人(ren)分布。
扶(fu)(fu)風(feng)(feng)郡:周朝時(shi)期(qi)置郡,其(qi)(qi)時(shi)轄(xia)地(di)(di)在(zai)(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)省興(xing)平縣(xian)、咸(xian)陽(yang)市一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)地(di)(di)區(qu)。漢朝武帝太初元(yuan)年(nian)(丁(ding)丑(chou),公(gong)元(yuan)前104年(nian))置右扶(fu)(fu)風(feng)(feng),與(yu)京兆、左馮翊(yi)合為(wei)三輔,治所在(zai)(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)省興(xing)平市,其(qi)(qi)時(shi)轄(xia)地(di)(di)在(zai)(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)省長安縣(xian)以西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、鳳翔(xiang)縣(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)。三國時(shi)期(qi)曹魏國改名(ming)為(wei)扶(fu)(fu)風(feng)(feng)郡,治所在(zai)(zai)(zai)隗里(今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)興(xing)平),其(qi)(qi)時(shi)轄(xia)地(di)(di)在(zai)(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)省麟游縣(xian)、干縣(xian)以西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),秦(qin)嶺以北、山東省平原(yuan)縣(xian)以南一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)地(di)(di)區(qu)。五代時(shi)期(qi)后漢將其(qi)(qi)轄(xia)地(di)(di)定(ding)在(zai)(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)省咸(xian)陽(yang)市一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)地(di)(di)區(qu)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)晉朝時(shi)期(qi)移治到池陽(yang)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)涇陽(yang)),南北朝時(shi)期(qi)的北魏移治所到好(hao)疇(今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)乾縣(xian))。隋(sui)、唐兩(liang)朝以今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)岐州一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)為(wei)扶(fu)(fu)風(feng)(feng)郡。
高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)郡:歷史上的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)郡有三:①戰國(guo)時(shi)期(qi)為高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)邑(yi),亦稱高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)鄉,在(zai)今河(he)南杞縣(xian)西北(bei)(bei)部,秦朝末(mo)期(qi)酈食其自稱“高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)酒徒”,其“高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)”即(ji)指該地區(qu)(qu)。②東漢桓帝時(shi)期(qi)(公(gong)(gong)元147~167年)又置高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)郡,治所(suo)在(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(今河(he)北(bei)(bei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)),其時(shi)轄(xia)(xia)地在(zai)今河(he)北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)縣(xian)一帶。