《樂(le)毅論(lun)》共四十四行,小(xiao)楷(kai)。是王羲之的(de)楷(kai)書(shu)書(shu)法作(zuo)(zuo)品。原作(zuo)(zuo)者為(wei)夏侯玄,真跡早已不存(cun),一(yi)說(shuo)真跡戰亂時為(wei)咸陽老(lao)嫗投于灶(zao)火,一(yi)說(shuo)唐太宗所收。現存(cun)世刻本有(you)多種,以《秘閣本》和(he)《越州石氏本》最佳(jia)。
王羲(xi)之(zhi)書(shu)。小楷(kai)。褚遂良在《晉右軍(jun)王羲(xi)之(zhi)書(shu)目》將其(qi)列為第一。梁陶弘景說(shuo):“右軍(jun)名跡(ji),合有(you)數首:《黃庭經》、《曹娥(e)碑》、《樂毅論(lun)》是(shi)也。”王羲(xi)之(zhi)書(shu)皆(jie)有(you)真跡(ji),惟此(ci)帖只有(you)石刻。
《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三國時(shi)期魏夏侯(hou)玄(字(zi)泰初)撰寫(xie)的(de)一篇(pian)(pian)文章,文中論(lun)述的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)戰國時(shi)代(dai)燕(yan)國名將樂(le)毅(yi)及其征討各(ge)國之事(shi)。傳王羲(xi)之抄寫(xie)這(zhe)篇(pian)(pian)文章,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)書付其子官(guan)奴(nu)的(de)。有人考證說(shuo),官(guan)奴(nu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)王獻之。這(zhe)一書跡,早在去東晉未遠的(de)南朝曾(ceng)被論(lun)及。梁(liang)(liang)武帝在與陶弘景(jing)討論(lun)內府(fu)(fu)所藏的(de)這(zhe)篇(pian)(pian)書跡時(shi)說(shuo):“逸少跡無甚極(ji)細書,《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》乃微粗健(jian),恐非真跡”,陶弘景(jing)表示贊同,曰:“《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》愚心近甚疑是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)摹而不敢輕(qing)言,今旨以為非真,竊自(zi)信頗涉有悟(wu)。”那么,梁(liang)(liang)朝內府(fu)(fu)的(de)藏本(ben),宜是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)摹本(ben)而非真跡。
盡管(guan)如此,陳(chen)、隋之(zhi)際釋智永卻視《樂(le)毅論(lun)》為王(wang)(wang)羲之(zhi)正(zheng)書第一。據他(ta)說:“梁世模出,天(tian)下珍之(zhi)。自蕭、阮之(zhi)流,莫不臨學。陳(chen)天(tian)嘉(jia)(650——565)中(zhong),人(ren)得以(yi)獻文(wen)帝(di),帝(di)賜始興王(wang)(wang),王(wang)(wang)作(zuo)牧(mu)境中(zhong),即(ji)以(yi)見(jian)示。吾昔聞其(qi)妙,今睹其(qi)真(zhen),閱玩良久(jiu),匪朝(chao)伊夕。始興薨後,仍(reng)屬廢(fei)帝(di)。廢(fei)帝(di)既歿(mo),又屬余(yu)杭公主(zhu),公主(zhu)以(yi)帝(di)王(wang)(wang)所(suo)重(zhong),恒加寶愛,陳(chen)世諸王(wang)(wang),皆求不得。及天(tian)下一統,四(si)海(hai)同文(wen),處處追尋,累載方得。”
唐朝初年(nian),《樂(le)毅論(lun)》入於內(nei)府,曾經(jing)褚(chu)遂良檢校鑒定(ding),認定(ding)為真(zhen)跡。褚(chu)氏著(zhu)錄(lu)內(nei)府所收王羲(xi)之(zhi)書(shu)(shu)跡,為《右軍書(shu)(shu)目》,列《樂(le)毅論(lun)》為王氏正書(shu)(shu)第一,并注明“四(si)十四(si)行(xing),書(shu)(shu)付官奴”。唐太(tai)宗最為寶重的書(shu)(shu)跡是(shi)(shi)《蘭亭序》與《樂(le)毅論(lun)》。唐內(nei)府收藏(zang)的《樂(le)毅論(lun)》,最初摹拓分賜(si)(si)大(da)臣是(shi)(shi)在(zai)貞(zhen)觀(guan)年(nian)間(jian)。褚(chu)遂良《榻本(ben)(樂(le)毅論(lun))記(ji)》曰(yue):貞(zhen)觀(guan)十三(san)年(nian)(639)四(si)月九日,命直弘文(wen)館馮承素摹榻,分賜(si)(si)長(chang)孫無(wu)忌、房(fang)玄齡、高(gao)士(shi)廉、侯君集、魏徵、楊師(shi)道六(liu)人,“于(yu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)外(wai)乃有六(liu)本(ben)。”武平一《徐氏法(fa)書(shu)(shu)記(ji)》載:“至高(gao)宗又敕馮承素、諸葛貞(zhen)榻《樂(le)毅論(lun)》及雜帖數本(ben),賜(si)(si)長(chang)孫無(wu)忌等六(liu)人,在(zai)外(wai)方(fang)有。”摹本(ben)的傳布范圍,限(xian)於皇親國戚或(huo)近侍大(da)臣而已,世人罕見(jian)其貌。
《樂毅(yi)論》墨跡(ji)本(ben)今(jin)已不(bu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),真(zhen)跡(ji)則更(geng)(geng)不(bu)待言了。據唐韋述《敘書(shu)(shu)錄》稱,內(nei)府所(suo)藏的(de)《樂毅(yi)論》,“長(chang)安、神龍之際,太平(ping)(ping)安樂公(gong)主奏借出(chu)外(wai)拓寫”,“因此遂(sui)失所(suo)在”。徐浩(hao)《古跡(ji)記》記載得(de)更(geng)(geng)為具體一些,曰(yue):後歸武則天女太平(ping)(ping)公(gong)主,其(qi)後為一咸(xian)陽老嫗(yu)(yu)竊去,縣吏尋覺,老嫗(yu)(yu)投(tou)之灶下,真(zhen)跡(ji)遂(sui)永絕於世。宋朝程大(da)昌肯定了這(zhe)一說法,其(qi)所(suo)著(zhu)(zhu)《考古編》卷(juan)八(ba)謂:“開(kai)元五年(717)裒大(da)王真(zhen)跡(ji)為百五十八(ba)卷(juan),以《黃庭經(jing)》為正書(shu)(shu)第一,無《蘭亭》、《樂毅(yi)》,則開(kai)元時真(zhen)本(ben)不(bu)存明矣。今(jin)世傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)本(ben),必(bi)(bi)是摹榻(ta)(ta),又未必(bi)(bi)正是當時傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)本(ben)。按,褚遂(sui)良(liang)、武平(ping)(ping)一皆言貞觀中嘗(chang)敕馮承素等榻(ta)(ta)本(ben)賜長(chang)孫無忌等六人(ren),人(ren)間遂(sui)有(you)六本(ben),其(qi)內(nei)本(ben)之經(jing)褚河南敘錄者,凡接縫及卷(juan)首、卷(juan)尾皆印‘貞觀二(er)年’以識。今(jin)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)本(ben)又皆無之,知是榻(ta)(ta)非原榻(ta)(ta)不(bu)疑也。”《宣(xuan)和書(shu)(shu)譜》著(zhu)(zhu)錄的(de)《樂毅(yi)論》,恐怕就是程大(da)昌所(suo)指的(de)非原榻(ta)(ta)的(de)再榻(ta)(ta)本(ben)。
