大狐姓氏(shi)作為中(zhong)國為數不(bu)多(duo)的(de)(de)稀(xi)有(you)姓氏(shi)之(zhi)一(yi),它(ta)的(de)(de)淵源、遷徙(xi)、分布都(dou)是(shi)有(you)史(shi)可循,有(you)據可查的(de)(de)!
單一(yi)(yi)淵(yuan)源(yuan):源(yuan)于姬(ji)姓(xing),出自春(chun)秋(qiu)時(shi)期(qi)晉(jin)國大(da)(da)夫狐(hu)(hu)突(tu)(tu),屬于以(yi)先(xian)祖名(ming)字為(wei)(wei)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。大(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)(wei)春(chun)秋(qiu)時(shi)期(qi)晉(jin)國很早即出現的姓(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。宋朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)期(qi)著(zhu)名(ming)學者鄧名(ming)世(shi)在(zai)(zai)《古(gu)今姓(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)書辯證·去(qu)·十(shi)四(si)泰(tai)》中記載(zai):“大(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu),出自姬(ji)姓(xing)。晉(jin)大(da)(da)夫狐(hu)(hu)突(tu)(tu),字伯(bo)行,文公重(zhong)(zhong)耳外祖父也(ye)(ye),生(sheng)毛及偃(yan),毛生(sheng)溱(zhen),皆為(wei)(wei)晉(jin)卿,別為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。”姓(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)學界一(yi)(yi)般認(ren)為(wei)(wei),大(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)本姓(xing)姬(ji),因其(qi)先(xian)祖被分(fen)封(feng)在(zai)(zai)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)戎(rong)(rong)(今山西交城(cheng)一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)),故(gu)改(gai)姬(ji)姓(xing)為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。在(zai)(zai)史籍(ji)《左傳(chuan)》中記載(zai),后(hou)來晉(jin)獻(xian)公姬(ji)佹諸(zhu)(公元前(qian)676~前(qian)651年在(zai)(zai)位)“又娶二女(nv)于戎(rong)(rong),大(da)(da)戎(rong)(rong)狐(hu)(hu)姬(ji)生(sheng)重(zhong)(zhong)耳,小戎(rong)(rong)子(zi)生(sheng)夷吾(wu)”。漢朝(chao)(chao)著(zhu)名(ming)的史學家司馬遷(qian)也(ye)(ye)認(ren)為(wei)(wei),“重(zhong)(zhong)耳母(mu),翟之狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)女(nv)也(ye)(ye)”。不過,當時(shi)也(ye)(ye)有其(qi)他民(min)族(zu)是姬(ji)姓(xing)的,那么狐(hu)(hu)突(tu)(tu)的祖上是姓(xing)姬(ji)還是姓(xing)狐(hu)(hu),是土著(zhu)民(min)族(zu)還是宗(zong)周(zhou)后(hou)裔(yi)?如(ru)果是出自土著(zhu)民(min)族(zu),那么到(dao)底是戎(rong)(rong)還是翟?均已渺茫難考了。山西,為(wei)(wei)上古(gu)唐“帝堯初(chu)都(dou)”之地,又是夏王朝(chao)(chao)統治時(shi)期(qi)的根(gen)據地,但(dan)是到(dao)了商末西周(zhou)初(chu),該地區(qu)已經(jing)基本上是戎(rong)(rong)、翟(狄)、氐(di)、羌諸(zhu)民(min)族(zu)出沒游牧的地方了。
據(ju)史籍《左傳·定公四年(nian)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)記載(zai),周成王(wang)姬誦“分(fen)唐(tang)叔(叔虞(yu))以大(da)路,密須之鼓,闕(que)鞏(gong),沽洗,懷姓九宗,職官五正(zheng)。命以《唐(tang)誥》,而封(feng)于(yu)夏虛,啟以夏政(zheng),疆(jiang)以戎索。”這(zhe)里的(de)(de)(de)“啟以夏政(zheng),疆(jiang)以戎索”,實際(ji)上是(shi)(shi)就(jiu)晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在建(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)初期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)根本治國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)方略,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)在中(zhong)央政(zheng)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設上,堅持(chi)周王(wang)朝比較先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治制度,但是(shi)(shi)在地域管(guan)理方面又遵(zun)循和順應當(dang)地各個(ge)(ge)游牧民(min)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)風俗。在晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)立初期(qi)(qi),真正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)宗周貴族(zu)(zu)是(shi)(shi)不多的(de)(de)(de),姬叔虞(yu)當(dang)時只(zhi)帶去(qu)了“懷姓九宗,職官五正(zheng)”等少量(liang)姬姓族(zu)(zu)人(ren)以及(ji)一軍(jun)之卒(凡制軍(jun),萬有二千五百人(ren)為(wei)(wei)一軍(jun)),晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)部分(fen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)當(dang)地土著居(ju)民(min)。事實上,在整個(ge)(ge)春(chun)秋時期(qi)(qi),各諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“胡(hu)”風一直是(shi)(shi)很濃(nong)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de),從西周初期(qi)(qi)受封(feng)于(yu)唐(tang)邑,后改唐(tang)為(wei)(wei)晉(jin),建(jian)立晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)與周邊的(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)(ge)民(min)族(zu)(zu)通商、通婚的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)一直就(jiu)十分(fen)普遍,就(jiu)連國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君也(ye)不例(li)外(wai),這(zhe)與燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)大(da)體相同。
大(da)狐氏,歷(li)代皆為晉國重(zhong)臣,傳到歷(li)晉文(wen)公(gong)姬(ji)重(zhong)耳(公(gong)元前(qian)636~前(qian)628年(nian)在位)、晉襄公(gong)姬(ji)歡(姬(ji)環,公(gong)元前(qian)627~前(qian)621年(nian)在位)、晉靈公(gong)姬(ji)夷皋(公(gong)元前(qian)620~前(qian)607年(nian)在位)三(san)朝(chao)、史稱晉國“股肱”的大(da)狐射姑以后(hou),因其(qi)(qi)封地在賈(jia)(今山(shan)西(xi)臨(lin)汾),其(qi)(qi)后(hou)裔子(zi)孫大(da)多省文(wen)簡改為單姓狐氏、賈(jia)氏,大(da)狐氏復(fu)姓就此在歷(li)史上基本消失了。如今,僅(jin)在浙江省西(xi)南(nan)部(bu)麗(li)水地區還(huan)有(you)極其(qi)(qi)稀少的復(fu)姓大(da)狐氏族(zu)人(ren),仍(reng)以平陽(今山(shan)西(xi)臨(lin)汾)為郡望(wang)。