晉朝泰始初(chu)期(qi)(乙酉(you),公(gong)(gong)元265年)置高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)國(guo),治所(suo)在(zai)博(bo)陸(今河(he)北(bei)(bei)蠡縣(xian)),時(shi)轄(xia)(xia)四縣(xian),轄(xia)(xia)境包括今保定、清(qing)苑、高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)、博(bo)野、蠡縣(xian)等縣(xian)地。③北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)時(shi)期(qi)另置青(qing)州高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)郡,轄(xia)(xia)地在(zai)今山東省(sheng)淄博(bo)市臨淄區(qu)(qu)西北(bei)(bei)部一帶,隋朝開(kai)皇初(chu)年(辛丑,公(gong)(gong)元581年)被廢黜。公(gong)(gong)孫氏望族的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)郡,是指③之所(suo)處。
扶風堂:以望立堂。
高陽堂:以望立堂。
白(bai)馬(ma)堂:東漢(han)末期公孫瓚(zan)被封為(wei)討虜將軍,屢次(ci)打(da)敗胡虜,除(chu)遼東屬國長史。常(chang)乘白(bai)馬(ma),烏桓怕他(ta),互相告語:“我們要(yao)避開白(bai)馬(ma)長史。”
忠義堂(tang):春秋時(shi)公孫杵(chu)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)和(he)程(cheng)嬰(ying)都(dou)是趙(zhao)(zhao)朔的門客。趙(zhao)(zhao)朔為屠岸賈所殺(sha),朔妻遺腹生(sheng)一(yi)子。杵(chu)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)和(he)程(cheng)嬰(ying)設計(ji)保存趙(zhao)(zhao)氏孤兒(er):杵(chu)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)把(ba)自己(ji)(ji)的兒(er)子藏在山(shan)中,派程(cheng)嬰(ying)向屠岸賈回報(bao)說是趙(zhao)(zhao)氏孤兒(er)。屠岸賈就(jiu)把(ba)公孫杵(chu)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的兒(er)子當成(cheng)(cheng)趙(zhao)(zhao)氏孤兒(er)和(he)公孫杵(chu)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)一(yi)起殺(sha)了。程(cheng)嬰(ying)保護著趙(zhao)(zhao)氏孤兒(er)長大成(cheng)(cheng)人,終(zhong)于(yu)報(bao)了趙(zhao)(zhao)朔被殺(sha)之仇。人稱公孫杵(chu)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)舍掉自己(ji)(ji)的兒(er)子和(he)自己(ji)(ji)的命(ming)存主(zhu)人之孤,既忠且義。
人稱書庫,力卻弓旌
上(shang)聯典(dian)指隋(sui)朝(chao)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)阜城人(ren)(ren)公(gong)孫景茂,字元(yuan)蔚,博覽經史(shi),在西魏時任太常博士,對(dui)經史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)錯誤多有改(gai)動,當時人(ren)(ren)稱為(wei)“書庫”。隋(sui)開皇(huang)初(chu)年官汝南太守,后歷任息(xi)州刺(ci)史(shi)、道州刺(ci)史(shi)、淄州刺(ci)史(shi),所到(dao)之處(chu),常用自己的(de)(de)(de)薪俸幫助病人(ren)(ren)、窮人(ren)(ren)。下聯典(dian)指晉(jin)朝(chao)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)谷人(ren)(ren)公(gong)孫鳳,字上(shang)鸞,隱(yin)居(ju)在昌黎的(de)(de)(de)九城山谷,冬穿單衣,夏(xia)吃餿食,彈琴吟(yin)詠,悠(you)然(ran)自得。朝(chao)廷屢次征召,不為(wei)所動。“弓旌”,為(wei)古代征聘士大夫之禮。
趙家義士,孟氏門人
上聯典指(zhi)春(chun)秋(qiu)時期的(de)(de)晉(jin)國公(gong)孫杵臼(jiu)。下(xia)聯典指(zhi)春(chun)秋(qiu)戰國時期的(de)(de)齊國公(gong)孫丑。
脫粟稱平津儉,舞劍示懷素書
上聯典指漢朝(chao)時期的薛(xue)人公孫(sun)弘(hong),字季,小(xiao)時候家里貧窮,四十(shi)多(duo)歲始(shi)學《春秋·雜說》,漢武帝兩次征召為博士,后任丞相(xiang),封平津侯,生活儉(jian)樸,經常吃糙米,人們都(dou)佩服他的勤儉(jian)。下聯典指唐朝(chao)時期的教坊舞(wu)(wu)伎公孫(sun)大(da)娘(niang),善舞(wu)(wu)劍(jian)器,名冠一(yi)時。杜甫曾(ceng)有《觀公孫(sun)大(da)娘(niang)弟子舞(wu)(wu)劍(jian)器行》詩(shi)。書法(fa)家懷(huai)素(su)曾(ceng)見她舞(wu)(wu)西(xi)河劍(jian)器,遂(sui)凈其舞(wu)(wu)姿(zi)化(hua)用于書法(fa),從(cong)此其草(cao)書大(da)有長(chang)進,以狂草(cao)著名。