另(ling)外,宋(song)沈括(kuo)在(zai)(zai)《夢溪筆(bi)談》卷十七中(zhong)(zhong)還提出一新說,他(ta)認為“王羲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書,舊傳(chuan)惟《樂毅論》乃羲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)親書於石(shi)(shi)(shi),其他(ta)皆(jie)紙素所(suo)傳(chuan)。唐太宗裒聚(ju)二王墨跡(ji),惟《樂毅論》石(shi)(shi)(shi)本(ben)在(zai)(zai)。其後(hou)隨太宗人(ren)昭陵。朱梁(liang)時(shi),耀州(zhou)(zhou)節(jie)度使(shi)溫韜(tao)發昭陵得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),復傳(chuan)人(ren)間。或(huo)(huo)曰‘公主以偽本(ben)易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),元石(shi)(shi)(shi)曾入曠」。本(ben)朝(chao)高紳學士家(jia),皇佑中(zhong)(zhong)紳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子高安(an)世(shi)為錢塘主簿,《樂毅論》在(zai)(zai)其家(jia),予嘗見之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。時(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)破缺,末后獨有(you)一‘海’字者是也。其後(hou)十余(yu)年,安(an)世(shi)在(zai)(zai)蘇(su)州(zhou)(zhou),石(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)破為數片,以鐵束之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),後(hou)安(an)世(shi)死,石(shi)(shi)(shi)不知所(suo)在(zai)(zai)。或(huo)(huo)云‘蘇(su)州(zhou)(zhou)一富家(jia)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’亦不復見。今傳(chuan)《樂毅論》,皆(jie)摹本(ben)也。筆(bi)畫無復昔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清勁。羲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小楷字於此殆(dai)絕(jue),《遺教(jiao)經》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)類,皆(jie)非(fei)其比也。”沈括(kuo)此說實(shi)際上(shang)是把傳(chuan)世(shi)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)榻本(ben)追認到(dao)王羲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)那里,以他(ta)所(suo)見的(de)(de)刻(ke)石(shi)(shi)(shi)為原石(shi)(shi)(shi)。權(quan)作一說存之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
夏侯泰初
世(shi)(shi)人多(duo)以(yi)樂(le)(le)毅不(bu)(bu)(bu)時拔(ba)莒即(ji)(ji)墨為劣是(shi)(shi)以(yi)敘而(er)(er)(er)論(lun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夫(fu)(fu)求古賢(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,宜以(yi)大(da)(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)遠(yuan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)先(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),必(bi)迂廻而(er)(er)(er)難通(tong),然(ran)后已焉可(ke)也(ye),今(jin)樂(le)(le)氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)趣或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)未(wei)盡乎,而(er)(er)(er)多(duo)劣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。是(shi)(shi)使(shi)前賢(xian)失指于(yu)(yu)將來不(bu)(bu)(bu)亦(yi)惜(xi)哉(zai)(zai)(zai),觀樂(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)遺燕(yan)惠(hui)王(wang)(wang)書,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)殆庶乎機(ji),合乎道(dao)以(yi)終始者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)與,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)喻(yu)昭王(wang)(wang)曰(yue):伊尹放太甲而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)疑,太甲受放而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)怨,是(shi)(shi)存大(da)(da)(da)業于(yu)(yu)至(zhi)公,而(er)(er)(er)以(yi)天(tian)下(xia)為心(xin)(xin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye),夫(fu)(fu)欲極道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang),務以(yi)天(tian)下(xia)為心(xin)(xin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),必(bi)致(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主於(wu)(wu)(wu)盛隆,合其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)趣於(wu)(wu)(wu)先(xian)王(wang)(wang),茍(gou)君臣同符,斯大(da)(da)(da)業定矣。