大(da)狐突(姬狐突)。
平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun):亦(yi)稱(cheng)臨汾(fen)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。歷史上的平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)有二(er):①即今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)省臨汾(fen)市。西(xi)(xi)(xi)漢初年(nian)(己(ji)亥,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前202年(nian))置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian),治(zhi)所(suo)(suo)在(zai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)臨汾(fen))。三國(guo)時(shi)期(qi)曹魏(wei)(wei)國(guo)正始(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(丁卯,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)247年(nian)),將河(he)東郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)分出一部分與平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)合并(bing),設置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),治(zhi)所(suo)(suo)亦(yi)在(zai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)臨汾(fen)),其時(shi)轄(xia)(xia)地(di)在(zai)今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)藿縣(xian)(xian)以南的汾(fen)河(he)流域及(ji)其以西(xi)(xi)(xi)地(di)區,境(jing)內為(wei)(wei)司州(zhou)(zhou)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),轄(xia)(xia)十(shi)(shi)縣(xian)(xian)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)晉(jin)時(shi)期(qi)仍為(wei)(wei)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),轄(xia)(xia)十(shi)(shi)二(er)縣(xian)(xian)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)晉(jin)永嘉三年(nian)(己(ji)巳,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)309年(nian))初,匈奴(nu)人劉(liu)淵(yuan)自蒲子城(cheng)(隰(xi)縣(xian)(xian))遷都平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang),稱(cheng)帝建(jian)漢,境(jing)內屬之。東晉(jin)時(shi)先后屬并(bing)州(zhou)(zhou)、雍州(zhou)(zhou)和冀州(zhou)(zhou);北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)時(shi)境(jing)內為(wei)(wei)東雍州(zhou)(zhou),轄(xia)(xia)七郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)二(er)十(shi)(shi)縣(xian)(xian);北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)神鹿元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(戊辰,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)428年(nian))始(shi)筑(zhu)白馬城(cheng)(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)臨汾(fen)),因魏(wei)(wei)刑(xing)白馬祭祀(si)天地(di)神靈(ling)筑(zhu)城(cheng)而名(ming)。孝昌二(er)年(nian)改置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)唐(tang)州(zhou)(zhou),治(zhi)所(suo)(suo)在(zai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)故城(cheng)(劉(liu)村);北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)建(jian)義元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(戊申,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)528年(nian))改稱(cheng)晉(jin)州(zhou)(zhou),移治(zhi)自馬城(cheng),與郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)縣(xian)(xian)同治(zhi),沿用(yong)至(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)。②即今(jin)山(shan)(shan)東省鄒(zou)(zou)城(cheng)市。鄒(zou)(zou)城(cheng)在(zai)春秋戰(zhan)國(guo)時(shi)期(qi)古稱(cheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang),是(shi)“鄒(zou)(zou)魯圣地(di)”,為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)儒學發(fa)源(yuan)地(di)。夏(xia)王朝(chao)時(shi)期(qi)屬九州(zhou)(zhou)徐州(zhou)(zhou)之域,秦朝(chao)時(shi)期(qi)開(kai)始(shi)設置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“騶(zou)縣(xian)(xian)”,歷漢、晉(jin)、南北(bei)朝(chao),及(ji)唐(tang)朝(chao)初期(qi)改“騶(zou)”為(wei)(wei)“鄒(zou)(zou)”,稱(cheng)“鄒(zou)(zou)縣(xian)(xian)”,沿襲(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)1992年(nian)10月,撤縣(xian)(xian)設市,稱(cheng)鄒(zou)(zou)城(cheng)市。大(da)狐氏的郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)望為(wei)(wei)①即今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)臨汾(fen)。
平陽堂:以(yi)望立堂。
大(da)(da)狐氏(shi)(shi)(shi)復姓(xing)(xing)是一(yi)個非常古老的(de)(de)姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi),但(dan)在今中(zhong)國大(da)(da)陸(lu)的(de)(de)姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)排行榜上未列(lie)入百家姓(xing)(xing)前一(yi)千位,在臺灣省(sheng)則沒有。今浙江省(sheng)西南部的(de)(de)麗水地(di)區(qu),有零星大(da)(da)狐氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族人分布,以平陽(yang)為郡(jun)望。人口總數不及(ji)一(yi)百,大(da)(da)概屬于人口最(zui)稀(xi)少的(de)(de)姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)群體之一(yi)了。