大狐姓氏(shi)作為中國為數不多的稀有(you)姓氏(shi)之一,它(ta)的淵源(yuan)、遷徙、分布都是有(you)史可循,有(you)據可查的!
單一(yi)淵源(yuan):源(yuan)于姬(ji)(ji)姓(xing),出(chu)自(zi)(zi)春秋時(shi)期(qi)晉(jin)國(guo)大(da)夫(fu)狐(hu)(hu)突(tu),屬于以先祖名(ming)字為氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。大(da)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi),為春秋時(shi)期(qi)晉(jin)國(guo)很早即(ji)出(chu)現的(de)姓(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。宋(song)朝時(shi)期(qi)著(zhu)名(ming)學(xue)者(zhe)鄧名(ming)世在《古(gu)今姓(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)書辯證(zheng)·去·十(shi)四泰(tai)》中記載(zai):“大(da)狐(hu)(hu),出(chu)自(zi)(zi)姬(ji)(ji)姓(xing)。晉(jin)大(da)夫(fu)狐(hu)(hu)突(tu),字伯行,文公(gong)重(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)外祖父(fu)也,生毛及偃,毛生溱,皆為晉(jin)卿,別為大(da)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。”姓(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)界一(yi)般認(ren)為,大(da)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)本姓(xing)姬(ji)(ji),因其先祖被分封在狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)戎(今山(shan)西交城一(yi)帶),故(gu)改姬(ji)(ji)姓(xing)為大(da)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。在史籍《左傳》中記載(zai),后來晉(jin)獻公(gong)姬(ji)(ji)佹諸(公(gong)元前(qian)676~前(qian)651年在位(wei))“又娶二女于戎,大(da)戎狐(hu)(hu)姬(ji)(ji)生重(zhong)(zhong)耳(er),小戎子生夷吾(wu)”。漢朝著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)史學(xue)家司馬遷也認(ren)為,“重(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)母,翟(zhai)之(zhi)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)女也”。不過,當時(shi)也有其他民(min)族(zu)(zu)是(shi)姬(ji)(ji)姓(xing)的(de),那么(me)狐(hu)(hu)突(tu)的(de)祖上是(shi)姓(xing)姬(ji)(ji)還(huan)是(shi)姓(xing)狐(hu)(hu),是(shi)土著(zhu)民(min)族(zu)(zu)還(huan)是(shi)宗(zong)周后裔?如果是(shi)出(chu)自(zi)(zi)土著(zhu)民(min)族(zu)(zu),那么(me)到底是(shi)戎還(huan)是(shi)翟(zhai)?均(jun)已渺(miao)茫難考了。山(shan)西,為上古(gu)唐“帝(di)堯初(chu)都”之(zhi)地(di),又是(shi)夏(xia)王(wang)朝統治時(shi)期(qi)的(de)根(gen)據地(di),但(dan)是(shi)到了商末(mo)西周初(chu),該地(di)區(qu)已經(jing)基本上是(shi)戎、翟(zhai)(狄)、氐、羌諸民(min)族(zu)(zu)出(chu)沒游牧的(de)地(di)方了。
據史籍《左傳·定公四年(nian)》中的(de)(de)(de)(de)記載,周(zhou)成王姬誦“分(fen)唐叔(叔虞(yu))以大路,密須之鼓,闕鞏,沽洗,懷(huai)(huai)姓(xing)九(jiu)宗,職(zhi)官(guan)(guan)五正。命以《唐誥》,而封于(yu)夏(xia)虛,啟以夏(xia)政(zheng),疆(jiang)以戎索(suo)。”這里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“啟以夏(xia)政(zheng),疆(jiang)以戎索(suo)”,實(shi)際上(shang)是(shi)就(jiu)晉(jin)(jin)國在建國初期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)根本治國方略,就(jiu)是(shi)在中央政(zheng)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設上(shang),堅持周(zhou)王朝比(bi)較(jiao)先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治制度,但(dan)是(shi)在地(di)域管(guan)理(li)方面又遵循和順(shun)應當(dang)地(di)各個游牧(mu)民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)俗。在晉(jin)(jin)國建立(li)初期(qi),真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)宗周(zhou)貴族(zu)是(shi)不多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de),姬叔虞(yu)當(dang)時(shi)只帶去了(le)“懷(huai)(huai)姓(xing)九(jiu)宗,職(zhi)官(guan)(guan)五正”等少(shao)量(liang)姬姓(xing)族(zu)人(ren)以及一軍之卒(凡制軍,萬有二千(qian)五百人(ren)為一軍),晉(jin)(jin)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)大部(bu)分(fen)國人(ren)還(huan)是(shi)當(dang)地(di)土著居民。事實(shi)上(shang),在整個春(chun)秋時(shi)期(qi),各諸侯國中的(de)(de)(de)(de)晉(jin)(jin)國“胡”風(feng)一直是(shi)很濃厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de),從西周(zhou)初期(qi)受封于(yu)唐邑,后改(gai)唐為晉(jin)(jin),建立(li)晉(jin)(jin)國,晉(jin)(jin)國人(ren)與(yu)周(zhou)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)各個民族(zu)通(tong)商、通(tong)婚(hun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象一直就(jiu)十分(fen)普遍,就(jiu)連國君也不例外,這與(yu)燕(yan)國、秦國的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況大體(ti)相同(tong)。
大(da)狐(hu)氏(shi)(shi),歷(li)代皆為晉國重臣,傳到歷(li)晉文(wen)公(gong)(gong)姬重耳(er)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)636~前(qian)(qian)(qian)628年(nian)在(zai)(zai)位(wei))、晉襄公(gong)(gong)姬歡(姬環,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)627~前(qian)(qian)(qian)621年(nian)在(zai)(zai)位(wei))、晉靈公(gong)(gong)姬夷皋(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)620~前(qian)(qian)(qian)607年(nian)在(zai)(zai)位(wei))三朝、史稱晉國“股肱”的大(da)狐(hu)射姑以(yi)后(hou),因(yin)其(qi)封(feng)地(di)在(zai)(zai)賈(今山(shan)西臨(lin)(lin)汾(fen)),其(qi)后(hou)裔(yi)子孫(sun)大(da)多省文(wen)簡改為單姓(xing)狐(hu)氏(shi)(shi)、賈氏(shi)(shi),大(da)狐(hu)氏(shi)(shi)復姓(xing)就此在(zai)(zai)歷(li)史上基(ji)本(ben)消失(shi)了。如今,僅(jin)在(zai)(zai)浙江省西南部麗水地(di)區還有極其(qi)稀(xi)少(shao)的復姓(xing)大(da)狐(hu)氏(shi)(shi)族人,仍以(yi)平陽(今山(shan)西臨(lin)(lin)汾(fen))為郡(jun)望(wang)。