脫(tuo)粟稱平津之(zhi)儉,舞(wu)劍示懷素之(zhi)書
上聯典(dian)(dian)指漢朝(chao)時期的薛人(ren)公孫(sun)弘。下(xia)聯典(dian)(dian)指唐朝(chao)時期的教(jiao)坊舞伎公孫(sun)大娘。
孟門受精微(wei)之學,行人擅(shan)修飾之能
上聯(lian)典指(zhi)(zhi)戰國(guo)(guo)時(shi)期的(de)(de)齊國(guo)(guo)人公孫(sun)丑,孟(meng)子(zi)弟子(zi),非常傾慕春(chun)秋時(shi)齊國(guo)(guo)大(da)夫(fu)管仲、晏嬰,曾向孟(meng)子(zi)請教他們建功立業的(de)(de)精細(xi)隱(yin)微的(de)(de)問題。下(xia)聯(lian)典指(zhi)(zhi)春(chun)秋時(shi)期的(de)(de)鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)大(da)夫(fu)公孫(sun)揮(hui),字子(zi)羽,鄭(zheng)簡公時(shi)任行人(掌管朝覲聘問的(de)(de)官(guan))。《論語(yu)·憲(xian)問》中曾說:“鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)交(jiao)辭令的(de)(de)創制(zhi),裨湛起草,世叔討論,行人子(zi)羽修飾,東里子(zi)產(chan)潤色。”
孟氏及(ji)門,受精微之(zhi)學(xue);行人子(zi)羽,擅修飾(shi)之(zhi)能
上聯(lian)(lian)典指(zhi)戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)期的(de)公孫丑,孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),曾(ceng)向孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)問(wen)何謂“不動心”和(he)“浩然之氣”。又請問(wen)管仲和(he)晏嬰的(de)功業。下(xia)聯(lian)(lian)典指(zhi)春秋(qiu)時(shi)期的(de)公孫揮,字子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)羽(yu)。熟諳諸(zhu)侯政令,且嫻于辭令。仕行人(ren)。《論語(yu)》:“行人(ren)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)羽(yu)修飾之。”《左傳》論述(shu):“鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)將(jiang)有諸(zhu)侯(外交(jiao))之事,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)乃問(wen)四國(guo)(guo)(guo)之事于子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)羽(yu)。”
黃(huang)帝:姓公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(一說為姬姓),名(ming)軒轅(yuan),號軒轅(yuan)氏、有(you)熊氏和(he)歸藏(zang)氏,被尊奉(feng)為“中華始祖”。據《史記(ji)·五帝本記(ji)》記(ji)載(zai):“黃(huang)帝者(zhe),少典之子,姓公(gong)(gong)孫(sun),名(ming)軒轅(yuan)。……黃(huang)帝居(ju)軒轅(yuan)之丘”。華夏族(zu)的締造(zao)者(zhe),五帝之首(shou),有(you)些說法被列(lie)為三(san)皇(huang)之一,是公(gong)(gong)認的中華民族(zu)的祖先(xian)。
公(gong)孫僑:復姓公(gong)孫,名僑,字(zi)(zi)子(zi)產,又字(zi)(zi)子(zi)美,鄭稱(cheng)公(gong)孫。春秋時(shi)期鄭國的政治家和(he)思想家。子(zi)產具有人本主義的思想,強調(diao)人事,但也(ye)不否認鬼神。提出“天道(dao)遠,人道(dao)邇,非(fei)所及也(ye)”。在子(zi)產看來,人道(dao)先于天道(dao),天道(dao)可以(yi)存而不論,人道(dao)則(ze)不能不察。被(bei)清朝的王源推許為“春秋第一人”。
公(gong)孫(sun)鞅(yang)(yang),衛國國君的后(hou)裔,姬姓、公(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi),故稱衛鞅(yang)(yang),又稱公(gong)孫(sun)鞅(yang)(yang),后(hou)封于商,后(hou)人稱之(zhi)商鞅(yang)(yang)。在秦(qin)國執政十九年,秦(qin)國大治,史稱商鞅(yang)(yang)變法。戰國時期政治家(jia),著名法家(jia)代(dai)表人物(wu)。