于(yu)(yu)斯時也(ye),樂(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志,千載一遇也(ye),亦(yi)將行(xing)千載一隆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),豈其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)局跡當時,止於(wu)(wu)(wu)兼(jian)并而(er)(er)(er)已哉(zai)(zai)(zai),夫(fu)(fu)兼(jian)并者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)非樂(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)屑(xie),強燕(yan)而(er)(er)(er)廢道(dao),又非樂(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)求也(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)屑(xie)茍(gou)得則心(xin)(xin)無近(jin)事,不(bu)(bu)(bu)求小成,斯意兼(jian)天(tian)下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。則舉齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)運其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)而(er)(er)(er)動四海(hai)也(ye),夫(fu)(fu)討齊(qi)以(yi)明燕(yan)主之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)(yi),此(ci)(ci)兵不(bu)(bu)(bu)興于(yu)(yu)為利矣。圍城(cheng)(cheng)而(er)(er)(er)害不(bu)(bu)(bu)加於(wu)(wu)(wu)百姓,此(ci)(ci)仁(ren)心(xin)(xin)著於(wu)(wu)(wu)遐邇矣,舉國(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)謀其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)功(gong),除暴不(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)威力,此(ci)(ci)至(zhi)德(de)令於(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)下(xia)矣;邁全德(de)以(yi)率列國(guo)(guo),則幾於(wu)(wu)(wu)湯武(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事矣,樂(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)方恢大(da)(da)(da)綱,以(yi)縱(zong)二(er)城(cheng)(cheng),牧民明信(xin),以(yi)待(dai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)弊,使(shi)即(ji)(ji)墨莒人,顧(gu)(gu)仇其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上,愿釋(shi)干戈,賴(lai)我(wo)猶親,善(shan)守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智,無所(suo)(suo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)施,然(ran)則求仁(ren)得仁(ren),即(ji)(ji)墨大(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)(yi)也(ye),任(ren)窮則從,微子(zi)適周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)也(ye),開彌廣(guang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路,以(yi)待(dai)田單(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒,長(chang)容善(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風(feng),以(yi)申齊(qi)士之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志。使(shi)夫(fu)(fu)忠者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)遂節,通(tong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)義(yi)(yi)著,昭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東海(hai),屬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)華裔。我(wo)澤如春,下(xia)應如草(cao),道(dao)光宇宙,賢(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)托心(xin)(xin),鄰國(guo)(guo)傾慕,四海(hai)延(yan)頸,思戴燕(yan)主,仰望(wang)風(feng)聲,二(er)城(cheng)(cheng)必(bi)從,則王(wang)(wang)業隆矣,雖(sui)淹留於(wu)(wu)(wu)兩邑,乃(nai)致(zhi)速(su)(su)於(wu)(wu)(wu)天(tian)下(xia),不(bu)(bu)(bu)幸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變,世(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)圖,敗於(wu)(wu)(wu)垂(chui)成,時運固(gu)然(ran),若乃(nai)逼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)威,劫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)兵,則攻(gong)取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,求欲速(su)(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong),使(shi)燕(yan)齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士流血(xue)于(yu)(yu)二(er)城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,侈殺傷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殘(can),示四國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人,是(shi)(shi)縱(zong)暴易亂(luan),貪以(yi)成私,鄰國(guo)(guo)望(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)猶犲虎。