大狐突(姬狐突)。
平陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun):亦稱(cheng)(cheng)臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen)郡(jun)。歷史上的平陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)有二(er):①即(ji)今(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西省臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen)市(shi)。西漢(han)初(chu)(chu)年(nian)(己(ji)亥,公元前202年(nian))置(zhi)(zhi)平陽(yang)(yang)(yang)縣,治(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)平陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen))。三國(guo)時(shi)期曹魏(wei)國(guo)正始八年(nian)(丁卯,公元247年(nian)),將(jiang)河(he)東郡(jun)分出(chu)一(yi)部分與平陽(yang)(yang)(yang)縣合并,設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)平陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun),治(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)亦在(zai)平陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen)),其(qi)時(shi)轄(xia)地(di)在(zai)今(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西藿縣以南的汾(fen)(fen)河(he)流(liu)域及其(qi)以西地(di)區,境內為(wei)(wei)司州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)平陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun),轄(xia)十(shi)縣。西晉(jin)(jin)時(shi)期仍為(wei)(wei)平陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun),轄(xia)十(shi)二(er)縣。西晉(jin)(jin)永嘉三年(nian)(己(ji)巳,公元309年(nian))初(chu)(chu),匈奴人劉(liu)淵自蒲子城(隰縣)遷都平陽(yang)(yang)(yang),稱(cheng)(cheng)帝建漢(han),境內屬之(zhi)。東晉(jin)(jin)時(shi)先后屬并州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、雍州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)和冀州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou);北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)時(shi)境內為(wei)(wei)東雍州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),轄(xia)七郡(jun)二(er)十(shi)縣;北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)神鹿元年(nian)(戊(wu)辰(chen),公元428年(nian))始筑白(bai)馬城(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen)),因魏(wei)刑白(bai)馬祭祀天地(di)神靈筑城而名。孝昌二(er)年(nian)改(gai)置(zhi)(zhi)唐州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),治(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)平陽(yang)(yang)(yang)故城(劉(liu)村);北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)建義元年(nian)(戊(wu)申,公元528年(nian))改(gai)稱(cheng)(cheng)晉(jin)(jin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),移治(zhi)(zhi)自馬城,與郡(jun)縣同治(zhi)(zhi),沿(yan)用至今(jin)(jin)。②即(ji)今(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東省鄒(zou)(zou)城市(shi)。鄒(zou)(zou)城在(zai)春秋(qiu)戰國(guo)時(shi)期古稱(cheng)(cheng)平陽(yang)(yang)(yang),是“鄒(zou)(zou)魯圣地(di)”,為(wei)(wei)中國(guo)儒學發源地(di)。夏王朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)期屬九州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)徐(xu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)域,秦朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)期開始設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)“騶縣”,歷漢(han)、晉(jin)(jin)、南北(bei)(bei)朝(chao)(chao),及唐朝(chao)(chao)初(chu)(chu)期改(gai)“騶”為(wei)(wei)“鄒(zou)(zou)”,稱(cheng)(cheng)“鄒(zou)(zou)縣”,沿(yan)襲至1992年(nian)10月,撤(che)縣設(she)市(shi),稱(cheng)(cheng)鄒(zou)(zou)城市(shi)。大狐氏的郡(jun)望(wang)為(wei)(wei)①即(ji)今(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen)。
平陽堂:以望立堂。
大狐(hu)氏(shi)復姓(xing)(xing)(xing)是一(yi)(yi)個非(fei)常古老的(de)(de)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi),但在(zai)今中國大陸的(de)(de)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi)排行榜(bang)上(shang)未列入(ru)百家姓(xing)(xing)(xing)前一(yi)(yi)千位(wei),在(zai)臺灣省(sheng)則沒有(you)(you)。今浙江省(sheng)西南部(bu)的(de)(de)麗水地(di)區,有(you)(you)零星(xing)大狐(hu)氏(shi)族人(ren)(ren)分布,以平陽(yang)為郡望。人(ren)(ren)口總數不及一(yi)(yi)百,大概屬于人(ren)(ren)口最稀少(shao)的(de)(de)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi)群體之一(yi)(yi)了(le)。