公孫龍(long)(前320年-前250年):傳說字子(zi)秉,中國(guo)戰(zhan)國(guo)時期趙(zhao)國(guo)人(ren),曾(ceng)經(jing)做(zuo)過平原(yuan)君的(de)門(men)客,名家的(de)代(dai)表人(ren)物,其主要著作為《公孫龍(long)子(zi)》,西漢時共有14篇,唐代(dai)時分(fen)為三(san)卷(juan),北宋時遺失了8篇,到如今只殘(can)留6篇,共一卷(juan)。其中最(zui)重要的(de)兩篇是《白馬(ma)論(lun)(lun)》和《堅(jian)(jian)白論(lun)(lun)》,提出(chu)了“白馬(ma)非馬(ma)”和“離堅(jian)(jian)白”等論(lun)(lun)點,是“離堅(jian)(jian)白”學(xue)派的(de)主要代(dai)表。是著名的(de)詭辯學(xue)代(dai)表著作,提出(chu)了邏輯學(xue)中的(de)“個別(bie)”和“一般(ban)”之間的(de)相(xiang)互關系(xi)(xi),但(dan)把它們之間的(de)區別(bie)夸大,割斷二者的(de)聯系(xi)(xi),是一種形而上學(xue)的(de)思想(xiang)體系(xi)(xi)。
公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu):西漢末年(nian)(nian),天(tian)下紛擾,群(qun)雄競(jing)起,公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)遂自稱(cheng)輔(fu)漢將(jiang)軍兼領益(yi)州牧。建(jian)武(wu)元年(nian)(nian)(25年(nian)(nian)),公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)稱(cheng)帝于蜀(shu),國號成(cheng)(cheng)家(一作大成(cheng)(cheng)或成(cheng)(cheng)),年(nian)(nian)號龍興。建(jian)武(wu)十一年(nian)(nian)(35年(nian)(nian)),漢廷(ting)乃派(pai)兵征討,被(bei)公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)所(suo)拒。次(ci)年(nian)(nian),復命大司馬(ma)吳漢舉兵來(lai)伐,攻(gong)破成(cheng)(cheng)都,縱兵大掠,盡誅(zhu)公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)氏(shi),“成(cheng)(cheng)家”為東漢所(suo)亡。計公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)割據(ju)益(yi)州稱(cheng)帝,共在位(wei)十二年(nian)(nian)。
公(gong)孫度(du)(150-204年(nian)(nian)):字升濟,遼東(dong)(dong)襄平(遼陽)人。有二子,公(gong)孫康,康弟公(gong)孫恭,康子公(gong)孫晃、公(gong)孫淵。少隨父遷居玄(xuan)菟郡(jun)。初(chu)為玄(xuan)菟小吏,繼升尚書郎、冀州刺史,后被免官(guan)。東(dong)(dong)漢中平六年(nian)(nian)(189年(nian)(nian)),經(jing)同鄉徐榮推(tui)薦,被董卓(zhuo)任命(ming)為遼東(dong)(dong)太守(shou)。公(gong)孫度(du)到任后,厲行(xing)嚴刑峻法,打擊豪強勢力,使(shi)令行(xing)政(zheng)通,羽翼漸豐。漢獻帝初(chu)平元年(nian)(nian)(190年(nian)(nian)),中原地(di)區(qu)(qu)董卓(zhuo)亂起,各(ge)地(di)軍閥(fa)無暇東(dong)(dong)顧。公(gong)孫度(du)趁機自(zi)立為遼東(dong)(dong)侯、平州牧(mu)。繼則東(dong)(dong)伐高句麗(li),西(xi)擊烏桓,向南取遼東(dong)(dong)半(ban)島,開疆(jiang)擴土;又招賢納士,設館開學,廣招流(liu)民,威行(xing)海外(wai),儼然以遼東(dong)(dong)王自(zi)居。由于公(gong)孫度(du)的(de)銳(rui)意(yi)進取和苦心經(jing)營,使(shi)遼東(dong)(dong)地(di)區(qu)(qu)在(zai)漢末三國的(de)戰亂年(nian)(nian)代,獲得了(le)暫(zan)時的(de)安寧,推(tui)動了(le)當(dang)地(di)生產技術和封建(jian)文化的(de)發展。
公孫淵:字文懿(yi)。魏(wei)大(da)司馬(ma)(ma),封樂浪公。公孫度之孫。后自(zi)稱燕王(wang)。為司馬(ma)(ma)懿(yi)所破。
公孫(sun)瓚(zan)(?-199):字伯(bo)珪,漢(han)(han)族,遼西令(ling)支(今河北遷(qian)安(an))人。東漢(han)(han)末(mo)年獻帝年間(jian)占據幽州一(yi)帶的(de)軍閥,漢(han)(han)末(mo)群雄之(zhi)一(yi)。后為(wei)袁紹所(suo)破。其子公孫(sun)續,被(bei)公孫(sun)瓚(zan)派往黑(hei)山求張燕(yan)來救已遲。后為(wei)屠(tu)各(休(xiu)屠(tu)各的(de)省稱(cheng),也(ye)稱(cheng)休(xiu)屠(tu))所(suo)殺。