既大(da)(da)(da)墮稱兵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)(yi),而(er)(er)(er)喪濟弱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仁(ren),虧(kui)齊(qi)士之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節,廢廉善(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風(feng),掩宏通(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度,棄王(wang)(wang)德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隆,雖(sui)二(er)城(cheng)(cheng)幾于(yu)(yu)可(ke)拔(ba),覇王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,逝其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遠(yuan)矣。然(ran)則燕(yan)雖(sui)兼(jian)齊(qi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與世(shi)(shi)主,何以(yi)殊(shu)哉(zai)(zai)(zai)?其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與鄰敵,何以(yi)相傾?樂(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)豈不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)拔(ba)二(er)城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)速(su)(su)了哉(zai)(zai)(zai)?顧(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)拔(ba)而(er)(er)(er)業乖(guai),豈不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)速(su)(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)致(zhi)變(哉(zai)(zai)(zai)),顧(gu)(gu)業乖(guai)與變同,由是(shi)(shi)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),樂(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)屠(tu)二(er)城(cheng)(cheng),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亦(yi)未(wei)可(ke)量(liang)也(ye)。
世(shi)人大多認為(wei)樂(le)毅不能按(an)時攻克即墨(mo)是錯(cuo)誤(wu)的,因此(ci),(我在此(ci))記(ji)敘并論(lun)述(shu)他。
探(tan)求(qiu)古代賢能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)意,應該(gai)先(xian)從大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)方面和(he)(he)遠的(de)(de)(de)方面想(xiang),一(yi)(yi)定(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(先(xian)感(gan)覺)曲折難懂,然后(hou)方可(ke)領會(hui)啊(a)(a)。如今(對)樂(le)毅(yi)之事的(de)(de)(de)曲折有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)還未能(neng)(neng)徹(che)底了(le)(le)(le)(le)解,因而(er)大(da)(da)(da)多認為(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)錯了(le)(le)(le)(le)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)讓(rang)前(qian)代賢人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)將(jiang)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)被人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)誤解不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很可(ke)惜嗎,看樂(le)毅(yi)贈給(gei)(gei)燕(yan)惠王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin),他(ta)大(da)(da)(da)概在(zai)謀(mou)略上是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)差不多了(le)(le)(le)(le),合乎于仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)且能(neng)(neng)始終(zhong)如一(yi)(yi)。他(ta)告喻昭王(wang)說(shuo):伊尹流放(fang)太甲而(er)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)猜疑,太甲被流放(fang)而(er)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)抱怨(yuan),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(因為(wei)(wei)(wei))把大(da)(da)(da)業(ye)(ye)放(fang)在(zai)最(zui)公正(zheng)之處(chu),并(bing)且是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以天(tian)(tian)下為(wei)(wei)(wei)考慮(lv)(lv)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。如果想(xiang)極盡(jin)仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)度(du)量,一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要(yao)以天(tian)(tian)下為(wei)(wei)(wei)己(ji)任,一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要(yao)使(shi)得(de)(de)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)君(jun)主(zhu)興盛發達,與先(xian)君(jun)情趣(qu)相合,君(jun)臣同心(xin)協力(li)(li),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang),大(da)(da)(da)業(ye)(ye)就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)穩定(ding)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個時候,樂(le)毅(yi)的(de)(de)(de)志向,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)千(qian)年一(yi)(yi)遇啊(a)(a),也(ye)將(jiang)推(tui)行千(qian)年一(yi)(yi)遇的(de)(de)(de)崇高(gao)仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。哪(na)里是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)拘(ju)泥(ni)于時局(ju),僅僅為(wei)(wei)(wei)滿(man)足(zu)兼并(bing)呢,兼并(bing)(齊(qi)(qi)魯(lu))不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樂(le)毅(yi)所希(xi)望的(de)(de)(de),使(shi)燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)強大(da)(da)(da)而(er)廢除(chu)(chu)仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao),也(ye)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樂(le)毅(yi)所希(xi)望的(de)(de)(de)。不屑(xie)于茍且有(you)(you)(you)成,也(ye)就(jiu)心(xin)中沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)眼(yan)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)事情了(le)(le)(le)(le),不渴(ke)求(qiu)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)收獲,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)意在(zai)一(yi)(yi)統天(tian)(tian)下啊(a)(a)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)看來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)借(jie)此機會(hui)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)撼動天(tian)(tian)下,討伐齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)闡明燕(yan)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)義(yi),沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)動用(yong)(yong)武(wu)力(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)謀(mou)求(qiu)更(geng)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)利(li)益。包(bao)圍城(cheng)池(chi)(chi)(chi)而(er)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)加(jia)害于百(bai)(bai)姓(xing),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)仁(ren)慈之心(xin)將(jiang)傳播(bo)很遠,攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)別國(guo)(guo)(guo)不為(wei)(wei)(wei)謀(mou)求(qiu)(私人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren))功勞(lao),除(chu)(chu)掉暴君(jun)不用(yong)(yong)武(wu)力(li)(li),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang),最(zui)高(gao)尚(shang)的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)德就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)普遍天(tian)(tian)下;率領其他(ta)諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)倡導仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao),近乎于商湯和(he)(he)周(zhou)武(wu)王(wang)了(le)(le)(le)(le),樂(le)毅(yi)恰好弘揚仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao),放(fang)棄(qi)(攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da))兩(liang)(liang)個城(cheng)市(shi),讓(rang)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)安(an)生(sheng),表明誠信(xin),來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)等待(dai)他(ta)們(men)(齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo))出(chu)現弊(bi)端,使(shi)得(de)(de)即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)縣和(he)(he)莒縣的(de)(de)(de)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)回頭怨(yuan)恨(hen)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun),(最(zui)后(hou))愿意放(fang)下兵器,像(xiang)親(qin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang)依賴我(wo)們(men)。善于守衛的(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)慧,(是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))不要(yao)隨(sui)(sui)便做什么(me)事情,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang),想(xiang)要(yao)仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao),(也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)士(shi)大(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)的(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)義(yi)啊(a)(a)。責(ze)任到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)盡(jin)頭就(jiu)會(hui)隨(sui)(sui)從,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)微子順從周(zhou)朝的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)理(li)(li)啊(a)(a)。開通更(geng)廣闊的(de)(de)(de)渠道(dao)(dao)(dao),來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)等待(dai)田(tian)單一(yi)(yi)類人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(降服(fu)),助長容納(na)善良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)氣,申(shen)明齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)士(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)志向。使(shi)忠誠的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)實(shi)現節(jie)操(cao),明理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)顯著道(dao)(dao)(dao)義(yi),天(tian)(tian)下昭彰,傳給(gei)(gei)后(hou)世(shi)。我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)恩澤就(jiu)像(xiang)春(chun)光(guang),百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)就(jiu)如春(chun)草,道(dao)(dao)(dao)義(yi)光(guang)耀(yao)宇宙,賢能(neng)(neng)之人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)托付真心(xin),鄰國(guo)(guo)(guo)之人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)傾心(xin)羨慕,天(tian)(tian)下向往,(都)想(xiang)推(tui)戴燕(yan)王(wang)。隨(sui)(sui)著眾人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)呼(hu)聲,兩(liang)(liang)座(zuo)城(cheng)邑(yi)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)會(hui)降服(fu),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang),霸王(wang)之業(ye)(ye)就(jiu)可(ke)實(shi)現。即(ji)(ji)使(shi)停留(liu)在(zai)兩(liang)(liang)城(cheng),也(ye)會(hui)很快告喻天(tian)(tian)下。不幸發生(sheng)變(bian)故,在(zai)當時形勢(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不希(xi)望的(de)(de)(de),功敗垂成,乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)命中注定(ding)。如果用(yong)(yong)威勢(shi)逼迫(po),用(yong)(yong)武(wu)力(li)(li)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da),則攻(gong)(gong)(gong)城(cheng)只(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)暫時的(de)(de)(de)功勞(lao),讓(rang)燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)士(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)兩(liang)(liang)座(zuo)城(cheng)池(chi)(chi)(chi)間流血,拼殺(sha)形成很多傷殘,讓(rang)四個國(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)看,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))用(yong)(yong)放(fang)縱殘暴替(ti)換(huan)戰亂,貪婪私利(li),鄰國(guo)(guo)(guo)看到(dao)(dao),我(wo)們(men)就(jiu)成了(le)(le)(le)(le)豺狼(lang)。既丟失了(le)(le)(le)(le)用(yong)(yong)兵的(de)(de)(de)意義(yi),也(ye)喪失了(le)(le)(le)(le)扶弱的(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao),使(shi)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)士(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)節(jie)操(cao)受(shou)損,廢除(chu)(chu)清(qing)廉優(you)良(liang)作風(feng)。遮掩博大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)度(du)量,丟棄(qi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)崇高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)王(wang)道(dao)(dao)(dao),即(ji)(ji)使(shi)兩(liang)(liang)座(zuo)城(cheng)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)(neng)夠攻(gong)(gong)(gong)克(ke),稱霸天(tian)(tian)下的(de)(de)(de)事情也(ye)背離(li)很遠了(le)(le)(le)(le)。再說(shuo),燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)即(ji)(ji)使(shi)兼并(bing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo),對世(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)又(you)如何(he)誅伐?與(原來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de))鄰敵又(you)怎樣(yang)(yang)相處(chu)?樂(le)毅(yi)難道(dao)(dao)(dao)不知(zhi)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)克(ke)兩(liang)(liang)城(cheng)很容易么(me),只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)考慮(lv)(lv)到(dao)(dao)城(cheng)池(chi)(chi)(chi)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)克(ke)時也(ye)就(jiu)背離(li)霸業(ye)(ye)了(le)(le)(le)(le);難道(dao)(dao)(dao)不知(zhi)不能(neng)(neng)迅速攻(gong)(gong)(gong)克(ke)會(hui)產生(sheng)變(bian)故?只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)考慮(lv)(lv)到(dao)(dao)背離(li)了(le)(le)(le)(le)霸業(ye)(ye)與產生(sheng)變(bian)故是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)。因此說(shuo)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),樂(le)毅(yi)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)屠戮(lu)兩(liang)(liang)座(zuo)城(cheng)池(chi)(chi)(chi),那也(ye)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)。
注(zhu):田(tian)單(dan)(生卒(zu)年不詳):媯(gui)姓,田(tian)氏,名單(dan),臨(lin)淄(zi)人,漢族,戰國時(shi)田(tian)齊(qi)宗(zong)室(shi)遠房的(de)親屬,任齊(qi)都(dou)臨(lin)淄(zi)的(de)市掾(秘書)。生卒(zu)年不詳,后(hou)來(lai)到趙國作將相。前284年,燕(yan)國大將樂(le)毅出兵攻(gong)占臨(lin)淄(zi)(今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)淄(zi)博東(dong)北),接(jie)連(lian)攻(gong)下(xia)齊(qi)國七十余城(cheng)。最(zui)后(hou)只剩了莒城(cheng)(今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)莒縣)和即墨(今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)平度(du)市東(dong)南),田(tian)單(dan)率族人以鐵皮護車(che)軸逃至即墨。
日本(ben)(ben)東京國立博物館藏。傳(chuan)(chuan)為宋(song)(song)高紳任湖(hu)北轉(zhuan)運使時得《樂(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi)論(lun)》刻(ke)(ke)本(ben)(ben)殘(can)石(shi)(shi)於秣陵,石(shi)(shi)存前半段二(er)(er)十(shi)余(yu)行(xing)(xing)。沈括嘗(chang)親(qin)見,并認為是(shi)王羲(xi)之(zhi)親(qin)書於石(shi)(shi)的刻(ke)(ke)石(shi)(shi)。宋(song)(song)歐陽修《集古錄跋(ba)尾》卷(juan)四(si)亦有(you)類似沈括之(zhi)說的記載:“右《樂(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi)論(lun)》石(shi)(shi),在故高紳學士家。紳死,人初不知惜,好(hao)事者往往就閱,或模(mo)傳(chuan)(chuan)其(qi)(qi)本(ben)(ben),其(qi)(qi)家遂秘密之(zhi),漸為難得。後(hou)其(qi)(qi)子(zi)弟以(yi)其(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi)質錢於富人,而富人家失(shi)火,遂焚其(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi),今(jin)無(wu)復有(you)本(ben)(ben)矣。”傳(chuan)(chuan)世的《樂(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi)論(lun)》,皆(jie)摹刻(ke)(ke)本(ben)(ben)。著名者,南宋(song)(song)有(you)越(yue)州(zhou)石(shi)(shi)邦哲(zhe)《越(yue)州(zhou)石(shi)(shi)氏(shi)帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben),明朝(chao)有(you)文(wen)氏(shi)《停云(yun)館帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben)、陳巗(yan)《玉煙堂帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben)、吳廷《余(yu)清(qing)齋(zhai)帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben)、王肯堂《郁岡齋(zhai)帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben),清(qing)朝(chao)有(you)馮(feng)銓《快雪堂帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben)。《越(yue)州(zhou)石(shi)(shi)氏(shi)帖(tie)》本(ben)(ben),僅(jin)存二(er)(er)十(shi)九(jiu)行(xing)(xing),帖(tie)首第(di)一(yi)至五(wu)行(xing)(xing)下方(fang)缺(que)一(yi)角(jiao),第(di)一(yi)行(xing)(xing)“初”字,第(di)二(er)(er)行(xing)(xing)“為劣是(shi)以(yi)敘而”六字,第(di)四(si)行(xing)(xing)“必迂回(hui)”三字,第(di)五(wu)行(xing)(xing)“其(qi)(qi)”字。第(di)二(er)(er)十(shi)九(jiu)行(xing)(xing)僅(jin)剩行(xing)(xing)末“海”字,亦稱“海字本(ben)(ben)”,與沈括所(suo)記相符,當是(shi)據高紳所(suo)藏殘(can)石(shi)(shi)舊本(ben)(ben)摹刻(ke)(ke)。
北京故(gu)宮博物(wu)院藏(zang)。《余(yu)清齋帖》乃(nai)吳廷摹刻(ke)於明朝(chao)(chao)萬歷二十四(si)年(1596),摹刻(ke)皆(jie)精善,可惜刻(ke)於木板。但(dan)仍然是明朝(chao)(chao)叢帖名刻(ke),楊守敬認為(wei)“出明代諸集帖之(zhi)(zhi)上。”今初榻本(ben),比之(zhi)(zhi)《停云(yun)館(guan)帖》等(deng),尤為(wei)難得。其(qi)中《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》帖,未有(you)“異(yi)僧權”三字(zi),其(qi)下又增刻(ke)“永和四(si)年十二月廿四(si)日書付官(guan)奴”一行。《珊瑚(hu)網》卷一錄董(dong)(dong)其(qi)昌跋(ba)“梁(liang)摹《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》真跡(ji)”云(yun):“余(yu)所(suo)見《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》宋榻本(ben),及(ji)唐貞觀摹真跡(ji),二本(ben)皆(jie)無'付官(guan)奴'三字(zi),獨(du)此有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)。”董(dong)(dong)氏(shi)所(suo)見,可能是吳廷收(shou)刻(ke)《樂(le)毅(yi)論(lun)》所(suo)據(ju)的原本(ben)。又,“異(yi)”為(wei)隋(sui)朝(chao)(chao)朱異(yi)的押(ya)署(shu)(shu),“僧權”為(wei)梁(liang)朝(chao)(chao)徐(xu)僧權的押(ya)署(shu)(shu),見唐張彥遠《歷代名畫記》“敘自古(gu)跋(ba)尾押(ya)署(shu)(shu)”條。